Broad Cl assification of computers: Supercomputer A supercomputer is fo cused on performing tasks involving intense numerical calculatio ns such as weather forecasting,

complex scientific computations. Mainframe computers These are powerful computers used bulk data processing . Used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications. Minicomputers (Midr ange C omputers) Typically, minicomputers have been stand -alone computers (computer systems with attached terminals and other devices) sold to small and mid -size businesses for general business applications. IBM 's AS/400e is a good example. Microcomputers A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit . They are physica lly sm all compared to mainframe and minicomputers . PCS, Desktops and laptops are good examples of microcomputers.
What is Mainframe? M a i nf r a m e i s a H i g h p e r f o r m a nc e M ul t i U s e r c o m p ut e r s y s t e m w hi c h i s t he m o s t s c a l a b l e , a v a i l a b l e , r e l i a b l e a nd s e c ur e d m a c hi ne i n t he w o r l d c a p a b l e o f p e r f o r m i ng s o m e M i l l i o n I ns t r uc t i o n s p e r s e c o nd ( up t o 5 6 9 , 6 3 2 M I P S ) .

In the 1960s, most mainframes had no explicitly interactive interface. They accepted sets of punched cards, paper tape, and/or magnetic tape and operated solely in batch mode to support back office functions, such as customer billing. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O).
T he m a i n f r a m e s ho l d a p p r o xi m a t e l y "7 0 % " o f t he e nt i r e d a t a s t o r e d i n t hi s p l a ne t . T he M a i nf r a m e s c a n s up p o r t o ve r 2 5 , 0 0 0 us e r s . It t a k e s A T L E A S T a m o nt h t o i n s t a l l a nd c u s t o m i z e a b a s i c m a i n f r a m e O S c o n f i g ur a t i o n. B a s i c c o nf i g ur a t i o n f o r d e v e l o p m e nt e n vi r o nm e nt c o s t s 8 c r o r e s (Hardware + Software).

9 5 % o f F o r t u ne G l o b a l 5 0 0 u s e m a i nf r a m e s . 1 0 o ut o f 1 0 l a r g e s t b a n k s i n t he w o r l d r un o n m a i nf r a m e s . M o s t o f t he p e o p l e s w o r k i ng o n M a i n fr a m e ha ve ne ve r s e e n a m a i nf r a m e .

In the past, a typical mainframe might have occupied 2,000 - 10,000 square feet. Newer mainfram es are abo ut the same size as a large r efrigerator.

Strengths of Mai nframe.

Availability

Availability is the amount of time a device is actually operating as the percentage of total time it should be o perating. Availability features allow the system to stay operational even when faults do occur.
The mainframe system can recover from a failed component without impacting the rest of the running system.
Reliability

Reliability means features that help avoid and detect such faults. reliable system does not silently continue and deliver results that include uncorrected corrupted data, instead it corrects the corruption when possible or else stops and reports the corruption.
The mainframe system's hardware components have extensive self-checking and self-recovery capabilities. Serviceability The system can determine why a failure occurred. This capability allows for the replacement of hardware and software elements. Early detection of faults can decrease

or avoid system downtime. For exam ple, so me of IBM's systems could automatically call an IBM service center (without human intervention) when the system experiences a system fault.

Security
C us t o m e r l i s t s , a c c o u nt i ng d a t a , e m p l o ye e i nfo r m a t i o n, a nd s o o n. T hi s c r i t i c a l d a t a ne e d s t o b e s e c u r e l y m a na g e d a nd c o nt r o l l e d , a nd , s i m ul t a ne o us l y , m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o t ho s e us e r s a ut ho r i z e d t o s e e i t . T he m a i n f r a m e c o m p ut e r ha s e xt e ns i ve c a p a b i l i t i e s t o s i m ul t a ne o u s l y s ha r e , b ut s t i l l p r o t e c t , t h e f i r m ' s d a t a.

W h o u se s m a i n f r a m e s ?

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I f y o u ev er u se d an au to m a te d te l l er m a c hi ne ( AT M ) to i nt er ac t w it h y o ur b ank ac co un t, y o u u s ed a m a i n f r am e. U se d i n ba n k i n g, f in a n c e, h e a lt h c ar e, i ns ur a nc e do m a i ns . T he m a i nf r am e i s o f t en u s ed by I T o r ga n i z at i o n s to ho s t th e m o s t im po r t an t, m i s si o n - cr i ti c al ap p l i ca t io n s . T he s e a p p l i c a t i o ns t yp i c a l l y i n c l u d e c us t o m e r o r d e r
p r o c e s s i ng , f i na n c i a l t r a ns a c t i o n s e t c . M a ny o f t o d a y ' s b us i e s t W e b s i t e s s t o r e t he i r p r o d u c t i o n d a t a b a s e s o n a m a i n fr a m e ho s t . F o r e x a m p l e , a b a n k i n g i n s t i t ut i o n c o ul d u s e a m a i n fr a m e t o ho s t t he d a t a b a s e o f i t s c u s t o m e r a c c o unt s , f o r w hi c h t r a ns a c t i o ns c a n b e s ub m i t t e d f r o m a n y o f t ho u s a nd s o f A T M l o c a t i o ns w o r l d w i d e .

