PETROLOGY OF THE PRE-LIASSIC METAMORPHIC BASEMENT ROCKS OF NW ANATOLIA .

Can GEN stanbul Teknik niversitesi Jeoloji Blm, 80626 Maslak, stanbul - TURKEY ABSTRACT In Northwest Anatolia there are two distinctly different groups of metamorphic rocks. These are separated from one another by a thrust. One of them is composed of metamorphosed basic lavas, tuffs and pelagic metasedimentary rocks. It also contains a slice of metaophiolite. This association occurs at the base of the whole sequence, and is called as lower association. The lower association is Triassic in age, and underwent polyphase metamorphism during the late Triassic. The initial metamorphic phase was a regional greenschist facies metamorphism. The following phase was a HP/LT metamorphism. The last metamorphic phase was a dynamic metamorphism. The other metamorphic unit which rests on the lower association, and is called the upper association. The upper association may be divided into two subgroups; the base and the cover. The cover is nonmetamorphic, mostly sedimentary succession of Permo-Triassic in age. The base is a metapelitic association and an intruding granite of Carboniferous age. The upper association displays metamorphism varying from the greenschist to the amphibolite facies. These two associations were amalgamated prior to the deposition of the Liassic cover sediments.

INTRODUCTION In NW Anatolia the basement rocks outcrop under the Liassic cover rocks which have been regarded previously as a single tectonic entity. They occur widely around Bursa, Bilecik, negl and Yeniehir towns (Fig.1). Although there are limited information about these rocks is abundant in the regional geological studies, the detailed works are suprisingly few. These rocks have been referred to in the literature as the basement rocks, the Paleozoic schists (Altnl, 1973), the Karasu metamorphic rocks and the St metabasite (Ylmaz, 1977), the St metamorphics (entrk and Karakse, 1981), the Dereky group (Gen, 1987), the Dereky metamorphics (Bargu, 1982), the low grade

metamorphics and metatuff unit (Kaya et al., 1989), and the Kalabak metamorphics and Nilfer unit (Okay et al., 1990). The pre-Liassic metamorphic rocks of the NW Anatolia occur from the east of Bilecik in the east, to the Aegean sea in the west, covering almost the entire Biga peninsula (Fig. 1). As they trend mostly in E-W direction, they provide natural section across N-S trending gorges and valleys. Therefore their internal stratigraphic orders and different rock units may well be observed in these areas to which the znik - negl section is a good example (Fig. 1). In this work results of a detailed study that was carried out on the metamorphic rocks between the znik lake and negl will be introduced. The following regional reconnaissance works in the surrounding regions enabled us to state that the results may be applied to the NW Anatolian basement as a whole. In the areas to the south of the Armutlu peninsula, the metamorphic rocks, exposed under the Liassic cover units are observed preferentially where core of the anticlines or fault blocks uplifted by the faults occur (Fig. 2, 3). The metamorphic rocks form two internally and genetically different rock associations that are separated from one another by a flatlying thrust (Fig. 3). Therefore they may be differentiated as the lower metamorphic association (the Yeniehir metamorphic group) and the upper metamorphic association (the Yazl metamorphic rocks) with respect to the thrust surface (Ylmaz et al., 1990; Gen, 1993; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). These metamorphic rocks will be introduced in the following paragraphs. THE LOWER ASSOCIATION The lower metamorphic association (the Yeniehir metamorphic group; Ylmaz et al, 1990; Gen, 1993) is composed of metabasic rocks, metatuffs, associated with metacherts, metamudstones, metapelite and marble and, recrystallised limestone blocks (Fig. 4). This association includes also a 20 km long, metamorphosed ophiolitic tectonic slice (the Boazky metaophiolite) that is wedged out within the metamorphic rocks. The lithological units and their ordering vary widely in the field as they are displayed in Figure 4 and 5. Mainly in the lower part of the section the volcanic rocks dominate, towards the top they are replaced gradually by the sedimentary rocks. The rocks that represent the lower metamorphic association suggest collectively that they were formed in a deep sea or, oceanic environment.

