Shunt reactor switching

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Disconnecting EHV shunt reactors by SF6 and air-blast breakers

Lszl Prikler Technical University of Budapes, Hungary
Department of Electric Power Systems Egry J. u. 18. H-1111 Budapest Phone/Fax: +36 1 463 3015/-3013 E-mail: priki@vmt.bme.hu

1 Introduction
At EHV level shunt reactors are applied to regulate the reactive power balance of a system by means of compensating for the surplus reactive power generation of transmission lines. Reactors are normally disconnected at heavy load and are connected to the lines at periods of low load. Consequently, frequent switching is a significant characteristics of reactors. The main insulation of reactors can be overstressed if the breaker has high current chopping character. Furthermore, if a conventional arrester operates as a consequence of current chopping, or a restrike occurs during the switching-off operation, the turn-to-turn insulation of the reactor can also be jeopardized by the steep voltage change. In this case study a comprehensive and a simplified EMTP model of the reactor are introduced. The computer model has been validated in field experiments.

2 Case description
One line diagram of the 750/400 kV Albertirsa substation in Hungary is shown on Fig. 1. Two sets of 330 Mvar reactors are connected to the transmission line terminal via long bus-bars. After 10 years of operation the air-blast breakers have been replaced by SF6 insulated devices. The new breakers are equipped with a point-on-wave control device in order to eliminate breaker restrikes otherwise could be arosen. The case studies shown here were part of a two-years research aimed at comparing the breaker characteristics and the specification of the control device.
400 kV
1100 MVA

750 kV

330 MVA

750 kV tested installation

165m bus-bar
330 MVA

C.B.

line

1100 MVA

Fig. 1 - One line diagram of the 750/400 kV substation

3 Assumptions
Model of the supply side network: The 750 kV transmission line and the transformer were taken into account individually in the model, while the remaining part of the 400 kV grid has been represented by an inductance. An inductively coupled linear, unsaturated BCTRAN model represents the 1100 MVA auto-transformer in the model. The capacitances of the transformer and of the substation bus-bars are also significant, so the network model has been completed by these elements. Circuit breaker models: Time controlled switch with pre-defined current chopping level, as the most simple alternative to breaker modelling, has been applied. It also applies to the old,
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Shunt reactor switching

air-blast type breaker and the new SF6 insulated unit, too. In the case of the air-blast type, 70 Amps were applied, based on previous field measurements. The modern SF6 breakers have been characterised by a much smaller value (Ich=3
10 Amps), calculated from the "chopping number" of the breaker, which can be obtained from the manufacturer. Reignitions betweeen the moving contacts were simulated by a voltage controlled switch in parallel with the main switch. Lightning arrester model: Both the Type-92 and Type-99 non-linear resistor model of EMTP can be used for simulation of conventional (gaped) and metal oxide arresters. There were no difference in calculated values using different arrester models, however the simulation speed is slower by a factor of two, using model 92. Accurate modelling of arrester non-linearity in small (<100A) current region has been found to be essential. Reactor bus-bar: Three phase, non-transposed, frequency dependent line model (Jmarti line) gave the more precise representation. Application of this model, however requires very small simulation time step, so this model is preferable to use only in case of restrike studies, when the role of travelling waves along the bus-bar is fundamental. Otherwise three phase nominal PI circuit, with parameters calculated at the free oscillation frequency of the reactor voltage (870 Hz) has been used. Simplified shunt reactor model: A simple reactor model is a two port equivalent of an inductance in parallel with a capacitor. The value of the capacitor can be predicted by substituting the frequency of the free oscillation f and the value of the reactor inductance L into the following formula:
C = 4 f L

) 1

Where L is the linear, unsaturated value of the reactor inductance, because the iron core has air gaps, resulting in high saturation level. The bushing capacitance (Cb) and the bus-bar capacitances (Cbb) also take part in the oscillation, so the capacitance of the reactor (CL) can be defined as:
C L = C Cb Cbb

The copper losses of the winding, the iron and dielectric losses of the core can be represented by lumped serial/parallel resistances as shown in Fig. 2
r R L CL Cb Cbb

Fig 2.- Simple model of the reactor-busbar circuit Detailed model of the reactor: The simplified reactor model provides output voltages at the high voltage terminal only and no information is available about the magnitude of internal stresses. In order to be able to predict the local overvoltages a more sophisticated reactor model has to be used. This comprehensive reactor model (Fig.3) is based on n part inductively coupled (51, 52...) element of EMTP. The homogeneous single-layer winding consists of n pieces of part-windings. Each of them has self inductance (Lii) and n-1 mutual inductances (Mij) to the others as it is shown in Fig. 4. The inductance matrix L of the reactor contains n pieces of Lii in the main diagonal and n-i pieces of Lii multiplied by the i-th power of the coupling factor in the i-th parallel sub-diagonal. Accordingly, the elements of L can be derived from the known reactor inductance.

