Provider: CABI Database: CABDirect2 Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" ER TY - Bulletin DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113279903 TI - Equity and social justice in water

resource management in Bangladesh. AU - Golam Rasul AU - Chowdhury, A. K. M. J. U. N1 - Author Affiliation: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Developme nt, GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal. N1 - Author Email: grasul@icimod.org PY - 2010 IS - 146 SP - 20 pp. PB - International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) LA - English CY - London N2 - In Bangladesh, equitable and sustainable water management is critically im portant due to the country's geographical location, low-lying topography and hig h incidence of poverty. A large proportion of the rural poor is dependent on nat ural water bodies in floodplains and in hilly watersheds for their livelihood. T heir subsistence is based on food production, fishing, harvesting wetland plants , plying country boats and other activities which depend on healthy aquatic ecos ystems. However, the management of water resources in Bangladesh tends to involv e a centralised, heavy engineering approach in order to control floods and insta ll irrigation. The other uses of water, such as domestic use and sanitation, fis heries, navigation, ecology and biodiversity, tend to be overlooked, undermining the lives and livelihoods of the rural poor and ecosystem health. The construct ion of irrigation canals and the intensive use of water for irrigation have caus ed natural water bodies such as rivers, canals and wetlands to dry up, thereby d enying opportunities for subsistence food production to the landless people and small and marginal farmers. Furthermore, normal annual flooding provides numerou s benefits such as common access to the large natural fioodplain fishery, deposi tion of fertile loam on agricultural fields, and flushing of stagnant water in l ow-lying areas. Disrupting this normal process through heavily-engineered flood control structures has many consequences, such as increasing flood levels in adj acent areas. The access to water resources and the costs and benefits of water r esources development are therefore distributed unequally, with the rich benefitt ing more than the poor. The authors propose a framework for promoting equity in water management and preserving the environment. This includes: * Ensuring multi -objective planning and decision making. For water management to be equitable, p lanning needs to encompass the multiple water users and purposes, water rights a nd associated vulnerabilities. * Prioritising public health security: * Maintain ing ecosystems, protecting livelihoods and providing multi-functional infrastruc ture in rural areas. * Ensuring public participation and forming water and ecosy stem-based local management zones. * Formulating regulations governing equity an d the environment. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113245274 TI - Legal aspects of sharing and management of transboundary waters in South A sia: preventing conflicts and promoting cooperation. JO - Hydrological Sciences Journal AU - Uprety, K. AU - Salman, S. M. A.

N1 - Author Affiliation: The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 , USA. PY - 2011 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 641-661 T2 - Special Issue: Water crisis: from conflict to cooperation. PB - Taylor and Francis LA - English CY - Abingdon DO - 10.1080/02626667.2011.576252 N2 - Historically, the development of cooperation among Bangladesh, India, Nepa l and Pakistan with respect to the Indus and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basins, South Asia's major transboundary rivers, has been a cause of tension, a pprehension and ongoing disputes. This paper draws attention to the hydro-politi cs on transference and allocation, along with the diverging positions and unique concerns of the riparians on bilateral, multilateral, national as well as regio nal fronts. While examining the official water discourses and the evolution of d ifferent international legal instruments applicable to the governance of water r elations among the riparians, the paper also sketches the emerging concerns in t heir relationships, as well as their efforts to cooperate and collaborate to ave rt disputes and manage water sharing and governance. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113235600 TI - Hydrology, management and rising water vulnerability in the Ganges-Brahmap utra-Meghna River basin. JO - Water International AU - Babel, M. S. AU - Wahid, S. M. N1 - Author Affiliation: Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of T echnology, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand. PY - 2011 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 340-356 PB - Taylor and Francis LA - English CY - Oxfordshire DO - 10.1080/02508060.2011.584152 N2 - A water vulnerability analysis is made of how sensitivity characteristics of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River basin may affect adaptive capacity. A co-riparian 'country perspective' highlights the importance of local level ma nagement actions. Results reveal that vulnerabilities in India and Bangladesh st em from hydrological and ecological factors, but are more linked to poverty and underdevelopment in Nepal. Poor political governance and underinvestment in the water sector add to vulnerability in Bangladesh and Nepal. Overall, Bangladesh i s the most sensitive country while Nepal has the least capacity to adapt. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113227111 TI - The role of orthophosphate and dissolved oxygen in the performance of arse nic-iron removal plants in Bangladesh. JO - Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Subst ances & Environmental Engineering AU - Brennan, R. T.

