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Chapter 7 Key Issue 2 Homework 1. How are nationalities different from ethnicities and race? Explain.

Nationalities are different from ethnicities and race because nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country, while everyone is a member of a race, (characteristics of race are passed genetically from parents to children), and only some people choose to associate with ethnicity. (which involves more cultural traits) 2. Why is the distinction of Quebecois critical to Canada? The distinction of Quebecois is critical to Canada because if Quebecois is recognized as a separate nationality from Anglo-Canadian, the Quebec government would have much stronger justification for breaking away from Canada to form an independent country. 3. What concept best explains the idea that ethnicities have a right to govern themselves? Self-determination is the concept. What has this lead to the creation of? This has led to the creation of nation-states. 4. What was the difference in nation-state status of Europe during the early 20th century? The difference in nation-state status of Europe during the early 20th century was that most of Western Europe was made up of nation-states by 1900, and Eastern Europe included a mixture of empires and states that did not match the distribution of ethnicities. 5. How does Denmark demonstrate that there is no perfect nation-state? State examples. Denmark demonstrates that there is no perfect nation-state because the southern boundary with Germany does not divide Danish and German nationalities precisely. Some German speakers live in Denmark, and some Danish speakers live in Denmark. Denmark also controls the Faeroe Islands that speak Faeroese, and Greenland, which is mostly Inuit. 6. How do many states foster nationalism? Many states foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the nation-state, such as flags and songs, by creating songs extolling the countrys virtues (like the National Anthem), and by mass media (many countries control or censor the media). Give three examples. How can nationalism be negative? Nationalism can be negative because a sense of unity is sometimes created by creating negative images of other nation-states. 7. What is a multi-ethnic state? A multi-ethnic state is a state that contains more than one ethnicity. Give an example. Belgium has the Walloons and Flemish. 8. What is the difference between a multi-ethnic and a multi-national state? A multi-national state is a multi-ethnic state that contains two or more nationalities with traditions of self-determination and a peaceful coexistence. 9. How does the United Kingdom represent a good example of a multi-national state? The UK represents a good example of a multinational state because it has 4 different main nationalities- Welsh, English, Scottish, and Northern Irish, and all 4 coexist peacefully under the name of the United Kingdom. 10. How many states was the Soviet Union broken up into? The Soviet Union was broken up into 15 states or republics. Which regions give good example of nation-

states? The Baltic (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the European (Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova), and some Central Asian states have been good examples of nation states. Which have had difficulties? Russia and the Caucasus states have had difficulties. 11. How are the ethnic distinctions among Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Russians blurred? The ethnic distinctions among Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Russians are blurred because all 3 groups speak similar East Slavic languages, and all 3 are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians. 12. What problems has Moldova faced in reuniting with Romania? Moldova faces the problem that the majority of the residents of the Dniester land strip are Ukrainian and Russian, and they do not want Moldova to reunite with Romania. 13. Why has Kazakhstan managed to avoid major conflict despite conflicting ethnic groups? Kazakhstan has managed to avoid major conflict despite conflicting ethnic groups because it has a better economy than its neighbors. 14. How many nationalities does Russia recognize? Russia recognizes 39 nationalities. Why are independence movements flourishing? Independence movements are flourishing because Russia is less willing to suppress these movements forcibly than the Soviet Union had once been. 15. Why wouldnt Russia let Chechnya gain independence? Russia wouldnt let Chechnya gain independence because they feared other ethnicities would follow suit, and Chechnya has deposits of petroleum, and they viewed political stability in the area essential for promoting development and investment by foreign petroleum companies. 16. List 4 difficulties faced by Russians in other former Soviet states. 4 difficulties faced by Russians in other former Soviet states are that they are subject to discrimination as minorities in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union, some of the countries that were once part of the Soviet Union have passed laws making it difficult for Russians to vote or to qualify as citizens with full civil rights, Russians are being passed over for hiring and promotion unless they learn the local language, and Russians living in other countries feel they cant migrate home because they have no jobs, homes, or land awaiting them there. 17. What are the three main ethnic groups of the Caucasus region? Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians are the most numerous. Give demographics and trace the history of each group. Azeris trace their roots to Turkish invaders who migrated from Central Asia in the 8th and 9th century and merged with the existing Persian population. In 1828 a treaty allocated northern Azeri territory to Russian and southern Azeri territory to Iran. In 1923 the Russian portion became the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Azerbaijan became an independent country in 1991 with the breakup of the Soviet Union. More than 7 million Azeris live in Azerbaijan, 90 percent of the countrys total population. Another 6 million live in northwestern Iran. Armenians controlled a kingdom in the Caucasus region 3,000 years ago, and converted to Christianity in AD 303, and lived as an isolated Christian enclave

under Turkish Muslims. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed in massacres organized by Turks. Russia gained possession of Eastern Armenia in 1828. After WWI, the allies created the independent state of Armenia. In 1921 Turkey and the Soviet Union agreed to split Armenia between them. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was the Soviet portion, and it became an independent country in 1991. More than 90 percent of the population in Armenia is Armenians. Georgias population is more diverse than Armenias or Azerbaijans. 70 percent of people are Georgian, 8 percent Armenian, 6 percent Azeri and Russian, 3 percent Ossetian, 2 percent Abkhzian, and 1 percent Ajar. 18. What effect did communism have on ethnic pride? Communism tried to stamp out ethnic pride. Give examples to support your answer. The communist government of Bulgaria banned the Turkish language and the practice of some Islamic religious rites. All communist governments minimized the role of religion, suppressing a cultural force that competed with the government. Soviet leaders pressured writers to conform to a style known as socialist realism which emphasized Communist economic and political values. 19. How has the fall of communism affected ethnic pride and tensions in Eastern Europe? Give examples. The fall of communism has affected ethnic pride and tensions in Eastern Europe because ethnic pride has risen as a result of years of Communist suppression. In Bulgaria, Turks have pushed for Turkish to become a second language. The fall of communism has affected tensions because as ethnic groups try to form their own nation states, the less numerous minorities find themselves as minorities in multinational states. The Balkans has had severe problems with the creation of boundaries. Travis Brown Creekside High School Saint Johns, FL 2010

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