Glossary:FiberglassTerms CompositesandFiberglassIndustryTerminology Belowisalistoftermscommonlyusedinthefiberglassandcompositesfabricationindustry.Ifyouareconsidering havingyourcustomfiberglassorcarbonfiberpartsprofessionallyoutsourced,youmaywishtobecomefamiliarwith thesetermstomakediscussionswithyourfiberglassdesignengineerasproductiveaspossible. 1. AcceleratorAmaterialwhich,whenmixedwithacatalyzedresin,willspeedupthechemicalreactionbetween thecatalystandtheresin.Alsoknownaspromoter 2. AcetoneAketonegroupsolventthatisusedtodissolvepolyesterresins.Usedtoalargeextentforcleanupof toolsinfiberglassoperations. 3. AcousticEmission(AE)Incomposites,asoundgeneratedbydefectswithinthelaminate,suchasplastic deformation,crackinitiationorcrackgrowth. 4. AdditiveAnynumberofmaterialsusedtomodifythepropertiesofpolymerresins.Categoriesofadditives includereagents,fillers,viscositymodifierspigmentsandothers. 5. AlligatoringAvisiblecosmeticdefectintheexposedgelcoatwhichlookslikewrinkledoralligatorskin. 6. AntimonyTrioxideFireretardantadditiveforusewithresins.

resins. 7. BagMoldingSee"vacuum"and"pressure"or"theuseofanelasticorwovenmaterialtoapplyatmospheric forcetoalaminate."Seevacuumandpressure. 8. BarcolHardnessAhardnessvalueobtainedbymeasuringtheresistancetopenetrationofasharpsteelpoint underaspringload.Theinstrument,calledaBarcolImpressor,givesadirectreadingona0100scale.The hardnessvalueisoftenusedasameasureofthedegreeofcureoftheplastic. 9. BarrierCreamAcreamusedtoprotecttheskinfromcontactwithresins. 10. BenzoylPeroxide(BPO)Oneoftwogenerallyusedinitiatorsforcuringpolyesterresin.BPOisusedwithaniline acceleratorsorwhereheatisusedtocuretheresin.SeeMEKP. 11. BiDirectionalLaminateAreinforcedplasticlaminatewiththefibersorientedinvariousdirectionsintheplane ofthelaminate:acrosslaminate.Seealsounidirectionallaminate. 12. BinderTheagentappliedtoglassmattobondthefiberspriortolaminatingormolding. 13. BisphenolAFumerateAcondensationproductformedbyreactionoftwo(BIS)moleculesofphenolwith acetone(A)usedasacomponentinonetypeoftraditionalcorrosionresistantFRPresin. 14. BlisterAnundesirableroundedelevationofthesurfaceofaplasticwhoseboundariesmaybemoreorless sharplydefined.Theblistermaycontainprocessfluid. 15. BondStrengthTheamountofadhesionbetweenbondedsurfaces;ameasureofthestressrequiredto separatealayerofmaterialfromthebasetowhichitisbonded.Seealsopeelstrength. 16. BromineAfireretardant(halogen)whichisusedtoreduceoreliminatearesin'stendencytoburn.Oftenused inconjunctionwithchemicalssuchasantimonytrioxideandpentoxidetoachieveamaximumClass1fire retardancyratingandoftenusedinductingsystems. 17. ButtWrapJointAsecondarylaminatewrappedaroundtwoormorecomponentsinanedgetoedge configurationusedtojointhemtogether.

