Professional Documents
Culture Documents
99~116 2007 12
Journal of Architecture, No.62, Special Issue on Technology, pp.99~116, Dec. 2007
1 2**
TTU
(POD)POD
ABSTRACT
A series of aerodynamic experiments of low-rise building models with gable roofs are conducted to
investigate the wind loading characteristics under wind action. The pressure measurements were made by
the electronic scani-valves system. The depth-to-height ratio, slope of roof and angle of attack of
approaching flow were controlled conditions in these experiments. In the first stage of study, the data that
collected from experiments was compared with the TTU real field data for validation. The results shown,
the distributions of pressures on the roofs of each model are quite similar. The pressure characteristics on
the upstream zone are high fluctuation and large peak, and the downstream zone are uniform relatively.
The variation of angle of attack for approaching flow will increase the peak in the upstream corner of
buildings. With the fluctuation distribution on the surface of model, taking the height of building as
characteristic of zone scale is suitable. The proper orthogonal decomposition method (POD) is adopted to
analysis the eigen-modes and eigen-values of fluctuating pressure fields. The results shown, the POD is a
suitable method to identify the most likely mode shape of the high fluctuating pressure fields. The
moment coefficients of beam-column connections of frames were estimated by the covariance integration
method. We found that the maximum moment coefficients of frames will appear on the upstream corner.
Especially with a small angle of approaching flow, the moment coefficients of frames will be increased
for the asymmetric flow field actions.
1
Chairman of The Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of The Interior
2
** (corresponding author)
Associate Professor, Department of Space Design, Chien Kou Technology University, Taiwan
2007 7 6 2007 10 25
99
62 ()2007 12
2-1 95
( 95 )
18
7 27 45 18
2-2
Texas Tech University Wind Engineering Research Field
Laboratory(WERFL) 1990 ( 1)
(Levitan, 1991, 1992a, 1992b; Tieleman, 1996)(Cochran, 1992; Cheung,
1997)
1Tieleman(1997, 1998)
()(z0)
TTU
2-3
100
(reattachment
phenomenon)
C P * = U 0 + 1.4(
1
)
a0
(1)
Delville(1999)(POD)
(POD)
Rij = u i ( x, t )u i ( x ' , )
(2)
x Rij
ij
(3)
Rij ( x, x' , t , ) = n in ( x, t )
(4)
101
62 ()2007 12
in ( x, t ) n
ui ( x, t ) = anin ( x, t )
an =
(5)
u ( x, t ) ( x, t )dxdt
[ ( x, t )] dxdt
n
i
n
i
(6)
(frame)Ginger(2000)
x = [ i j p p p p Ai A j ]1 / 2
i =1 j =1
(7)
Pi Pj p Ai
(8)
i =1 j =1
3-1
3-1-1
( 4 m 2.6 m 6 m 2.6 m)
36.5 m 30 m/s
( spire )
( roughness element )
0.22 10 cm ( turbulence intensity ) 18% 2
TTU
102
250
250
200
200
150
Height (cm)
Height (cm)
100
50
150
100
50
10
15
20
(a)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
(b)
2 (a)(b)
3-1-2
TTU 1/50
TTU
1 10cm 20 cm
20
168~236 1mm 20 PVC
(white noise) 35Hz
scanivalve module 64
64
1
1:1
1:2
1:4
1:8
10cm
(=1)
A10
B10
C10
D10
h=10cm
20cm 30cm 40cm
(=2) (=3) (=4)
A20
A30
A40
B20
B30
B40
C20
C30
C40
D20
D30
D40
60cm
(=6)
A60
B60
C60
D60
3-1-3
103
62 ()2007 12
USB
wind
3-2
C P =
P
1
2
C P =
CM =
U 2
P 2
2
1
2 U
M
1
2
U 2 B 2
(9)
(10)
(11)
U B P
M
(POD)
104
3-3
1/50 TTU
TTU TTU Ham(1998)
4(a)
(50101)
4(b)
1.2
10
Tap 50101
Tap 50101
1
EXP.
EXP.
