4/23/2012

Mechanics of Materials I


Atta ur Rehman Shah
Lecturer
HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan

Pure Bending
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members
subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Other Loading Types
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
}
= =
}
= =
}
= =
M dA y M
dA z M
dA F
x z
x y
x x
o
o
o
0
0
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
( )
( )
m x
m
m
x
c
y
c

c
y y
L
y y L L
y L
c c
c
c
u
u o
c
u u u o
u
=
= =
= = =
= = ' =
= '
or
linearly) ries (strain va
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Stress Due to Bending
For a linearly elastic material,
linearly) varies (stress
m
m x x
c
y
E
c
y
E
o
c c o
=
= =
For static equilibrium,
}
} }
=
= = =
dA y
c
dA
c
y
dA F
m
m x x
o
o o
0
0
For static equilibrium,
I
My
c
y
S
M
I
Mc
c
I
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y M
x
m x
m
m m
m x
=
=
= =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
} }
o
o o
o
o o
o o
ng Substituti
2
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Beam Section Properties
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
modulus section
inertia of moment section
= =
=
= =
c
I
S
I
S
M
I
Mc
m
o
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
Ah bh
h
bh
c
I
S
6
1
3
6
1
3
12
1
2
= = = =
Between two beams with the same cross
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Properties of American Standard Shapes
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
EI
M
I
Mc
Ec Ec c
m m
=
= = =
1 1 o c

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,

v
vc c

v
vc c
y y
x z x y
= = = =
Expansion above the neutral surface and
contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
curvature c anticlasti
1
= =
'
v

Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Sample Problem 4.2
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
( )
+ =

=
'
2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
I
Mc
m
= o
Calculate the curvature
EI
M
=

1
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=

=
A
A y
Y

= =

=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =

+ =

+ =
'
I
d A bh d A I I
x
Atta ur Rehman Shah, Lecturer HITEC University Taxila cantt Mechanics of Materials - I
Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Sample Problem 4.2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
4 9
4 9
mm 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
mm 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =


= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A
m
o
o
o
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
o
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
o
Calculate the curvature
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1

=
=
EI
M

m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=