 18. CastingTheprocessofpouringamixtureofresin,fillersand/orfibersintoamoldasopposedtobuildingup layersthroughlamination.Thistechniqueproducesdifferentphysicalpropertiesfromlaminating. 19. CatalystAsubstancewhichchangestherateofachemicalreactionwithoutitselfundergoingpermanent changeinitscomposition;asubstancewhichmarkedlyspeedsupthecureofacompoundwhenaddedinminor quantitycomparedtotheamountsofprimaryreactants(hardener,initiatororcuringagent). 20. CaulkAnelasticmaterialusedtoprotectjointsorconnectionsfromexternalelements,particularlymoisture. 21. CavityThespacebetweenamaleandfemalemoldsetinwhichthepartisformed.Sometimesusedtoreferto afemalemold. 22. CentiposeAunitofmeasureusedtodescribetheviscosityofaliquid.Thecentipoiseofaresinismeasured withaBrookfieldViscometerformostpolyesterresinapplications. 23. ChalkingAsurfacephenomenonindicatingdegradationofacosmeticsurface.Chalkingisapowderyfilmwhich appearslighterthantheoriginalcolor. 24. ChoppedStrandMatAfiberglassreinforcementconsistingshortstrandsoffiberarrangedinarandompattern andheldtogetherwithabinder.Matisgenerallyusedinrollsconsistingof3/4oz/ft2materialto2oz/ft2 material. 25. ClosedMoldingAmoldingprocessthatusestwomatchedmolds.Thismethodofmoldingreinforcedplastic providesafinishedinsideandoutsidesurface.Moreexpensivethanopenmoldtooling. 26. ClothAfiberglassreinforcementmadebyweavingstrandsofglassfiberyarns.Clothisavailableinvarious weightsmeasuredinouncespersquareyardorkg/m2 27. CompositeAhomogenousmaterialcreatedbythesyntheticassemblyoftwoormorematerials(selected reinforcingelementsandcompatiblematrixresin)toobtainspecificcharacteristicsandproperties. 28. CompressionMoldAclosedmold,usuallyofsteel,usedtoformacompositeunderheatandpressure 29. CompressiveModulusAmechanicalpropertydescriptionwhichmeasuresthecompressionofasampleata specifiedload.DescribedinASTMD695. 30. CompressiveStrengthThestressagivenmaterialcanwithstandwhencompressed. 31. ConnectionWheretwopanelsareattachedtoeachotherorapanelisattachedtothebuilding. 32. ContactMoldingAprocessformoldingreinforcedplasticsinwhichreinforcementmaterials,suchasmatand wovenrovingsaturatedwithresin,areappliedtoamold.Thecureiseitheratroomtemperatureusinga catalystpromotersystemorbyheatinanovenwithnoadditionalpressure. 33. ContinuousFilamentStrandAnindividualrodofglasswithsmalldiameter,flexibilityandgreatorindefinite strength.Alsowhenreferringtogunroving,isacollectionofstringlikeglassfiberoryarn,whichisfedthrougha chopperguninthesprayupprocess. 34. ContinuousStrandRovingAbundleofglassfilamentswhicharefedthroughachopperguninthesprayup process.

35. ContinuousLaminatingAprocessforformingpanelsandsheetinginwhichfabricormatispassedthrougha resinbath,broughttogetherbetweencoveringsheets,andpassedthroughaheatingzoneforcure.Squeeze rollscontrolthicknessandresincontentasthevariouspliesarebroughttogether. 36. CoreAlowdensitymaterialusedbetweentwoFRPskins.Examplesofcorematerialsareendgrainbalsawood, urethanefoam,PVCfoamandvarioushoneycombmaterials. 37. CrazingCrackingofgelcoatorresinduetostress. 38. CreepThechangeindimensionofaplasticunderloadoveraperiodoftime,notincludingtheinitialelastic deformation. 39. CrosslinkTheformationofathreedimensionalpolymerbymeansofinterchainreactionsresultinginchanges inphysicalproperties. 40. CureorCuringTochangethepropertiesofaresinbychemicalreaction,whichmaybecondensationor addition 41. CureTimeTimebetweenintroductionofcatalystorinitiatortoapolymerandfinalcure. 42. DeadLoadPermanentorconstantloads(weight)ontheFRPstructure. 43. DelaminationTosplitalaminatedplasticmaterialalongtheplaneofitslayers.Physicalseparationorlossof bondbetweenlaminateplies. 44. DewPointThattemperatureatwhichtheweightofsteamassociatedwithacertainweightofdryairis adequatetosaturatethatweightofair.Whenairatlessthan100%relativehumidityiscooledtothe temperatureatwhichitbecomessaturated,theairhasreachedtheminimumtemperaturetowhichitcanbe cooledwithoutprecipitationofthemoisture(dew). 45. DielectricStrengthThevalueofamaterialasanelectricalinsulatorortheresistancetotheflowofelectric current. 46. DifferentialScanningCalorimetry(DSC)DSCisusedtodeterminetheglasstransitiontemperatureandthe degreeofcureofanFRPlaminatebymeasuringtheheatflowintoandoutofasampleasthematerialwhichis heatedataconstantheatingrateunderanitrogenpurgedatmosphere.Thedegreeofcuremaybedetermined byrepeatedheatingofasamplebeyondtheglasstransitiontemperature.Ifthelaminatewasundercured,the glasstransitiontemperaturewillcontinuetoincrease. 47. DimensionalStabilityAdescriptionofthechangeinsizeofanobjectduringthemoldingprocessorinvarying temperatureconditionsorundervariousloads. 48. DiscontinuityStressAdditionalstressproducedwhereabruptchangesingeometry,materialsand/orloading occurinanFRPlaminate. 49. DistortionAchangeinshapeformthatwhichisintended.Itissymptomaticoflaminatingdifficulties,curing problems,toolingproblemsorresinshrinkage. 50. DraftTheangleoftheverticalcomponentsofamoldwhichallowremovalofthepart. 51. "E"GlassAborosilicateglass;thetypemostusedforglassfibersforreinforcedplastics;suitableforelectrical laminatesbecauseofitshighresistivity. 52. ECRGlassAcorrosiongradeglassexhibitingcorrosionresistantpropertiessuperiorto"E"glass.Superior resistancetoacidsandalkalisisobtainedthroughtheapplicationofspecialtreatmentsandsizingsto"E"fibers.

