MOTIVATION LETTER I wish to continue my education by applying to the program master de sciences et technologiesphysique et applicationsspcialit sciences des matriaux

ux et nanoobjets.I have Graduated in Metallurgy and Materials Engineering from pakistan.now I want get higher education in france.it is a good place to get higher education A nanomaterial is a field that takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. it studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.i would like to do research on nanomaterials because it has wide applications in medicine,cryonics,environment,energy,information and communication, quantum computers,aerospace,construction,in improving the properties of steel ,agriculture,sports,textile and so on. My interest is in improving the properties of steel. The current steel designs are based on the reduction in the allowable stress, service life or regular inspection regime. This has a significant impact on the life-cycle costs of structures and limits the effective use of resources. The stress risers are responsible for initiating cracks from which fatigue failure results .the addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the surface un-evenness of steel which then limits the number of stress risers and hence fatigue cracking. Advancements in this technology using nanoparticles would lead to increased safety, less need for regular inspection regime and more efficient materials free from fatigue issues for construction. The Nano-size steel produce stronger steel cables which can be in bridge construction. Also these stronger cable materials would reduce the costs and period of construction, especially in suspension bridges as the cables are run from end to end of the span. This would require high strength joints which lead to the need for high strength bolts. The capacity of high strength bolts is obtained through quenching and tempering. The microstructures of such products consist of tempered Martensite. When the tensile strength of tempered Martensite steel exceeds 1,200 mpa even a very small amount of hydrogen embrittles the grain boundaries and the steel material may fail during use. This phenomenon, which is known as delayed fracture, which hindered the strengthening of steel bolts and their highest strength is limited to only around 1,000 to 1,200 mpa. The use of vanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles improves the delayed fracture problems associated with high strength bolts reducing the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and improving the steel micro-structure through reducing the effects of the inter-granular cementite phase. Welds and the heat affected zone (haz) adjacent to welds can be brittle and fail without warning when subjected to sudden dynamic loading. The addition of nanoparticles of magnesium and calcium makes the haz grains finer in plate steel and this leads to an increase in weld toughness. The increase in toughness at would result in a

smaller resource requirement because less material is required in order to keep stresses within allowable limits. The carbon nanotubes are exciting material with tremendous properties of strength and stiffness, they have found little application as compared to steel, because it is difficult to bind them with bulk material and they pull out easily, which make them ineffective in construction materials. I have worked on grain refinement of steel in my final year project. We selected to do grain refinement of steel by thermo-mechanical treatment. For that we used torsion testing machine. There were two basic reasons for using torsion testing machine instead of using rolling or forging machine.1.it does not produce dimensional changes in the sample to be tested.2.it produce direct shear stresses in the material. We alternately gave each sample different percent deformation and after considerable work hardening we gave them heat treatment and again gave the deformation until the sample fractured. it was noted that after heat treatment the deformation was much higher than the sample before heat treatment. As we did not have facilities of high pressure torsion or high temperature torsion. We did that on room temperature and atmospheric pressure. After doing the metallography and seeing the graphs we concluded that the basic phenomenon was the same as in high pressure torsion and equi-channel angular pressing. This work was very promising and we intended to do that research in masters also but due to lack of resources we could not do that. Now I have got the scholarship for France so that I can continue my work without any hindrance. I have also participated actively in extra-curricular activities in the university. I was an active member of the debating society of the university. Our group got first position in the quiz competition held in the university. I also participate in the seminars and one day short courses held in the university and outside. I gave many presentations in the class. I am fond of reading and Read books and magazines on daily basis. France is one of the best places to study Nano technology and I want to grab the opportunity. It will help me in understanding the culture and way of living of the people and the environment of studying there. This course will help me to build future plans for me and to take part in the progress of the country.