TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Celsius scale thermometer displays the ambient temperature through a LCD display. It consists of two sections. One is that which senses the temperature. This is a temperature sensor LM 35. The other section converts the temperature value into a suitable number in Celsius scale which is done by the ADC0804. A digital thermometer can be easily made by interfacing a temperature sensor to the microcontroller AT89C51. The temperature sensor used in the project is LM35. The LM 35 IC generates a 10mV variation to its output voltage for every degree Celsius change in temperature. The Output of the temperature sensor is analog in nature so we need an analog to digital convertor for converting the analog input to its equivalent binary output.

The ADC804 is the analog to digital convertor IC used in the project 804 is a single channel convertor which converts the analog input up to a range of 5V to an equivalent 8-bit binary output. The step size is defined by the voltage applied at the
Vref/2 pin of the ADC IC. For example, if the voltage at Vref/2 pin is set to 1.28V then ADC has a step size of 10 mV. So if the input voltage is 1V the equivalent binary output of ADC will be 100 or 0110 0100 in binary. The 8 bit binary output of the ADC is incremented by one for every 10 mV rise of input voltage. Once the ADC is calibrated it will give the correct output further. The binary output of ADC is fed parallel to a port of the microcontroller .The microcontroller reads the input through ADC and displays the corresponding decimal value on LCD indicating temperature.

ADC0804
Analog to digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals are used for further processing by the digital processors. Various sensors like temperature, pressure, force etc. convert the physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature. ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not connected, the default reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., Vcc. The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255), i.e., for every 19.53mV rise in the analog input, the output varies by 1 unit. To set a particular voltage level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For example, to set a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2), thereby reducing the step size to 15.62mV (4V/255). ADC0804 needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog value to digital value is dependent on this clock source. An external clock can be given at the Clock IN pin. ADC 0804 also has an inbuilt clock which can be used in absence of external clock. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the Clock IN and Clock R pins to use the internal clock.

16 X 2 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature range is from -55C to 150C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every o C rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ o C.

PRESET
A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor.The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-:

8051 MICROCONTROLLER
The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly language, and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their own special features). Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:

4 KB on chip program memory. 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM). 4 reg banks. 128 user defined software flags. 8-bit data bus 16-bit address bus 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less). 3 internal and 2 external interrupts. Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes. Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports). 16-bit program counter and data pointer. 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

Features OF ADC0804-

Compatible with 8080 P derivatives-no interfacing logic needed access time - 135 ns Easy interface to all microprocessors, or operates "stand alone" Differential analog voltage inputs Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL voltage level specifications Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference On-chip clock generator 0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single 5V supply No zero adjust required 0.3[Prime] standard width 20-pin DIP package 20-pin molded chip carrier or small outline package Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or analog span adjusted voltage reference
Description The ADC0801, ADC0802, ADC0803, ADC0804 and ADC0805 are CMOS 8-bit successive approximation A/D converters that use a differential potentiometric ladder-similar to the 256R products. These converters are designed to allow operation with the NSC800 and INS8080A derivative control bus with TRI-STATE output latches directly driving the data bus. These A/Ds appear like memory locations or I/O ports to the microprocessor and no interfacing logic is needed.Differential analog voltage inputs allow increasing the common-mode rejection and offsetting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution. Key Specification Resolution Total error Conversion time 8 bits LSB, LSB and 1 LSB 100 s

PIN DIAGRAM OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 16X2

PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

PIN DIAGRAM OF LM35 FEATURES OF LM35- Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) - Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor - 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C) - Rated for full 55 to +150C range - Suitable for remote applications - Low cost due to wafer-level trimming - Operates from 4 to 30 volts - Less than 60 A current drain - Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air - Nonlinearity only 14C typical - Low impedance output, 0.1 for 1 mA load

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY D.A.V.V 2011-2012

MINOR PROJECT
TEMPERATURE SENSOR USING 8051

SUBMITTED BY-:

SUBMITTED TO-: MR.SHAHID KHILJI

1.ANKITA PAWAR (9T6011) 2.BHUMIKA KUMBHARE (9T6021) 3.DIVYA DUNGARWAL (9T6027)