The metamorphic rocks include the Permo-Triassic limestone rocks as blocks, and in turn they are unconformably overlain by the Liassic sedimentary rocks. Depending on the stratigraphic data, age of this unit is estimated to be Triassic. This assumption is further supported by the Triassic fossils obtained from the metamorphic rocks, for example Kaya and (Mostler, 1992) give middle Triassic ages to the carbonate rocks alternating with volcanic rocks from the upper part of the succession in the Bergama - Kozak area depending on a conodont fauna. Petrography - Petrology The petrographic studies on the Suba group display that the rocks underwent polyphase metamorphism. The first metamorphic phase was a regional low grade metamorphism producing greenschist facies mineral assemblage. This was followed by a higher P / lower T metamorphism. The latest phase was a retrograde metamorphism formed co-evally with a dynamic metamorphism. The volcanic rocks appear to have behaved more sensitively to the metamorphism compared to the sedimentary rocks, in producing metamorphic minerals. In the metavolcanic rocks 4 petrographically different groups have been identified, according to the increasing metamorphism. These are; a) rocks displaying relict volcanic minerals and/or textures. b) rocks displaying neither relict volcanic minerals and textures, nor amphibole or albite prophyroblasts. c) rocks displaying various amounts of albite porphyroblasts and, actinolite/tremolite and/or barroisite. d) rocks displaying sodic amphibole. The rocks that represent group a include relict clinopyroxene (augite - salite; Wo45.9, En44, Fs10.1), and plagioclase (An60-75). The relict volcanic textures are mainly subophitic. Mineral assemblages of the Suba group a are; relict clinopyroxene + relict calcic plagioclase + actinolite/tremolite + epidote + albite + chlorite white mica sphene. The relict clinopyroxene are partly or completely replaced by amphiboles. The group b includes the following mineral assemblage; Albite + chlorite + epidote garnet actinolite/tremolite white mica calcite opaque minerals tourmaline

quartz. The albite is in the form of coarse porphyroblast, and the rocks usually are which better-foliated with respect to the rocks of the group a. In the group c albite porphyroblast are much coarser. The mineral assemblages include; actinolite/tremolite + chlorite + albite + epidote stilpnomelane sphene barroisite white mica tourmaline. The group d is represented by blue-looking well-foliated rocks in the field displaying distinct glaucophane neddle easily picked up by a naked eye. The mineral assemblage of this group are; Albite + chlorite + glaucophane (or crossite) + epidote + quartz actinolite/tremolite calcite phengitic white mica rutile sphene. Textures of the metabasites indicate that two different sets (S1 and S2) of cleavages were formed. The greenschist facies minerals were formed during the S1 phase, while the higher pressure - lower temperature minerals were formed during the S2 phase. The metapelitic rocks have the following mineral assemblage; quartz + chlorite + white mica + stilpnomelane garnet calcite epidote. The graphitic phyllite and schists include albite + graphite apatite tourmaline deerite magnetite as additional phase. The mudstones contain; quartz + chlorite + garnet (spessartine) + sodic amphibole + epidote + calcite deerite stilpnomelane apatite rutile sphene. The garnets in the metamudstone display distinct anisotropy and sector twinning. In the garnet rich zones, the rocks turn to green - gray in colour and display laminations. The micaschist contain quartz + chlorite + white mica sodic amphibole (crossite) epidote stilpnomelane tourmaline opaques rich mineral assemblage. The mineral assemblage of the Suba group indicate that the first metamorphic phase affected the rocks within the limits of the greenschist facies. The barroisite and stilpnomelane are known to have formed in higher pressure side of the greenschist facies (Apted and Liou, 1983). According to (Brown, 1975) muscovite + stilpnomelane + chlorite; muscovite + actinolite + chlorite and muscovite + actinolite + stilpnomelane + chlorite assemblage is widely seen in the chlorite zone of the greenschist facies, and do not occur in the upper part of the biotite zone and the garnet zone. In the lower biotite zone they are accompanied by biotite. From the chlorite zone to the upper biotite zone, biotite becomes stable as a result of a reaction between Fe-rich muscovite and stilpnomelane (Brown, 1971; Winkler, 1976; Turner, 1968). In the lower metamorphic assemblage the biotite zone was not reached. This is evidenced by the following data; a) biotite is not

