Chapter 2- Cell Structure and Cell Organization Cell Structure and Function - Cell is a basic unit of living things.

- Consist of protoplasm and nucleus. - Nucleus (Prime minister &info storage) content is called nucleolus, enclosed by double membrane, control cell activities and contains chromatin (uncondensed chromosomes). -Protoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane (Checkpoint). - Plasma membrane is made of protein + phospholipids and semi permeable - Cell wall (freaking big wall) is an additional layer in plant cells surrounding the plasma membrane. - Cytoplasm has tiny structures called organelle. It can only be seen under microscope - Organelle has specific functions for each of them. - Organelle in cells consists of: + Mitochondria<Power plant>: sites for cellular respiration. + Ribosome<Factory workers>: site for protein synthesis. + Endoplasmic reticulum(ER): rough (RER) <Highway>, transport proteins; smooth (SER) <fat poison centre>, synthesis lipids and carries out detoxification. + Golgi apparatus<Factory>: process, packaging and transport carbohydrates, protein and glycoprotein. + Lysosome <Stuff smasher>: digestive compartments in cell and break down complex organic molecule. + Centrioles<North and south>: form spindle fibre during cell division. (Animal only) + Chloroplasts<Solar panels>: converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis. (Plants only) +Vacuole<large refrigerator> (Major in plants, minor in animals) - The density of organelles differs from one type of cell with another. - This means, some cells has higher amount of any specific organelles for specific purposes. E.g.: + Sperm cell: Mitochondria; propel trough the uterus towards the fallopian tube. + Pancreatic cell: Rough ER and Golgi apparatus; synthesis, secrete hormones. + Liver cell: Smooth ER; synthesis and secrete steroids and hormones. + Goblet cell (respiratory tract): Golgi apparatus; secrete mucus Unicellular (Amoeba s.p.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Live in freshwater. Changes it shape in response to stimuli. 2 layers of cytoplasm: inner (endoplasm) and outer (ectoplasm) Eat surrounding food (phagocytosis) digest by lysozyme (lysosome enzyme) Exchange substance by diffusion Water goes into the cell by osmosis go out by osmoregulation. Reproduce by binary fission.

Multicellular Cell=>Tissue=>Organ=>System=>Organism

Animal 4 type of tissue 1. Epithelial tissue(Lining and protection) 2. Muscle tissue(Movement) 3 type -smooth muscle -skeletal muscle -cardiac muscle 3. Nerve tissue (Info transfer) 4. Connective tissue (Multiple uses) Plants Two main type of tissue 1. Meristematic tissue. 2. Permanent tissue. 3 types: Epidermal tissue : Ground tissue (Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerechyma) : Vascular tissue (Xylem<water> and Phloem<food>)