 53. ElasticDeformationsThatpartofthetotalstraininastressedbodywhichdisappearsuponremovalofthe stress;opposedtoplasticdeformation. 54. ElongationDeformationCausedbystretching;thefractionalincreaseinlengthofamaterialstressedin tension.Whenexpressedasapercentageoftheoriginalgagelength,itiscalledpercentageelongation. 55. EncapsulatingCompletelysurroundinganobjectwithresinorafiberresincomposite. 56. EpoxyResinApolymerresincharacterizedbyepoxidemoleculegroups.Epoxiesgenerallyhavehigherphysical propertiesthanpolyesterresins.Theyarealsomorecostlyanddifficulttoprocessandlessabletoendure exposuretosunlight. 57. EpoxyPlasticsPlasticsbasedonresinsmadebythereactionofepoxidesoroxiraneswithothermaterialssuch asamines,alcohols,phenols,carboxylicacids,acidanhydridesandunsaturatedcompounds. 58. ExothermTheliberationorevolutionofheatduringthecuringofaplasticproduct. 59. FabricatorManufacturerofreinforcedplasticproducts. 60. FemalemoldAconcavemoldusedtopreciselydefinetheconvexsurfaceofamoldedpart. 61. FiberReinforcementmaterialwhichisamajorcomponentinacompositematrix. 62. FiberglassGlasswhichhasbeenextrudedintoextremelyfinefilaments.Thesefilamentsvaryindiameter,and aremeasuredinmicrons.Glassfilamentsaretreatedwithspecialbindersandprocessedsimilartotextilefibers. Thesefiberscomeinmanyformssuchasroving,wovenroving,matandcontinuousstrands. 63. FiberglassReinforcedPlastic(FRP)Ageneraltermcoveringanytypeofplasticreinforcedcloth,mat,strandsor anyotherformoffibrousglass. 64. FilamentAsinglethreadlikefiberofextrudedglass.Typicallymicronsindiameter. 65. FilamentWindingAprocessforfabricationofacompositestructureinwhichcontinuousreinforcements, eitherpreviouslyimpregnatedwithamatrixmaterialorimpregnatedduringthewinding,isplacedovera rotatingandremovableformormandrelinapreviouslyprescribedwaytomeetcertainstressconditions. 66. FillerArelativelyinertmaterialaddedtoaplasticmixturetoreducecost,tomodifymechanicalproperties,to providethixotropy,toserveasabaseforcoloreffectsortoimprovethesurfacetexture. 67. FiniteElementAnalysis(FEA)Amethodofanalysisusedinsituationsthataredifficulttomodelbystandard engineeringtechniques.Thefiniteelementmethodoperatesontheassumptionthatanycontinuousfunction overaglobaldomaincanbeapproximatedbyaseriesoffunctionsoperatingoverafinitenumberofsmalldub domains.Theseriesoffunctionsarepiecewise,continuousandwillapproachtheexactsolutionasthenumber ofsubdomainsapproachesinfinity. 68. FireRetardantsCompoundsmixedwiththeresintoreduceflammability. 69. FirstCrackStrengthThestrainorstresslevelpresentattheonsetofsignificantlaminatedamage.Thelaminate damageistheresultofresinmicrocracking,debondingoffibersintheresinmatrixand,occasionally,oflocal failureoffibers. 70. FisheyeTheeffectofsurfacecontaminationwhichcausesacircularseparationofapaintorgelcoat.

