AP World Study Guide: Vikings, Mongols, West Africa, East Africa, and Intercontinental Travel

Vikings:
Homeland: Northern Europe (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden) Explored, Conquered, and Settled in: England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Middle East, Mediterranean, Russia, Constantinople, and Iceland. The rune was the Viking alphabet. A saga was a spoken viking story. The vikings established the longest running assembly/parliament called a thing Important Vikings: Leif Erikson was the son of Erik the Red. Erik the Red discovered Greenland after his exile. Leif Erikson set off on a voyage of his own. He arrived place he called Vinland because of the abundance of grapes. According to his description, he may have been in what is now Newfoundland, which would make him the rst to discover the Americas. -After settling in different lands, the Vikings began to convert to Christianity. Conclusion: The Vikings were from Scandinavia (except for Finland, which was the only Scandinavian country that wasnt originally Viking. The Vikings from Denmark conquered England. The Vikings from Sweden conquered Kievan Rus and Finland. The Vikings from Norway conquered Normandy, in France. Kievan Rus and Normandy were the most important places conquered by Vikings. The Vikings settle in Iceland, Greenland, and attack parts of SPain and Italy. They didnt impose their language or religion on the people they conquered because they were outnumbered, 315 million (population of conquered land) to 20 million (population of heartland)

Mongols:
Genghis Khan- the title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). He was born in Mongolia, where the geography consists of steppes. By the age of 13, he murdered his half-brother. His mother made him the leader of his family. As he gained power, he set his sights on China. Yuan Dynasty- a dynasty created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan Kublai Khan-declared himself the Great Khan in 1265, created the Yuan Empire Golden Horde- a Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khans grandson, Batu. It quickly adopted both the turkish language and islam. Il-Khan- a secondary khan based in Persia founded by Hugely, Genghis Khans grandson Timur- a member of an important family of the Mongols Jagadai Khanate. Through conquest, he gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran Alexander Nevskii-prince of Novgorod Teutonic Knights- German-speaking warriors dedicated to converting the Slavic and Kipchak populations of northern Europe to Christianity and dedicated to colonizing their territories with German settlers.

-The Mongols came from northern Eurasia. They were a nomadic people. Under the rule of Genghis Khan, they established a large empire. -The Mongols conquered and ruled China, Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, Hungary, Central Asia, Iran, Korea and Japan. Conclusion: They conquered China, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, Korea and Russia. Just like the Vikings, they didnt impose their language or religion on the people they conquered because they were outnumbered. The population of the land they conquered was 1.63 billion whereas their heartlands population was 3 million. Both the Vikings and the Mongols cultures assimilated into the cultures of the lands they had conquered.

West Africa:
(Ancient) Ghana (7th century AD to 11th century AD) -It was not located in the same location as modern-day Ghana, but close to it. Its actual name was Wagadu but the arabs and europeans called it Ghana. It was a monarchy; it was animist. -Its economy was based on agriculture (agrarian). -They mined iron and GOLD. They also produced textiles and partook in the trans-saharan trade (transport of goods across the Sahara) Mali (1230 AD to 15 century) They were a monarchy founded by Sundiata. They were ofcially Muslim but still allowed Animism to be practiced. -Mansa Musa (1312-1337) was their most signicant king. He made a pilgrimage to mecca and visited Cairo. -Timbuktu became a major center -They controlled much of the Trans-Saharan Trade of gold, salt, agricultural products -They were agrarian -Were ravaged by the Tuareg, allowing subject Kingdoms to break free. -They used Caravels (portuguese ships) and Dhows (Arab ships) to trade. -The Tuareg style of dress was to protect themselves from the sun and sand. Thy wore eyeliner to protect their eyers from the sun.

Songhay (15th century-1591 AD) Sonni Ali (reigned from 1464 to 1492) helped the Songhay break free from Mali Dominance. It was islamic (ofcially) but the majority was animist. -Used cavalry to conquer most territory once held by the Mali. The empire became large, used an intricate bureaucracy to control it. Timbuktu became a major center of learning. -Subject peoples rebelled and then they were defeated by the Moroccans. Ghana, Mali, and Songhay were called Sahelian Kingdoms (they were located in the Sahel. The Sahel divides countries and creates racial tension. The North of countries are Muslim/Arab and the South are black African.