TTU
0.8
6
CP (rms)
TTU
0.6
0.4
2
0.2
0
90
120
150
180
ANGLE
(a)
210
240
270
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
ANGLE
(b)
4-1
1:1
5
-0.8 ~ -0.6
-0.6 (0.5h)
105
62 ()2007 12
1:1 4 6
45
1:8 7
3
2h 0 3h
2h 0
1
4-2
8
9
45~68
0.5 (0.5h)
(vortex shedding) 0
2h
106
MODEL : A10
0.0
MODEL : A30
0.0
CP (mean)
-0 .2
-0.2
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
-0.2
.4
-0
-0.2
0
0.
-0 .4
0 .4
-0.6
-0.6
-0 .2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0.0
-0 .4
-0.6
0.6
0.
-0.6
0.
ANGLE : 0
0 .6
0 .4
0.4
ANGLE : 0
0.2
MODEL : A40
0.6
02
0.4
(b)
(a)
MODEL : A60
CP (mean)
CP (mean)
0.0
0.
-0.2
-0.6
0.0
0.0
0.
0
-0.2
-0 .
-0.4
-0.6
0 .0
-0 .4
-0 .6
-0 .2
-0.8
-0 .4
-0.6
ANGLE : 0
(c)
0.4
0 .6
0 .6
0.4
ANGLE : 0
0 .6
0 .6
0 .8
0.2
(d)
5 0 1:1
(a) 1.0(b) 3.0(c) 4.0(d) 6.0
107
62 ()2007 12
MODEL : D40
MODEL : A40
- 0 .2
CP (mean)
CP (mean)
-0.2
-0.6
0 .2
-0 .2
0.0
0
0.
-0.2
4
0.
0.6
-0 .
-0.4
-0 .4
-0 .2
-0 .2
-0
.6
0 .4
-0.4
0.2
0.0
-0
ANGLE : 68
.4
0 .0
6
( 1:1 4.0 68)
-0.2
-0.8
0 .4
0 .0
.2
-0 .4
-0.6
8
-0 . -1 .2
0 .2
-0
-1-0 .
- 0 .0 4 - 0
.8
.4
0.6
0.6
ANGLE : 45
0.6
7
( 1:8 4.0 45)
MODEL : D40
MODEL : A20
0.1
CP (rms)
CP (rms)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.
0.3
0.
0.5
0 .3
0.3
0.2
0.3
ANGLE : 0
0 .4
0.2
0 . 0 .5
3
0.3
0.1
0.3
0 .3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 .2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0 .2
0.3
ANGLE : 45
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
( 1:1 2.0 0)
4-3
108
MODEL : A10
MODEL : A10
CP (PEAK)
-2 .
-1.0
-2.0
CP (PEAK)
-3.0
-4 .
.0
-3
-4.0
-2.
1.0
0 .0
1.0
1 .0
0
2.0
2.
2.0
2.
0
4.
-2 .
.0
-2 -3.0
-4.0
-3 .0
-1.0
-3 .0
-3 .0
.0
-3 .0
-3 .0
-3
-3.0
-1.0
-1
.0
-1.0
ANGLE : 0
ANGLE : 45
2 .0
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
(a)
(b)
0 90
0 90
45
0 90
MODEL : D30
MODEL : D30
-2.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
0.0
-1 .0
1.0
-2.0
.0 4 .0
-3 --5.0
-4 .0 -5.0
2.0
ANGLE : 45
2.
1 .0
ANGLE : 0
2.0
-3 .0
-2 .0
-1.0
.0
-3
.0
-3
-3 .
1.0
.0
-3 .
-2.0
-3.
-4
-4.0
.0
-2 .0
-3
.0
-3 .0
-4
-1.0
-2 .0
-4.0
-2 .0
-2.
-1 .0
-3 .0
-1 .0
-1.0
0.0
0.0
-1.0
.0
-3.0
0.0
0 .0
-1
CP (PEAK)
0.0
-2.0
CP (PEAK)
2.
1.0
(a)
0.0
2 .0
1.0
1.0
(b)
109
62 ()2007 12
D 45 11
( 95 ) 1:50
(zone) 12
2
12 ( 95 )
2 ( 95 )(GCP)
Zone (1)
Zone (2)
Zone (3)
(m)
(m)
(m2)
(m2)
(m2)
A
14.14
5
33.73
-1.7
30.5
-2.05
6.48
-2.15
B
11.18
5
24.26
-1.7
25.16
-2.5
6.48
-4.5
C
10.3
5
21.44
-1.7
23.58
-2.5
6.48
-4.5
D
10.1
5
20.73
-1.7
23.16
-2.5
6.48
-4.5
10 11
-5.0
4-5
13
110
frame1frame2frame3
(POD)
A30 frame 1 3 88%
95% 14
M2
wind
AOA
M1
Frame 3
Frame 2
Frame 1
13
3 0 1:1 3.0
12
Mode no.