AU - McBean, E. A. N1 - Author Affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada. PY - 2011 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - 426-435 PB - Taylor & Francis LA - English CY - Philadelphia N2 - Arsenic iron removal plants (AIRPs) are used in some locations in Banglade sh to remove arsenic from groundwater to provide access to safer drinking water. In this study, the influence of orthophosphate in influent water on the perform ance of 21 (of 105) AIRPs installed in the Manikganj District was evaluated. The degree of aeration was also estimated, and the role of dissolved oxygen in AIRP performance is discussed. AIRP installations were done by a local non-governmen tal organization (The Society for People's Action in Change and Equity) with fin ancial assistance from the Australian High Commission, Dhaka under the Direct Ai d Program of the Australian Government. The presence of orthophosphate in the in fluent did not influence arsenic removal efficiency in the tested AIRPs, likely due to the high iron concentrations at all sites. The high iron provides adequat e surface area for both orthophosphate and arsenic to be removed. Orthophosphate co-precipitated with iron oxides much more quickly than arsenic, in one cleanin g cycle study, and is expected to play a more significant role in interfering wi th arsenic removal at sites with much lower iron concentrations. The aeration tr ays studied are estimated to introduce at least 2.4-3.7 mg/L of dissolved oxygen . In normal operation, sufficient oxygen is introduced through the aeration tray to fully oxidize all influent iron. The AIRPs studied show promise for use in a reas of Bangladesh with high natural iron, where users are concerned with arseni c, iron, or both, in their drinking water. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113207030 TI - A performance assessment of arsenic-iron removal plants in the Manikganj D istrict of Bangladesh. JO - Journal of Water and Health AU - Brennan, R. AU - McBean, E. N1 - Author Affiliation: University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E., Guelph, ON N1G 2 W1, Canada. N1 - Author Email: emcbean@uoguelph.ca PY - 2011 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 317-329 PB - IWA Publishing LA - English CY - Colchester N2 - In Bangladesh, arsenic contamination of groundwater, microbial contaminati on of surface water and seasonally variable rainfall make reliable access to acc eptable quality drinking water a challenge. Arsenic-iron removal plants (AIRPs) are a relatively inexpensive way of removing arsenic from groundwater for access to safer drinking water. This study evaluated the performance of 21 (of 105) AI RPs installed by a local non-governmental organization (Society for People's Act ion in Change and Equity) with financial assistance from the Australian High Com mission, Dhaka, under the Direct Aid Program of the Australian Government. All A IRPs achieved the Bangladesh standard for arsenic in drinking water of 50 mg L-1

and 17 achieved the World Health Organization guideline of 10 mg L-1. The AIRPs removed 87% of influent arsenic, on average. After cleaning, poor arsenic and i ron removal was observed for about 2 days due to inadequate residence time. Chem ical processes that may influence AIRP performance are also discussed herein, in cluding iron and arsenic oxidation, arsenic co-precipitation with iron, multiple iron additions, interference by organics, and iron crystallization. Effluent fa ecal coliform counts were generally low, though were slightly higher than influe nt counts. Overall, AIRPs were shown to possess considerable promise for use in areas with high natural iron where users are concerned about arsenic and/or iron in their drinking water. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113186619 TI - The relative efficiency of water use in Bangladesh agriculture. JO - Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture AU - Chowdhury, N. T. N1 - Author Affiliation: Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden. PY - 2010 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - 147-164 PB - DLG-Verlag LA - English CY - Frankfurt am Main N2 - This study examines whether water use is efficient in Bangladesh agricultu re compared to other inputs. As agriculture is the major water using sector and water is most scarce during winter due to low annual rainfall, the government he re runs many irrigation projects. Recently Bangladesh Water Development Board (B WDB) leased out these projects to various water user groups for maintenance and expenditure recovery. This study estimates a translog production function for bo ro rice in the 7 hydrological regions and derives marginal products of various i nputs. Production functions are estimated using data collected by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) on expenditures of agricultural inputs and return s on investment from a nationally representative sample of 1928 farm households from 64 districts of Bangladesh. Results show that irrigation water use is less efficient compared to other agricultural inputs, like land, labour, fertiliser a nd ploughing with power tiller.

ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20113006210 TI - Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: a 14-year study report. JO - Water Research (Oxford) AU - Dipankar Chakraborti AU - Rahman, M. M. AU - Bhaskar Das AU - Murrill, M. AU - Sankar Dey AU - Mukherjee, S. C. AU - Dhar, R. K. AU - Biswas, B. K. AU - Chowdhury, U. K. AU - Shibtosh Roy

AU - Shahariar Sorif AU - Mohammad Selim AU - Mahmuder Rahman AU - Quazi Quamruzzaman N1 - Author Affiliation: School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur Unive rsity, Kolkata 700 032, India. N1 - Author Email: dcsoesju@gmail.com PY - 2010 VL - 44 IS - 19 SP - 5789-5802 T2 - Special Issue: Groundwater arsenic: from genesis to sustainable remediatio n. PB - Elsevier Ltd LA - English CY - Oxford DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.051 N2 - Since 1996, 52,202 water samples from hand tubewells were analyzed for ars enic (As) by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (F I-HG-AAS) from all 64 districts of Bangladesh; 27.2% and 42.1% of the tubewells had As above 50 and 10 g/l, respectively; 7.5% contained As above 300 g/l, the con centration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions. The groundwater of 50 distri cts contained As above the Bangladesh standard for As in drinking water (50 g/l), and 59 districts had As above the WHO guideline value (10 g/l). Water analyses f rom the four principal geomorphological regions of Bangladesh showed that hand t ubewells of the Tableland and Hill tract regions are primarily free from As cont amination, while the Flood plain and Deltaic region, including the Coastal regio n, are highly As-contaminated. Arsenic concentration was usually observed to dec rease with increasing tubewell depth; however, 16% of tubewells deeper than 100 m, which is often considered to be a safe depth, contained As above 50 g/l. In tu bewells deeper than 350 m, As >50 g/l has not been found. The estimated number of tubewells in 50 As-affected districts was 4.3 million. Based on the analysis of 52,202 hand tubewell water samples during the last 14 years, we estimate that a round 36 million and 22 million people could be drinking As-contaminated water a bove 10 and 50 g/l, respectively. However for roughly the last 5 years due to mit igation efforts by the government, non-governmental organizations and internatio nal aid agencies, many individuals living in these contaminated areas have been drinking As-safe water. From 50 contaminated districts with tubewell As concentr ations >50 g/l, 52% of sampled hand tubewells contained As 10 g/l, and these tubew ells could be utilized immediately as a source of safe water in these affected r egions provided regular monitoring for temporal variation in As concentration. E ven in the As-affected Flood plain, sampled tubewells from 22 thanas in 4 distri cts were almost entirely As-safe. In Bangladesh and West Bengal, India the crisi s is not having too little water to satisfy our needs, it is the challenge of ma naging available water resources. The development of community-specific safe wat er sources coupled with local participation and education are required to slow t he current effects of widespread As poisoning and to prevent this disaster from continuing to plague individuals in the future. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103327381 TI - Rethinking crop diversification under changing climate, hydrology and food habit in Bangladesh. JO - Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development AU - Akanda, M. A. I. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Economics, American International Univer sity, Bangladesh, House 23, Road 17, Kemal Araturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka, Bangla desh.

