Q. 1 normality and abnormality 1. Jahoda (1958) 6 normal characteristics a. Efficient self-perception b. Realistic self-esteem c. Control of behvaiour d.

d. True perception of world e. Sustain relationships f. Productivity Most people would be abnormal! Normality depends on culture and society! 2. Szasz (1962) some disorders are diseases, others only problems in living. Behaving strangely is not a symptom. 3. Rosenhan (1973) test reliability of diagnosis. 8 ppl gain admission to 12 dif. psychiatric hospitals, hearing voices. 7 submitted as schizophrenia. 7-52 days to get out. Normal person get faulty diagnosed. 4. Roenhan (1973) told hospital that 41 pseudo were coming, all were real patients. Only 19 suspected to be fake! Be mistaken for healthy or sick patients. Not possible to distinguish between normal and abnormal/ sane and insane in psychiatric hospitals. Lack of scientific evidence. Diagnosis of classification system are unreliable. Criticism once admitted, every behavior is seen as abnormal. What about powerlessness and depersonalization? (cuckoos nest!!).

Q. 2 validity and reliability DSM-IV-TR (1952) includes 5 axes in which the diagnose finding is carried out. Axis 1: Main Diagnose Axis 2: Development, personality disorder, perception and response to the world. Axis 3: medical status Physical problems are relevant for the mental disorder.

Axis 4: Social situation, unemployment, family situation etc. Axis 5: overall assessment of individuals functions. Reliability 1. Beck (1962) found that agreement between two psychiatrists on 153 diagnoses was only 54%!!!!! 2. Lipton and Simmons (1985) 131 patients in hospital, diagnosed them. Originally 89 diagnoses of schizophrenia only 16 got this now. Originally 15 mood disorders now 50! Being misdiagnosed cause mood disorder to develop. Validity 1. Rosenhan (1973) test reliability of diagnosis. 8 ppl gain admission to 12 dif. psychiatric hospitals, hearing voices. 7 submitted as schizophrenia. 7-52 days to get out. Normal person get faulty diagnosed. 2. Roenhan (1973) told hospital that 41 pseudo were coming, all were real patients. Only 19 suspected to be fake! Be mistaken for healthy or sick patients.

Q. 7 & 8 biomedical, individual and group approach to treatment of one disorder Biomedical biological factors associated with disease, drugs used to restore malfunction. Serotonin not available in synaptic gap depression. SSRI prevent reuptake. Effectiveness of drugs are limited unless used with other treatment.

1. Kirsch (1998) 2000 patients take Prozac (prevent reuptake of serotonin, increase it), only 25% more effective than placebos, same effect as other drugs. 2. Kirsch (2008) reviews 47 clinical trials on effectiveness of antidepressants. Medical treatment and placebo same effect. Depressed patients improve without medicines. 3. Bluementhal (1999) exercise and SSRI same effect on treatment in elderly ppl. 4. Elkin (1989) 280 patients, randomly assigned to drug therapy, ITP, CBT or other. Control group given placebo pill. 50% recovered in all groups, except 29% in placebo. No difference in effectiveness of CBT, ITP and drug, doesnt matter which treatment is given. Individual CBT - replace negative thoughts with positive to remove depression (Beck 60). Find positive ways to interpret life-events, do activities that used to reward. 1. Rush (1997) cognitive therapy treats patients with depression2. Elkin (1989) 280 patients, randomly assigned to drug therapy, ITP, CBT or other. Control group given placebo pill. 50% recovered in all groups, except 29% in placebo. No difference in effectiveness of CBT, ITP and drug, doesnt matter which treatment is given. 3. Riggs (2007) effectiveness of CBT with placebo or SSRI. 126 teenagers, 13-19 yrs, depressed and addicted to drugs. Treated for 4 months. 67% of CBT+placebo and 76% of CBT+SSRI. Treatment was almost as effective with placebo too, no difference. Group belonging, share and discuss with others. Meet others who have improved, be more optimistic about recovery. 1. McDermut (2000) effectiveness of group therapy. 48 studies examined 43 reduced depression signs, 9 no difference between group and IT, 8 more effective with CBT than group. 2. Hyun (2005) shelter for teenagers runaways. Two groups one with CBT and one without any therapy. CBT extremely more effective to relieve depression symptoms. 3. Toseland (1986) 74 studies group therapy much more effective than individual. 4. Traux (2001) CBT not effective for all, since many major-depressed patients are not considered. Dissatisfaction with group is major reason to drop-outs.

Q.9 eclectic approaches Using several treatments to treat a disorder. 1. Elkin (1989) 280 patients, randomly assigned to drug therapy, ITP, CBT or other. Control group given placebo pill. 50% recovered in all groups, except 29% in placebo. No difference in effectiveness of CBT, ITP and drug, doesnt matter which treatment is given. The two therapies less effective than drugs, more effective than placebo. 2. Riggs (2007) effectiveness of CBT with placebo or SSRI. 126 teenagers, 13-19 yrs, depressed and addicted to drugs. Treated for 4 months. 67% of CBT+placebo and 76% of CBT+SSRI. Treatment was almost as effective with placebo too, no difference. Q. 10 etiology and therapeutic approach Etiology is the origins of a disorder. (Link theories and causes to treatments CBT is used because its shown that depression is due to negative thinking.)