Eigen values
8.754494
88.15%
0.395528
3.98%
0.223865
2.25%
0.15321
1.54%
0.11362
1.14%
0.061698
0.62%
0.044136
0.44%
0.036054
0.36%
0.029305
0.30%
10
0.02232
0.22%
11
0.017677
0.18%
12
0.016745
0.17%
111
62 ()2007 12
A30 frame 1 AOA=0
0.5
0.25
m ode
mode 1
0
mode 2
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
mode 3
10
15
-0.25
R oof s lope = a : b
: pre s s ure ta p
1
-0.5
18
tap no.
2B
14 0 1:1 3.0
4-6
4 1:1 frame 1
CM2 90
4 1:1 CM1 CM2
A10
CM1
CM2
0.796 1.177
A20
CM1
CM2
0.651 0.978
A30
CM1
CM2
0.592 0.914
A40
CM1
CM2
0.764 1.022
A60
CM1
CM2
0.512 0.974
11.25
0.496
0.785
0.512
0.773
0.516
0.774
0.709
0.811
0.483
0.722
22.5
0.709
0.898
0.746
0.673
0.731
0.542
0.932
0.586
0.795
0.616
33.75
0.828
0.603
0.661
0.249
0.698
0.216
0.837
0.217
0.663
0.257
45
0.670
0.295
0.775
0.296
0.776
0.223
0.776
0.119
0.578
0.194
56.25
0.851
0.271
0.782
0.256
0.740
0.221
0.826
0.171
0.621
0.225
67.5
0.890
0.313
0.824
0.316
0.714
0.248
0.804
0.236
0.559
0.254
78.75
0.882
0.331
0.746
0.341
0.624
0.260
0.636
0.191
0.476
0.331
90
0.769
0.368
0.613
0.308
0.607
0.324
0.534
0.169
0.385
0.244
frame
1:8
5 CM1 CM2 1:1
0 ~ 22.5
11 ~ 23
112
5 1:8 CM1 CM2
D10
frame
D20
D30
D40
D60
CM1
CM2
CM1
CM2
CM1
CM2
CM1
CM2
CM1
CM2
0.423
0.501
0.408
0.395
0.392
0.426
0.320
0.365
0.217
0.266
11.25
0.318
0.356
0.454
0.352
0.412
0.339
0.370
0.322
0.393
0.130
22.5
0.430
0.400
0.538
0.363
0.411
0.315
0.441
0.324
0.496
0.026
33.75
0.374
0.248
0.293
0.249
0.263
0.160
0.237
0.109
0.446
-0.131
45
0.350
0.151
0.342
0.177
0.308
0.166
0.310
0.109
0.587
-0.139
56.25
0.413
0.172
0.407
0.191
0.407
0.220
0.327
0.153
0.575
-0.228
67.5
0.458
0.201
0.395
0.159
0.391
0.177
0.340
0.212
0.675
-0.234
78.75
0.434
0.213
0.353
0.172
0.334
0.182
0.273
0.122
0.677
-0.233
90
0.372
0.192
0.342
0.177
0.269
0.166
0.273
0.169
0.661
-0.289
(CM1)
1:1 3.0 CM1
15
2.0
CM1
Cp
AOA=0 deg.
0
-1
AOA=22.5 deg.
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
AOA=45 deg.
AOA=90 deg.
-2
-3
-4
tap no.
113
62 ()2007 12
A20, AO A=0, t=0.068 s e c
0
-0 .5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Cp
-1
-1 .5
-2
-2 .5
-3
ta p
(a)
10
11
Cp
-1
-1 .5
-2
-2 .5
-3
ta p
(b)
10
11
Cp
-1
-1 .5
-2
-2 .5
-3
ta p
(c)
Cp
-1
-1 .5
-2
-2 .5
-3
(d)
ta p
16 1:1 2.0
4-7
(POD)
90%
114
1.
2.
3. (POD) 90%
4.
(11 ~ 23 )
5.
6.
2.0
115
62 ()2007 12
(095301070000G3328)
(2006)
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116