 71. FlameRetardantResinApolyesterresinwhichhasbeenspecificallyformulatedtoreducetheflamespread and/orsmokegenerationcharacteristics. 72. FlammabilityAmeasureofhowfastamaterialwillburnundercontrolledconditions.ASTMd635/ULE84 tests. 73. FlangeAnextensionaroundtheperimeterofamoldorpartforthepurposeofdemolding,stiffeningor connectingtwocomponents. 74. FlashPointThelowesttemperatureatwhichasubstancegivesoffenoughvaporstoformaflammable mixture. 75. FlexuralModulusASTMd790.Anengineeringmeasurementwhichdetermineshowmuchasamplewillbend whenagivenloadisapplied. 76. FoamAlightweight,cellularplasticmaterialcontaininggasfilledvoids.Typicalfoamsincludeurethane,PVC andpolyester. 77. FoaminplaceTheprocessofcreatingfoambythecombinationoftwoliquidpolymers.SeeInSitu. 78. FRPSeeFiberReinforcedPlastic 79. Gelation(gel)TimeThatintervaloftimeinconnectionwiththeuseofsyntheticthermosettingresins, extendingfromtheintroductionofacatalystintoaliquidadhesivesystemuntiltheintervalofgelformation. 80. GelCoatAcoloredresinusedasasurfacecoatformoldedfiberglassproducts.Itprovidesacosmetic enhancementandenvironmentalprotectionforthefiberglasslaminateunderneath. 81. GlassReinforcementAninorganicproductoffusionintheformofafilamentwhichhascooledtoarigid conditionwithoutcrystallizing.Glassfilamentsarecombined,cut,wovenormattedintomanytypesof reinforcements. 82. GoodsideThesideofamoldingincontactwithamoldsurface. 83. GreenResinwhichhasnotcompletelycuredandisstillrathersoftandrubbery. 84. GRPGlassreinforcedplastics.Generallybasedonpolyesterresin.Seefiberglass,FRP. 85. HalogenatedResinAresincombinedwithchlorineorbrominetoincreasefireretardancy.SeealsoBromine. 86. HandLayUpTheprocessofplacingandworkingsuccessivepliesofreinforcingmaterialorresinimpregnated reinforcementinpositiononamoldbyhand. 87. HeatDistortionTemperature(HDT)Thetemperatureatwhichastandardtestbardeflectsunderastatedload. 88. HelixAngleTheangleatwhichcontinuousfilamentsareplacedrelativetothelongitudinalmandrelaxisinthe filamentwindingprocess. 89. HetAcidResinPolyesterresinwithexceptionalfirequalities. 90. HoneycombcoreStripsofpaper,plastic,metal,etc.,joinedtogethertoformahoneycombpattern.Usedasa lightweightcoreinsandwichmoldings.

91. HoopStressThecircumferentialstressinamaterialofcylindricalformsubjectedtointernalorexternal pressure. 92. HydrostaticLoadLoadingproducedbyafluidhead. 93. HydrotestAtestinwhichstaticfluidheadisusedtoproducetestloads. 94. IgnitionLossThedifferenceinweightbeforeandafterburning;aswithglass,theburningoffofthebinderor size.Usedtodeterminetheamountandtypesofglassreinforcementpresent. 95. InhibitorAsubstancewhichretardsachemicalreaction;usedincertaintypesofmonomersandresinsto prolongstoragelife. 96. IsotropicLaminateOneinwhichthestrengthpropertiesareequalinalldirections,suchascontactmolded laminatesormetals. 97. JackstrawingAvisualeffectofglassfiberturningwhiteinacuredlaminate.Thismaynotaffectthestrengthof alaminate,butcouldbeanindicationofairentrapmentorwatercontamination. 98. JigAnyfixtureforholdingpartsinposition,whilejoiningthemtogetherortomaintaintheirshape. 99. JointAlineordistinctionformedwhentwopanelsareconnected.Alsoreferredtoasaseam. 100. KnuckleThetransitionareabetweenavesselshellandbottom,domeorends. 101. LaminantTheproductoflamination.Acompositeconsistingofalayerorlayersofthermosetpolymerandfiber reinforcement. 102. LaminateTounitesheetsofmaterialbybondingmaterialusuallywithpressureandheat.Aproductmadeby bonding. 103. LaminationTheoryAnanalyticalprocedureinwhichcompositephysicalpropertiesarepredictedfroman examinationofthepropertiesandinteractionoftheindividualpliesthatcomprisethelaminate. 104. LayerAsingleplyoflayuporlaminate. 105. LayUpTheactofbuildingupsuccessivelayersofpolymerandreinforcement.Layersofcatalyzedresinand fiberglassorotherreinforcementsareappliedtoamoldinordertomakeapart. 106. Liner(CorrosionLiner)Thecontinuous,usuallyflexiblereinforcedresinbarrierontheinsidesurfaceoftheFRP laminateusedtoprotectthelaminatefromchemicalattackortopreventleakageunderstress. 107. LiveLoadPressure,vacuum,thermalorothervariableloadsthatmaybeappliedtoastructure. 108. LowpressurelaminatesLaminatedmoldedandcuredusingpressuresfrom400psidowntoandincludingthe pressureobtainedbymerecontactoftheplies. 109. MaleMoldAconvexmoldwheretheconcavesurfaceofthepartispreciselydefinedbythemoldsurface. 110. MandrelThemoldaroundwhichresinimpregnatedglassiswoundorplacedbyhandtoformpipes,tubes, vesselsorirregularlyshapedcomponents.Seealsofilamentwinding. 111. MasterAfullscalerepresentationoftheintendedpart,usuallyretainedasareferenceandthepartfromwhich productionmoldsaremade.