Indian Ocean Trade/East Africa:

Bantu speaking peoples lived along the east coast of Africa from 1st century CE. Around 900 CE, Arabs, Shirazis (persians) and even some Indians settled along the east coast of Africa fro business reasons. By 1300, they controlled much of the East Coast of Africa. Cities and City-States (from North to South): Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Zanzibar, Dar Esc Salaam, Mozambique, Agnate, Sofala, Inhumane. (They were all major port cities) Trade: Ivory, Sandalwood, Ebony, Gold (from Zimbabwe), and Slavery Swahili- a result of cultural diffusion; the language that formed from the combination of Arabic and local Bantu Languages. East Africa resembles the Middle East. Arabs and Shirazis Dominated until the Portuguese arrived in the 1400s and the British arrive in the 1600s Great Zimbabwe (12th century to 15th century) Wealth based on gold sales to the city-states on the coast. Sofala and Inhumane were two major ports. It was larger than the city-states and was inland. Aden: a port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. Malacca: port city in the Modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia Kingdom of Majapahit: a Java-Based kingdom that extended its domain over the lower Malay peninsula and much of Sumatra.

Intercontinental Trade during the European Middle Ages

Marco Polo (1254-1324) Traveled to China (when it was ruled by the Mongols), and India. Ibn Battuta (traveled 1325-1354) a young Muslim scholar from Morocco who had set out to explore the Islamic world. He traveled to places such as China, Spain, and western Sudan while on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He also visited the West African Kingdoms and East African Port Cities. He only traveled to places that were muslim.

Rabban Sauma (1225-1300) Chinese, Nestorian monk (Christian); from Beijing, traveled to Jerusalem. He traveled while the crusades were going on. He traveled to Paris and died in France. Zhang He (traveled 1405-1433) From China, travels by sea to east africa, arabian peninsula, india. He was muslim. He traveled by sea and engaged in trade on behalf of china. His voyages took place during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) after the fall of the Yuan (mongols). Evidence of his travels: ming pottery found in Zimbabwe. Malagasy People: are from Madagascar (located off the coast of Africa) speak Malay (ancestors from Malaysia/Indonesia). Leo Africanus (1485-1554) Born in moorish (muslim/spanish) city of Granada, Spain in 1485. He visited Timbuktu. Polynesia (3000 BCE- 1200CE) Includes Hawaii, Samoa, Easter Island, and other small Islands. Some theories of origin: Ancestors came to Polynesia either from Taiwan or South East Asia Conclusion: Intercontinental Travel was not as common as it is now (because of planes and other newer methods of travel). Intercontinental trade resulted in cultural diffusion. It increased international trade and a desire for foreign products.

Black Death (1333-1369)

AKA: the Bubonic Plague of the european population died. It came from China and traveled to the rest of the places by the Silk Road. It spread through eas. The eas spread et disease to rats. Rats came into contact with humans and spread it to them. The plague was primarily moved by the Mongols (since they did the most traveling) How it spread from the Mongols: an italian trading port controlled by the Venetians on the Crimean peninsula was besieged by the Mongols. Traders ed. Mongols threw dead bodies of infected soldiers at the people of Caffa, starting a germ warfare. The italians that ed carried the disease with them to the rest of Europe. It was called the Black Death because it killed the cells of infected people, turning the cells black. 30 to 50 percent of people died. There is literature written about it. People tried to stop the spread of the disease by wearing special costumes (they only made things worse). Peasants rebelled since they thought they were going to die anyway. This increased questioning of the status quo and religion. However, it brought economy benets for the peasant since it eliminated competition and they became more necessary.

Other Useful Terms: Monsoon-seasonal winds in the Indian ocean caused by the variations in temperatures between the quick cooling and heating Africa and Asia and the slowly changing ocean. Tropics- the equatorial region between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. Its center is the equator. It has generally warm temperatures all year long because of the the angle of the earths axis. Herder-a person that makes a living off of keeping livestock. It was useful in areas that were too arid for agriculture Farmer-a person that makes a living off of planting crops. Agriculture is possible if the land is fertile. Agriculture can support very dense populations. Sundiata- the upstart leader of the Malinke people Delhi Sultanate-a centralized (to varying extents) northern Indian empire created by Muslim invaders. It lasted from 1206 to 1526. Sultan Iltutmish- he consolidated the conquest to extend muslim rule over hindu princes and chiefs in northern India by using a series of military expeditions that made his realm the biggest in India Gujarat- a region of western India that was famous for trade and manufacturing. Timur- a Turko-Mongol leader that captured the city of Delhi in 1398 Urdu- a persian-inuenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s Timbuktu- city on the Niger river in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali Empire, it became a major terminus of the Trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.