formed, b) anortite content of the plagioclases is about 1.31%, c) stilpnomelane, barroisite, chlorite and muscovite are the dominant phases. During the second metamorphic phase sodic amphibole and phengitic white mica and rare deerite were formed as additional posttectonic phases over the minerals listed above. The new mineral phases are generally formed in blueschist metamorphic facies, but absence of lawsonite, jadeite and aragonite, persistence of calcite as the main carbonate minerals suggest that they do not represent typical blueschist facies assemblage. In order to established the P/T range of this metamorphic phases the following approaches have been used; a) To discuss stability limits of the minerals that were produced in the second metamorphic phase, particularly those of alkali amphibole, phengitic white mica and deerite, b) To discuss the stability limits of the typical blueschist mineral phases such as lawsonite and jadeite, and to compare a and b, c) P/T conditions estimated from the stability ranges computed form the equilibrium assemblages. When a and b are evaluated collectively (Fig. 6) it is seen that the minerals of the second metamorphic phase may have formed within 350-450C temperature, the pressure was lower than 9-10 kb. The third method is based on Al2O3 content of sodic amphibole of (Maruyama et al., 1986), versus XFe of chlorite that is in equilibrium with the amphibole. In the thermodynamic dataset of Thermocalc computer program of (Powell and Holland, 1988) are utilized. According to (Maruyamas, 1986) method: with this data the pressure is established to be about 6-7 kb (Fig. 7). The sodic amphibole and chlorite derived from one metatuff and one metapelite sample were analyzed by microprobe and their molecular fractions and activity values were calculated. These data were applied to the Thermocalc program and as a result of this, 397 and 7.6 kb and 458 and 8.8 kb P/T values were obtained. The metamorphic histories of the Suba group display a counterclockwise trend (Fig. 6) implying that a high T metamorphic phase was followed by a higher P metamorphic phase. The metabasite whole rock geochemistry and relict pyroxene data indicate that their protolith volcanic rocks were alkaline and tholeiitic basalts and were possibly generated either in an oceanic island or mid-oceanic floor environments (Ylmaz, 1977; Gen, 1993). Presence of the deep-sea sedimentary rocks and an ophiolite slice closely associated with the volcanic rocks, further support this conclusion.

THE BOAZKY METAOPHIOLITE The ophiolite tectonic slice within the Suba group is known as the Boazky metaophiolite (Ylmaz et al., 1990; Gen, 1993; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). The slice wedges out in both directions and extends about 20 km. The ophiolite consists mainly of serpentinized ultramafic rocks, gabbroes and basic lavas. They have undergone metamorphism and penetrative deformation. The ophiolitic units do not show an internal ordering. Along the contact zones with metamorphic rocks of the Suba group narrow tectonic shear zones were developed. Based on stratigraphic data (Ylmaz et al., 1990; Gen, 1993; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995) age of the tectonic emplacement of the Boazky metaophiolite into the Suba group was estimated to be late Triassic. Petrography - Petrology The clearest effect of the metamorphism in the serpentinized ultramafic rocks in the penetrative foliation. Some relict igneous minerals such as ortopyroxens were also retained in the rocks. There are two different mineral assemblages in the metaserpentinites. These are; a) serpentin minerals such as antigorite + krisotile + lisardite bastite, and b) talc + chlorite + epidote + amphibole (cummingtonite ) + spinel opaques (mainly chromite). The amphibole, chlorite, epidote and talc are formed posttectonically formed porphyroblasts developed on the serpentin minerals. Amount of the relict pyroxenes may reach up to 35 - 40% in some samples. They were replaced either by chlorite or fuchsite. In addition to these, actinolite / tremolite, and few albite were also formed in the rocks. Metagabbro-amphibolite group of the Boazky metaophiolite contain mafic minerals and plagioclase. In this group relict pyroxenes (augite and diallage) and amphibole (brown hornblende) indicate its gabbroic origin. The pyroxenes were altered into chlorite and uralite whiles the hornblende gave way to actinolite/tremolite which are aligned along the foliation plane together with the albite prophyroblasts and epidote. The metalavas are well-foliated and contain albite + epidote + chlorite + actinolite / tremolite opaque assemblage. The metamorphic minerals indicate that the metamorphic grade of the Boazky metaophiolite is within the greenschist facies limits. The only exception to this conclusion