 112. MatAfibrousmaterialconsistingofrandomlyorientedchoppedorswirledfilamentslooselyheldtogether withabinder. 113. MatrixTheresininwhichtheglassreinforcementsaredistributed. 114. MatchedDieMoldingTechniqueforproducinglongrunsofidenticalpartswithtwofinishedsides. 115. MatchedMoldsTwoormoretoolsarrangedinasetasamaleandfemalemold.Normallyusedinapress. 116. MatrixTheliquidcomponentofacompositeorlaminate. 117. MEKPeroxide(MEKP)Oneoftwoinitiatorsoftenreferredtoascatalystandusedtoinitiatepolymerizationofa resin.Methylethylketoneperoxide.(seebenzoylperoxide). 118. MEKSolventMethylethylketone;acolorless,flammableliquidsometimesusedincleanupprocedures. 119. MicroballoonsMicroscopicbubblesofglass,ceramicorphenolic,usedasafillerortocreatesyntacticfoamor puttymixtures. 120. Mil(milthickness)Theunitusedinmeasuringfilmthickness.Onemilequalsonethousandthofaninch.(1mil =.001"). 121. MilledFibersGlassfiberprocessedbyahammermillintolengthsof1/32"to1/8".Commonlyusedasa reinforcementinpolyesterputty. 122. ModulusofElasticityTheratioofthestressorloadappliedtothestrainordeformationproducedinamaterial thatiselasticallydeformed. 123. MoldThetoolusedtofabricatethedesiredpartshape.Alsousedtodescribetheprocessofmakingapartina mold. 124. MoldingTheprocessofusingamoldtoformapart. 125. MoldReleaseAwaxorpolymercompoundthatisappliedtothemoldsurfacewhichactsasabarrierbetween themoldandthepart,thuspreventingthepartfrombondingtothemold. 126. MonomerAsimplemoleculewhichiscapableofreactingwithlikeorunlikemoleculestoformapolymer;the smallestrepeatingstructureofapolymer. 127. NPGGelCoatNeopentylglycolgelcoathasenhancedweatherabilitycomparedtononnpggelcoat. 128. NonAirInhibitedResinAresininwhichthesurfacecurewillnotbeinhibitedorstoppedbythepresenceofair. 129. OpenMoldingSinglemoldinto(oronto)whichthefiberglassisshapedandformed.Providesafinishedand dimensionalyaccuratesurfaceuponwhichthelayupcanbeexecuted.Gelcoatisusuallysprayedfirstonthe preparedsurfaceofthemoldwiththereinforcementmaterialsappliedontopofthegelcoat. 130. OrangePeelAgelcoatedorpaintedfinishwhichisnotsmoothandispatternedsimilartoanorange'sskin.