Ho w a re J ob s P r o c es s e d? J o b : A s i n g l e u n i t o f w o r k i n B a tc h P r o c es s in g . I t is us e d t o ex e cu t e o n e o r m o r e pr o gr a m s / pr o ce du r es a s a ser i e s o f st e ps. J CL : J o b C o n tr o l L an gu a g e . T h e l an g ua g e u se d to co de t he jo b.

J E S: An im p o r t an t S u bs y s tem o f th e s y s te m . I t k e e ps tr ac k o f jo b s t h a t e nt er the sy s tem , P r es en ts th em to pr o ce ss o r f o r p r o ce ss i ng . Se nd s sp o o l ed o u t p ut to the c o r r e ct d es t in a t i o n .

T he jo b i s s u bm it te d. T he jo b i s s e le c te d f o r ex ec ut i o n. T he jo b i s e x e cu te d. T he jo b' s o u tp u t i s p r o c es se d. T he jo b i s pu r ge d.

E x p l a n at io n : 1. A U s er w r it es a J C L a n d th en g iv es th e S U BM I T o r S U B co m m an d. 2. T ha t i s w h en J E S p ic k s u p th e J CL, v er i f ie s t he sy nt ax . 3. I f ev er y th i n g is o k ay , th en d ep en d in g o n w ha t i s sp ec i f ie d in t he J CL , t he jo b is p u t i n t o th e ap pr o pr i at e qu eu e f o r p r o c es s in g. 4. I n th e J CL , w e s pe c if y th e qu eu e t o w h i ch th i s jo b is to b e pu t us i ng th e CLA S S p ar am et er ( s i m i l ar t o t he p l at f o r m w e go to de p en d in g o n w her e

w e w an t t o go a n d w h a t w ay , s l ee per , s e m i - s l ee pe r ) . H en ce if w e h av e a P r i n t jo b w e w i l l s e le ct a p ar t ic u l ar C LA SS , i f pr o c e ss i ng w i l l b e c o m p le te d w i th i n 5 m in u t e s t h e n a n o th er CL ASS . 5. T her e is o n e m o r e p a r am et er th a t d ec i d es w he n o ur jo b w i l l be ex e cu te d the P R I O R I T Y p ar a m et er ( g iv en a s P R T Y i n J CL) . , m o r e l ik e pr i o r ity g iv e to a se n io r c i t iz e n o r h an d i c ap pe d per so n, e v en i f w e w er e f ir st i n l in e. 6. On ce i n th e q u e u e, a sp ec i a l pr o g r am ca l l ed a n in i t i at o r p ic k s up th e j o b f r o m th e q u e u e a n d p as se s i t o n t o t he C P U f o r pr o c es s in g. 7. We c an h av e m o r e th an o n e in i t i a to r s, h e nc e w e c an h av e any co m b i n at io n o n e i n it i a to r c o n n e ct ed to o n e i np ut qu eue o r tw o i n i t i ato r s co n ne ct e d t o o ne i n pu t q u e u e o r o n e i n it i a to r co nn ec te d t o t w o qu eu e, t o p i ck u p jo b o ne a f t er t h e o t h er . A l l t h is is de c i de d du r i ng th e i ns t a l l at i o n o f t he M a in f r am e ( o n e m o n t h in st a l l a t io n, as d i s cu ss ed in th e p r ev i o us se ss i o n o f M VS ) . 8. On ce th e jo b h a s be e n ex ec ut ed , t he I n it i at o r p ic k s up t he co m p l et ed jo b an d p as se s to th e o u tp u t qu eu e, a s g i v e n i n t he J C L ( us i ng t h e M S G CLA SS p ar am e te r ) . I t a l so d o es no t m a tt er if it i s t he s am e o r d if f er e nt i n it i a to r th at g o t th e jo b t o t h e CP U . 9. J E S a g a in co m e s to p i ct u r e to pr o c es s th e o u tp ut.

M a i nf ra m e s VS S u p e r com p ut e rs .

SOFTWARE RUNNING UNDER

S o f t w a r e s r u nni ng o f M a i nf r a m e s . C O B O L I I, J C L , D B 2 , C IC S , R E X X e t c .

Advantages: serves multiple users from a centralized repository of software(no PC yet equals the maximum memory of a mainframe (IBM has world's largest computer at Los Alamos, approaching intelligence levels of living beings); superb calculation speed; Disadvantages: intense resource consumption; intense human attention required; intense space occupied

1) Wh at a r e th e ad va n t ag es o f mai n f ra m e? Wh y w e a r e u si n g m ai n fr am e s? Wh y th e y a r e sti l l mai n tai n i n g pr oj ec t i n mai n f r am e i n st ead o f swi t ch o v er t o l at est t e ch n ol ogi e s l i ke j 2 e e, .n et ? 2) wh atz th e fu tu r e o f mai n f ra m e?

3) i n r eal ti me m o st o f th e p r oj e ct s a r e u s - b as e d, s t h r e a n y i n di an bas e d mai n f ra m e pr oj e ct s? Hu g e m e m or y . ii ) Hi gh sp e e d c om p ar e d t o vol u m e of d ata . ii i ) Hi gh s e cu ri ty;n o vi ru s at ta ck s o fa r r ep o rt ed i n l ast 5 0 - 60 y ea r s