is the presence of cummingtonite, because this is known to form in the highest grade of the epidote-amphibolite facies and the amphibolite facies (Winkler, 1976). These appear to be two difference between the metamorphism of the Boazky metaophiolite and the Suba group. One of them in the presence of cummingtonite in the former, that suggest higher grade of metamorphism. The other one is the high P/low T metamorphism that is recorded in the latter group but not in the ophiolitic rocks. THE UPPER METAMORPHIC ASSOCIATION The upper metamorphic assemblage consists of slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss. They belong clearly to a continental crust. Their best outcrops may be observed in the Yazl village (south of Yeniehir town), Gksu river valley (east of znik town), and around Osmaneli, Bayrky and Bilecik (see Fig. 1, 3). (Altnl, 1973), (Ylmaz, 1977), (Saner, 1977) and (Gen, 1986) are amongst the previous workers who carried out some research works on this rocks. The upper metamorphic association is referred to as the Yazl metamorphic rocks by (Gen, 1993). The dominant lithology of this group is the well-foliated, lustrous phyllites. The accompanying metapelitic schists, marble and recrystallized limestone interbeds, gneiss and migmatites are complementary in amount. The highest metamorphic grade of this group is recorded in the Bilecik area (Ylmaz, 1977) where migmatites and high grade gneiss outcrop. In all the other areas the metamorphic grade is apparently lower. The upper metamorphic assemblage rests tectonically over the lower metamorphic assemblage. The metamorphic rock of this group is cut and intruded by a posttectonic granitic pluton (the St granite), that is radiometrically dated to be 290 Ma old (oulu et al., 1965). This corresponds to the Carboniferous. Indeed the metamorphic rocks as well as the granite are overlain transgressively by the Permo-Carboniferous sedimentary rocks (Altnl, 1973; Ylmaz, 1977; Saner, 1977; Ylmaz et al., 1990; Gen, 1987; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). According to these data the protolith of the Yazl metamorphic rocks were formed during the early Paleozoic or earlier and underwent metamorphism before the Carboniferous. Petrography - Petrology The following mineral assemblages are identified in the upper metamorphic assemblage; Quartz + biotite + muscovite + albite tourmaline opaque

Quartz + muscovite + chlorite + albite + sphene + aptite In the amphibolite - metabasite rocks of the upper metamorphic assemblage the mineral assemblages are; amphibole (actinolite/blue-green hornblende) + albite + chlorite + sphene quartz The slate - phyllite rocks contain; quartz + muscovite/serisite + albite chlorite opaque minerals. The mineral assemblage listed above suggest collectively that the rocks have undergone the Barrowian greenschist facies metamorphism (Miyashiro, 1973; Winkler, 1976). In the metabasites, presence of actinolite/tremolite together with blue-green hornblende, accompanied by albite suggest that epidote-amphibolite facies were reached in these rocks. The Yazl metamorphic assemblage with the mineral assemblage listed above may be favourably compared to the well-known metamorphic rocks of the world such as that occur in the Scottish Highlands, the Taconic range, NewYork (Miyashiro, 1973), South Brittany, France (Triboulet, 1983), Otago, NewZeland (Brown, 1971, 1975). In the light of the data derived from these region the P/T range of the metamorphism may be estimated to be about 3-5 kb P and 300-500C T (Gen, 1993). DISCUSSION As outlined in the previous pages, the pre-Liassic basement rocks of the NW Anatolia are made up the two different tectonic units representing different tectonic environments and age ranges. They were amalgamated into a new tectonic mosaic during the latest Triassic, and then acted together as a single basement for units of the Liassic transgression. There is a long lasting controversy on the origin and evolution of these rocks. According to some of the previous workers including (Altnl, 1973); (engr and Ylmaz, 1981), (Ylmaz et al., 1981), (Ylmaz, 1990), (Gen, 1993), (Gen and Ylmaz, 1995), the upper metamorphic assemblage represents continental crust of the Sakarya continent. They were metamorphosed before the Permo-Carboniferous. The first sedimentary rocks were deposited on this basement during the Permo-Carboniferous with a basal sandstone and conglomerate. They gave way to neritic limestones. This carbonate platform of Permian age was rifted during the early Triassic leading to the development of a new basin (Bingl, 1976; engr and Ylmaz, 1981; Koyiit, 1987; Ylmaz, 1990; Tysz, 1990; Gen, 1993) that is known as the Karakaya marginal basin (engr and Ylmaz, 1981). This basin evolved gradually into an advanced rift and finally to a narrow ocean. The basin was closed