 131. OrthophthalicResinOrthoApolyesterresinbasedonorthophthalicacid,alsoknownasageneralpurposeresin (GP). 132. OrthotropicHavingthreemutuallyperpendicularplanesofelasticsymmetry;usuallywithdifferingproperties, typicallyfilamentwoundlaminates. 133. PartingAgentSeemoldreleaseandPVA. 134. PartingLineThelocationonamoldedproductbetweendifferentsegmentsofthemoldusedtoproducethe product. 135. PatternTheinitialmodelformakingfiberglassmolds.Seeplug. 136. PeelStrengthBondstrength,inpoundsperinchofwidth,obtainedbypeelingthelayer.Seebondstrength. 137. PercentageElongationSeeElongation. 138. PermeabilityThepassageordiffusionofagas,vapor,liquidorsolidthroughabarrierwithoutphysicallyor chemicallyaffectingit. 139. PenetrantProcessfluidsthathavepenetratedtheFRPlinerorstructuralwall.PHAmeasureoftheacidityor alkalinityofaprocessfluid. 140. PigmentAcolorantaddedtogelcoatorresin. 141. PigmentSeparationOccurswhenthepigmentisnotthoroughlymixedintothegelcoatduringformulationor thegelcoatisimproperlymixedpriortouse.Itischaracterizedbyanonhomogeneoussurfacecolor. 142. PinholesSmallholesontheexposedgelcoatedsurface.Theyareaboutthediameterofcommonpinsandmay beeasilycounted. 143. PlasticsOrganicchemicalcompoundscalledpolymerswhichcanbeformulatedtoproduceawiderangeof properties 144. PlasticDeformationChangeindimensionsofanobjectunderloadthatisnotrecoveredwhentheloadis removed;opposedtoelasticdeformation.PLYAnindividuallayerofreinforcementwithinatotallaminate comprisedofseveralsuchlayers. 145. PlugsAplugisbasicallyanexactfinishedpartortheexactshapeandsizeyouwantyourfinalfiberglassproduct tobe.Theplugisthemalepartthatwepullafemalemoldfrom.Whenwelayupfiberglassinamold,thepart hastobeabletobepulledfromthemoldsoeveryanglemustbeobtuse(atleastadegreeortwo)orelsethe partwouldn'tliftoutofthemold.Ifyourexistingpartsorplugsdon'thaveanangletothem,we'lleitherneedto rebuildthemwithanglesoraddabittoyourcurrentparttoachievethedesiredangle.Overall,thisusuallywon't changethelookofyourpartbutit'sacriticalsteptomakingfiberglasspieces. 146. PM(PreventiveMaintenance)Anongoinginspectionprogramwiththoroughdocumentationandevaluation thatprovidesaknowledgeablebasisfordeterminationforappropriatemaintenanceortimelyreplacementof individualpiecesofequipment.

147. Poisson'sRatioWhenamaterialisstretched,itscrosssectionalareachangesaswellasitslength.Poisson's Ratioistheconstantrelatingthesechangesindimensions,andisdefinedastheratioofthechangeinwidthper unitwidthtothechangeinlengthperunitlength. 148. PolyesterThermosettingresins,producedbydissolvingunsaturated,generallylinear,alkydresinsinavinyl typeactivemonomersuchasstyrene,methylstyreneanddiallylphthalate.Theresinsareusuallyfurnishedin solutionform,butpowderedsolidsarealsoavailable. 149. PolymerAhighmolecularweightorganiccompound,naturalorsynthetic,whosestructurecanberepresented byarepeatedsmallunit.Somepolymersareelastomerswhileothersareplastics.Whentwoormoremonomers areinvolved,theproductiscalledacopolymer. 150. PolymerizationThechemicalbondingofpolymermoleculesduringthecuringreaction. 151. PolyvinylAlcohol(PVA)Apartingfilmappliedtoamoldforpartreleasing. 152. PorosityEntrappedgasbubblesorvoidsinagelcoatfilm. 153. PostCureAdditionalelevatedtemperaturecure,usuallywithoutpressure,toimprovefinalpropertiesand/or completethecure.Incertainresins,completecureandultimatemechanicalpropertiesareattainedonlyby exposureofthecuredresintohighertemperaturesthanthoseofcuring. 154. PotLifeThetimeduringwhichthecatalyzedresinremainsliquidor"workable."seegeltime. 155. PremixReinforcingmaterialmixedwithresin,andusuallywithpigment,fillerandcatalyst,beforeplacinginthe mold. 156. PrepregReinforcingmaterialimpregnatedwithresinpriortothemoldingprocessandcuredbytheapplication ofheat. 157. PressurebagAmembranewhichconformstotheinsideofalaminatelaiduponamold.Themembraneorbag istheninflatedapplyingpressurewhichconsolidatesanddensifiesthelaminate. 158. PrincipleDirectionsThedirectionsinwhichtheprincipletensile,compressiveandshearstressesarelocatedin combinedstressanalysis.Therearethreeprincipledirectionswhicharemutuallyperpendicular. 159. PromoterAchemical,itselfaweakcatalyst.SeeAccelerator. 160. PuttyAthickenedmixtureofresinmadebyaddingfillers,thixotrophsandreinforcingfibers. 161. PVASeepolyvinylalcohol. 162. ReagentsAsubstanceusedinachemicalreactiontoproduceothersubstances. 163. ReinforcedMoldingCompoundCompoundconsistingofapolymerandareinforcementfiberorfillersupplied byrawmaterialproducerintheformofreadytousematerials. 164. ReinforcementAfiberwhichwhenencapsulatedinapolymerresinmatrixformsacompositeorfiberglass laminate.Alsoreferstoastructuralmemberdesignedtostiffenamoldedpart. 165. ReleaseAgentAcompoundusedtoreducesurfacetensionoradhesionbetweenamoldandapart.