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Shunt reactor switching

H.V. terminal
2

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M1n L11 M12 r 11 1 R11 K0,1 C11 L22 R22 K1,2 C22 r 22
n-1

Lnn Rnn

r nn

Kn-1,n Cn-1,n-1 Cnn

Fig 3.- Detailed model of the reactor

4 Used ATP components

3 phase  , BCTRAN linear transformer, Lumped RLC, Time-controlled switch, 3 phase distributed transposed line, Type 51..52 RL coupled element, Type 92 and 99 non-linear resistor

5 Data and EMTP model

22nF
400 kV supply network Ssc=8000MVA

750 kV tr. line

reactor bus-bar 420 3 150 0.3uF 60nF 10nF 6H

Fig. 4 - Single phase diagram of the EMTP model

6 Critical parameters
- Frequency at which the parameters of the 3 phase PI is calculated. (base frequency of the reactor oscillation (870 Hz) in that case - IMARGIN of the switches, representing the current chopping level of breakers (SF6 breaker: 8-10 Amps, Air blast breaker: 60-80 A) - Accurate modelling of arrester non-linearity in small (<100A) current region

7 Simulation results and verification

The EMTP model described above can be used in case studies where the dominant frequency component is less then 100 kHz. Such kind of studies are: - calculation of TRV stresses at reactors and at the breaker - comparision of the main characteristics of different type of breakers - specification of the breaker parameters (mechanical as well as electrical) - development of controlled switching strategy - calculation of voltage distribution along the reactor winding The model has been verified using field measurements. Several switching operations were recorded using a digital disturbance recorder before pushing into operation the new SF6 circuit breakers and following the breaker replacement. Two typical oscillograms recorded at the field tests are shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6. Disconnecting reactors by an air blast type breaker resulted in high overvoltages and arresters operated in each phase and at every
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switching off cycle. Reignitions also occurred frequently. The new SF6 breaker produces much lower overvoltages and no arrester operation were being observed. However reignitions without controlling the switching operation can not be eliminated completely. The computer simulation produces very similar reactor voltage oscillations than that of the field test records (see Fig. 7 and 8). Verification status of the case Field test TNA Other program Analytical

phase A

phase B

phase C

Fig 5 - Measured phase to ground reactor voltages disconnecting reactors by SF 6 breaker

U [kV] 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 0 U [kV] 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 0 U [kV]
600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 0 10 20 30 40 T [ms]

Fig 6 - Measured phase to ground voltages disconnecting reactors by air-blast breaker

U [kV] 1000

0
10 20 30 40 T [ms]

0
10 20 30 40 T [ms]

10

20

30

T [ms]

Fig 7 - Calculated phase to ground reactor voltages disconnecting reactors by SF 6 breaker

Fig 8 - Calculated phase to ground voltages disconnecting reactors by air blast breaker

8 References
[1] Andersen at al.: Synchronous energizing of shunt reactors and shunt capacitors, CIGRE paper 13-12, 1988 [2] IEC Technical Report No.1233, High voltage alternating current circuit breakers, inductive load switching, 1993 [3] L.Prikler, G.Ban, Gy.Banfai: EMTP models for simulation of shunt reactor switching transients, Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4, May 1997. pp. 235-240

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Shunt reactor switching Appendix

Name of ATP input file: SW_REACT.ATP Name of ATPDRAW file: not available Availability: HTTP://www.vmt.bme.hu/eeug/casebook/case_32.htm
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE C ATP CASE STUDIES: SHUNT REACTOR SWITCHING C REF: ATP Case-study workbook: X.4.1 0.5E-6 35.0E-3 1 20 -1 1 5 5 20 20 100 100 C ---- EQUIVALENT SUPPLY NETWORK REDUCED TO THE 750 KV BUS ----AGENA AIS7A 150. AGENA AIS7A 530. AGENB AIS7B 150. AGENB AIS7B 530. AGENC AIS7C 150. AGENC AIS7C 530. C --------------- SHUNT REACTORS ------------------------------AISFA 20. 6000. AISFB 20. 6000. AISFC 20. 6000. AISFA 2.0E+6 AISFB 2.0E+6 AISFC 2.0E+6 AISFA .0037 AISFB .0037 AISFC .0037 C ----- RVMK TYP. 750 kV CONVENTIONAL ARRESTER ----------------99 AISFA 1250. 7 0.001 150.0 0.005 210.0 0.010 250.0 0.020 300.0 0.040 360.0 0.100 400.0 1.000 1020.0 9999. SINGLE FLASH 99 AISFB AISFA 1250. 7 99 AISFC AISFA 1250. 7 C --------- REACTOR BUS-BAR, PI MODEL AT 870 HZ ----------------$UNITS, 870. , 870. , $VINTAGE, 1 1 AISMA AISFA 7.80619215E-02 1.02699335E+00 8.91459084E+00 2 AISMB AISFB 6.60560152E-02 3.46436665E-01 -2.13971630E+00 7.80645558E-02 1.02695225E+00 9.35844488E+00 3 AISMC AISFC 6.36697132E-02 2.35679712E-01 -7.90769926E-01 6.60560152E-02 3.46436665E-01 -2.13971630E+00 7.80619215E-02 1.02699335E+00 8.91459084E+00 $VINTAGE, 0 $UNITS, 0.0 , 0.0 , BLANK C ---------------- CIRCUIT BREAKERS ----------------------------AIS7A AISMA -1.E-3 3.0E-3 0.080 AIS7B AISMB -1.E-3 1.0E-3 0.060 AIS7C AISMC -1.E-3 0.0E-3 0.080 BLANK C ------------------ GENERATORS -------------------------------14 AGENA 613. 50. -150. -0.01 14 AGENB 613. 50. 90. -0.01 14 AGENC 613. 50. -30. -0.01 BLANK AISFA AISFB AISFC BLANK BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK BLANK

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