during the late Triassic. According to another view, in the region there was an uninterrupted sedimentation from Paleozoic to the Jurassic implying that there was not a new basin development during the Triassic (Tekeli, 1981; Bingl, 1983; mezsoy, 1987). Another group of workers think that the metavolcanic rocks of the Suba group represent seamounts developed on an oceanic environment during Permo-Triassic period. These volcanic rocks were then dragged into a subduction zone where they were deformed and metamorphosed (Pickett et al., 1993; Ustamer and Robertson, 1993). A different view putforwarded by (Kaya et al., 1989), (Kaya, 1991) suggest that the socalled Karakaya rock association was formed in a continental slope, and thus they rest on a basement with a stratigraphic contact. According to a yet another view, the Karakaya assemblage is a mixture of assemblage of Triassic age and therefore represent different tectonic environment. Presently they are separated from one another by tectonic contacts (Okay et al., 1990). In this view, the metamorphic rocks of the basement, were generated in a variety of environment which includes a fore-arc basin, an island arc, a back-arc basin, an accretionary wedge, and a foreland clastic basin. According to data that is outlined and discussed in the previous pages of this paper, on the other hand suggests that upper metamorphic assemblage indicate clearly development of a new basin, began to open during the early Triassic period breaking up the Permian carbonate platform. In this basin a nearly complete succession from the shallow sea to the abyssal plain rocks were generated (Bingl, 1973; Ylmaz et al., 1990; Tysz, 1990; Okay et al., 1990; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). The mezsoys (1987) back-arc carbonate bank unit and Okay et al.s (1990) back-arc basin units correspond to this assemblage. The lower part of this succession that is separated by the shallow sea sediments accompanied with alkali basaltic lavas resemble a typical rift association (Gen, 1993; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). The MORB-type lavas that are displayed within this group by (Pickett et al., 1993) and (Bingl et al., 1992), also support the view that the rift were advanced in time into a oceanic environment. Seamount origin of the metalavas that is claimed by some workers (Pickett et al., 1993; Ustamer and Robertson, 1993) has not been substantiated with relevant field data. Contrary to this claim, these rocks are seen to have developed on a basement rocks of continental crustal origin (see Fig. 5) that includes posttectonic - epizonal granitic pluton. This continental crustal basement were metamorphosed before the Permo-Carboniferous,