166. ResinAclassoforganicproducts,eithernaturalorsyntheticinorigin,generallyhavinghighmolecularweights. Mostuncuredresinsusedinopenmoldingareliquids.Resinsaregenerallyusedtosurroundandholdfibers. Whencatalyzed,theresincuresgoingthroughapolymerizationprocesstransformingtheliquidresinintoasolid. Thecuredresinandfiberreinforcementcreateacompositematerialwithmechanicalpropertiesthatexceed thoseoftheindividualcomponents. 167. ResinTearingSeparationofpigmentsinagelcoataffectingcosmeticappearance. 168. Roving(FilamentWinding)Theterm"ROVING"isusedtodesignateacollectionofbundlesofcontinuous filamentseitherasuntwistedstrandsorastwistedyarns.Glassrovingsarepredominantlyusedinfilament winding. 169. SafetyFactorTheratioofultimatestresstoallowablestress,orsomesimilarratioofunitsexpressingthis intent. 170. SandwichConstructionAlaminatewithtwocompositeskinsseparatedby,butbondedto,astructuralcore material.Usedtocreatestiff,lightweightstructures. 171. SeamSeejoint. 172. SelfExtinguishingCeasestoburnwhenthesourceofflameisremoved. 173. ShearAnactionorstressresultingfromappliedforceswhichcausesortendstocausetwocontiguouspartsof abodytosliderelativetoeachotherinadirectionparalleltotheirplaneofcontact.Ininterlaminarshear,the planeofcontactiscomposedofresinonly. 174. ShelfLifeTheallowablestoragetimebeforeaproductmustbeused. 175. ShipLapMethodofjoiningtwopanelstogetherbymeansofonepanelhavingarecessedshelftoreceivethe otherpanelontopofitleavingaflushsurface. 176. SizeorSizingAtreatmentconsistingofstarch,gelatin,oil,waxorothersuitableingredientwhichisappliedto fibersatthetimeofformationtoprotectthesurfaceandaidtheprocessofhandlingandfabrication,orto controlthefibercharacteristics.Thetreatmentcontainsingredientswhichprovidesurfacelubricityandbinding actionbut,unlikeafinish,containsnocouplingagent. 177. SkinCoatThefirstlayeroflaminatenexttothegelcoat,generally,oneplyofchoppedstrandmat. 178. SpecificGravityTheratiobetweenthedensityofagivensubstanceandthedensityofwater. 179. SplitMoldAnopenmoldmadeintwoormorepieces. 180. SprayUpTheprocessofsprayingglassfibers,resinandcatalystsimultaneouslyintoamoldusingachopper gun. 181. SteadyStateStableoperatingorotherloadconditionsthatdonotchangewithtime. 182. StiffnessTherelationshipofloadanddeformation;atermoftenusedwhentherelationshipofstresstostrain doesnotconformtothedefinitionofYoung'smodulus.Seealsomodulusofelasticity.

