a finite integral domain is a field

A finite integral domain is a field. Proof: Let R be a finite integral domain. Let a be nonzero element of R . Define a function :R R by (r)=ar . =0

Suppose (r)= (s) for some r s R . Then ar=as , which implies a(rs)=0 . Since a and R is a cancellation ring, we have rs=0 . So r=s , and hence is injective. Since R is finite and is injective, by the pigeonhole principle we see that is also surjective. Thus there exists some b R such that (b)=ab=1R , and thus a is a unit. Thus R is a finite division ring. Since it is commutative, it is also a field.
2. Prove that If S is any subset of a vector space V, then L(S) is a subspace of V

A non-empty set V is said to be a vector space over a field F if it satisfying the conditions: (V, +) is an abelian group; V is closed under scalar multiplication (i.e., for every F, v V we have v V) and also the scalar multiplication satisfies the following axioms: i) (v + w) = v + w, ii) ( + ) v = v + v, iii) (v) = ()v and iv) F V 1.v = and v for v, all , w

(here 1 is the identity of F with respect to multiplication). We use F for field, also the elements of F are called scalars and the elements of V are called vectors.

Show that [p (p q)] ~p is a tautology

Any statement in disjunction with its own negation is a tautology, i.e., P ~P = t. _____________________________ If P = pq, then, by De Morgan's Laws, ~P = ~p~q. ______________________________ Hence, (pq) (~p~q) = P~P is a tautology.