and was tectonically admixed with the oceanic rocks before the Liassic. The geological events that generated the metamorphism in this assemblage during the Carboniferous or earlier is discussed at lenght by (engr, 1990), thus it will not be repeated here. The lower metamorphic assemblage as discussed above covers rocks that represent a transition from a continental slope to an abyssal plain environment (for a further discussion see Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). The whole rock and mineral chemistry of the volcanic rocks suggests that some of the magmatic rocks were formed in an oceanic island or in mid-oceanic ridge (Gen, 1993; Gen and Ylmaz, 1995). The metaophiolite that is tectonically admixed with these metavolcanic rocks further support their oceanic origin. When evaluated in time/space reference the lower and upper assemblage lead the following conclusions; a) The upper assemblage indicate a basin development, and its advancement into the oceanic environment that occurred during the Triassic period, b) The lower assemblage represent rocks that were formed in an oceanic as well as continental environment during the Triassic, c) The upper metamorphic assemblage is not metamorphic but the lower metamorphic assemblage is metamorphic. There are close similarity in the litologies of both of these assemblages. d) The two groups of rocks were tectonically assembled during the latest Triassic and they were collectivley covered by the Liassic sediments. In the light of the data summarised above it is logical to assume that the upper assemblage and lower assemblage were infact was originally developed in the same tectonostratigraphic settings and they were forming a single tectonic unit until Triassic. Later they were separated from one another and has evolved in different environments. The upper assemblage represent the continental crust and a basin that is opened on this continent during the Triassic. The lower assemblage may be regarded to represent the ocean that the slope of the basin extended into. The Karakaya basin closed before Liassic possibly during the late Triassic. In this period the continental margin moved tectonically onto the oceanic units as nappes. Burried under the nappes the continental slope and abyssal plain units were metamorphosed to the greenschist facies regional metamorphism. Later these units were possibly dragged into the subduction zone where higher P / lower T metamorphism superimposed upon the first metamorphism. The latest metamorphic phase that is retrograde in nature and associated

with brittle deformation appear to be ralated with the closing stage of the Triassic basin when the latest major tectonic tectonic rearrangement between the different tectonic units occurred. All of these rocks were then covered by the sediments with the beginning of a new geological era in the Liassic. CONCLUSIONS The basement rocks of the NW Anatolia have been studied in detail and its major components have been differentiated. According to the findings of this research the basement is made of two different tectonic entities. They have different ages, and metamorphic events. The real old basement rocks of the region is presently allochthonous in nature, and rests tectonically over the younger metamorphic assemblage. The old basement is therefore known as the upper metamorphic assemblage. The old basement consists of various metapelitic rocks and an posttectonic granite intrusion. They are Carboniferous and older in age. On this basement a basin, known as the Karakaya marginal basin was formed during the Triassic. The lower metamorphic assemblage is composed of oceanic and continental slope units of Triassic age. They too represent remnants of a basin that lived during the Triassic period. They underwent poly phase metamorphism during the closing stage of this basin. Initially a regional greenschist facies metamorphism was formed. It was superimposed by a high P / low T metamorphism which in turn was followed by a retrograde, dynamic metamorphism. The upper and lower metamorphic assemblages were assembled before the Triassic. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am very grateful to Prof. Dr. Ycel Ylmaz for his help and constructive comments at various stage in the preparation of this paper. Turkish Petroleum Co. who partly supported this work. The whole rock analyses and electron microprobe analyses were done at Earth Science Laboratories of Durham University (U. K) by Dr. Mehmet KESKN. The author would like to express his special thanks to all. REFERENCES Altnl, .E., 1973. Orta Sakarya Jeolojisi. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yl Yerbilimleri Kongresi, MTA Enst., Ankara, 159-191.

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(Gen, 1995)

FIGURE CAPTIONS Fig.1. Simplified geological map showing the areal distribution of the upper and lower metamorphic associations in the Northwest Anatolia. Fig. 2. Geological map of the study area and accompanying geological cross section along A-A. Fig. 3. Geological cross section across the Bilecik and Karamrsel (after Ylmaz et al., 1995).

Fig. 4. Geological cross section displaying stratigraphic orderings of the lower metamorphic association. Fig. 5. Measured stratigraphic sections of the Triassic successions from Yeniehir-negl area, and showing their correlations in the upper association. The numbers above aech column refer to section locations displayed in Fig. 2. Column no 6 is a generalized stratigraphic section of the lower association. Fig. 6. The Al2O3 contents of sodic amphiboles and the XFe values of the chlorites displayed in Al2O3 (Na-amphibole) versus XFe (chlorite) diagram according to (Maruyama et al., 1986).