183. StrainTheelongationperunitlengthofamaterial. 184. StressCorrosionPreferentialattackofareasunderstressinacorrosiveenvironment,wherethisfactoralone wouldnothavecausedcorrosion. 185. StressRelaxationStressrelaxationoccurswhenthestressesinthestructuredecreasewhilethedeformationis heldconstant.Underthiscondition,theFRPlaminatewillassumeapermanentlydeformedshapeafter mechanicalandthermalloadsareremoved. 186. StructuralLaminatesThatportionofatotallaminatethatisdesignedtotaketheimposedequipmentloads. Normallydoesnotincludethesacrificialportionofthecorrosionbarrierorliner. 187. StyreneUnsaturatedhydrocarbonusedinplastics.Inpolyesterresinitservesasasolventandasacoreactant inthepolymerizationprocessthatoccursduringcuring. 188. SurfaceMatAlightweighttissue(1030milsthick)ofglassorsyntheticfiberusedtoprovidearesinrich surface.Seeveil. 189. SurfactantChemicalsusedtomodifyorchangethesurfaceofalayerofresinorpolymer.Usuallyusedtoform afilmonacuringresin,producingatackfreesurface. 190. SurvivalAtermusedtodescribeasafetyfactorbetween1.0and2.0.Equipmentmaybedesignedfor"survival" whensubjectedtoinfrequentorunlikelyupsetconditionsofshortduration. 191. SyntacticFoamFoammadebymixingmicrosphereswitharesin. 192. SyntheticFiberFibermadeofmaterialsotherthanglass,suchaspolyester. 193. TackSurfacestickiness. 194. TackFreeAsurfacewhichisnotstickyaftercure. 195. TapeAnarrowwidthreinforcingfabricormat. 196. TensileLoadAloadappliedawayfromandtooppositeendsofagivensample. 197. TensileElongationAnengineeringtermreferringtotheamountofstretchasampleexperiencesduringtensile strain.ASTMD638. 198. TensileStrengthAmeasurementofthetensileloadasamplecanwithstand.ASTMD638. 199. ThermalCoefficientofExpansionMeasuresdimensionalchangeofamaterialwhenheatedorcooled. Measuredininchesperinchperdegree. 200. ThermalConductivityMeasuresthetransferofheatthroughamaterial. 201. ThermalGradientThechangeintemperaturethroughtheFRPlaminatefromtheinteriortotheexteriorofthe equipment.Thechangeintemperatureperunitofwallthickness. 202. ThermoplasticCapableofbeingrepeatedlysoftenedbyincreaseoftemperatureandhardenedbydecreasein temperature.

 203. ThermosetAplasticwhich,whencuredbyapplicationofheatorchemicalmeans,changesintoasubstantially infusibleandinsolublematerial. 204. ThixotropicConcerningmaterialsthatare"gellike"atrestbutthatarefluidwhenagitated.Materialshaving highstaticshearstrengthandlowdynamicshearstrengthatthesametime. 205. TransientLoadsTemporaryloadsoflimitedduration. 206. TransverseCrackAcrackoccurringintheresinmatrixatrightanglestothedirectionofthereinforcements. 207. UltimateTensileStrengthTheultimateorfinalstresssustainedbyalaminateundertensionloading;thestress atthemomentofrupture. 208. UndercutAnareaofapartormoldthatnochanges.Hasanacuteanglebetweentwosurfaces.Ifaparthasan undercutasplitmoldisnecessary. 209. UnidirectionalStrengthlyingmainlyinonedirection.Aglassreinforcementinwhichthefiberisorientedinone direction. 210. UnidirectionalLaminateAreinforcedplasticlaminateinwhichsubstantiallyallofthefibersareorientedinthe samedirection. 211. UVStabilizerAchemicalcompoundwhichimprovesresistancetodegradationfromultravioletradiation. 212. VacuumBagMoldingProcessforeliminatingvoidsandforcingoutentrappedairandexcessresinfromlayups bydrawingavacuumfromaplasticfilmwhichblanketsalaminate. 213. VeilAnultrathinmatoftencomposedoforganicfibersaswellasofglassfibers;usedprimarilyincorrosion barriers. 214. ViscosityTheliquidpropertiesofamaterial.Resistancetoflow. 215. VoidFreeAmoldingcontainingnoentrappedaircavities,blisters,orvoids. 216. WarpTheyarnrunninglengthwiseinawovenfabric. 217. WaterabsorptionTheamountofwaterwhichalaminatewillabsorb. 218. WaxAcompoundusedasareleaseagent.Seereleaseagent. 219. WeftThetransversethreadsorfibersinawovenfabric;thosefibersrunningperpendiculartothewarp. 220. WeepingAslowpassageofprocessfluidthroughanFRPlaminatethatcanoccurwhenaleakpathis establishedbyextensivecracking. 221. WetOutSaturatingreinforcingmaterial(glassfiber)withresin.Therateorspeedofsaturationisakeyfactor ineffectiveandprofitablemolding.

222. WovenRovingAheavyglassfiberfabricmadebytheweavingofrovingandusedastheprimarystructural materialinthelaminate. 223. YarnTwistedstrandsofroving,usedtoweavetextilereinforcements. 224. YieldPointThefirststressinamaterial,lessthanthemaximumattainablestress,atwhichanincreaseinstrain occurswithoutanincreaseinstress.