N1 - Author Email: akanda_ai@hotmail.com PY - 2010 VL - 104 IS - 1/2 SP - 3-23 PB - Istituto Agronomico per l'Oltremare LA - English CY - Florence N2 - Extreme temperature, frequent and intensive flood, cyclone and other natur al disasters due to climate change became acute in Bangladesh and would be sever e in future. Besides, water crisis due to shortage of upstream flow and very lit tle rainfall in dry season would affect in a same way. Gradual higher dependency on groundwater irrigation during last few decades created pressure on groundwat er even after a huge discharge during rainy season. Using secondary data, this r esearch analyzed the changes in cropping pattern along with a forecast of area t o be distributed among various crops in 2029-30 and proposed a re-distribution c onsidering probable crop failure, water crisis and change in food habit. Inherit rice-dominated food habit and government incentive policy encouraged farmers to be concentrated highly on water-intensive rice farming. However, a recent tende ncy of less rice consumption would encourage crop diversification in future. An incentive policy for farming of diversified crops and their intensification in a ll crop seasons would be effective to reduce pressure on groundwater and to pers uade a balanced food basket in Bangladesh. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103317282 TI - Impact of irrigation on food security in Bangladesh for the past three dec ades. JO - Journal of Water Resource and Protection AU - Rahman, M. W. AU - Parvin, L. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Rural Sociology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: wakil_bau@yahoo.com PY - 2009 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 216-225 PB - Scientific Research Publishing LA - English CY - Irvine DO - 10.4236/jwarp.2009.13027 N2 - Bangladesh has made impressive progress in agriculture sector in the last three decades and has almost become self-sufficient in food grain production. Th is is a tremendous achievement owing to its small territory and huge population and this was achieved through agricultural mechanization and modernization. Irri gation is one of the leading inputs has direct influence to increase yield, food grains production and plays vital role for ensuring food security in Bangladesh . The present study examined the growth of irrigated area and its impact on food grain production during last three decades. Time series data were used for the study. Different statistical methods such as mean, percentage, linear and expone ntial growth model were applied for getting meaningful findings. Various technol ogies have been used for irrigating crops which have contributed to rapid expans ion of irrigated area. The conventional irrigation methods (Low Lift Pump, Dhone , Swing Basket, Treadle Pump etc.) were replaced by modern methods (i.e Deep Tub e Well and Shallow Tube Well). In addition, surface water irrigation also sharpl y declined, losing its importance due to lack of new surface irrigation project and the ineffectiveness of earlier project. Groundwater covered 77 percent of to

tal irrigated area and major (62%) extractions occurred through Shallow Tube Wel ls (STWs). The rapid expansion of ground water irrigation in respect to STWs irr igation was due to government's withdrawal on restrictions on tube well setting rule, encouraging private sector and the cost effectiveness of Chinese engine wh ich have been affordable to the small and medium farmers. Irrigated area thus, i ncreased by about three times and cropping intensity also increased from 154 to 176 percent. Boro rice, an irrigated crop, consumed 73 percent of the total crop irrigation and contributed to a greater extent in total rice production in Bang ladesh. Boro rice alone contributed to 55 percent of total food grain and was al so highest (3.44 MT per hectare) compared to aus rice (1.66 MT per hectare) and aman rice (1.99 MT per hectare) per unit production. Consequently, the cultivate d area of boro rice increased by 1168 to 4068 thousand hectares. The higher prod uctivity of boro rice has almost helped the nation to meet her food requirements (about 24 Million MT). Boro rice production was highly correlated (r=.978) with irrigated area. Expansion of one hectare of irrigated area added 3.22 MT of bor o rice in Bangladesh. Finally, the study suggested for expansion of irrigated ar eas (ground water and surface water), adoption of modern technologies and formul ation of farmers' friendly policy. ER TY - CHAP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103227331 TI - Assessing the impact of small-scale coastal embankments: a case study of a n LGED polder in Bangladesh. AU - Chowdhury, A. K. M. AU - Jenkins, S. A. M. AU - Hossain, M. N1 - Author Affiliation: Socioconsult Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: socioconltd@gmail.com PY - 2010 SP - 422-435 T2 - Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series No. 9 PB - CABI LA - English CY - Wallingford DO - 10.1079/9781845936181.0422 N2 - Shrimp farming has proved to be a highly profitable agricultural activity compared to rice farming in coastal areas with brackish water. It is, however, w idely perceived that shrimp farming has negative effects on socioeconomic equity , food security and the environment. In response to the negative perception, the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) began constructing small-scale p olders in the 1990s in the hitherto unprotected coastal region to induce change from a shrimp-based to a rice-based farming system. This chapter assesses the im pact of one such polder on agricultural production and the rate of return on inv estment. It was found that the polder has had little impact on the dry-season ri ce crop (boro rice), which has been spreading in the unprotected areas. The pold er has, however, reduced the risk of losses from saltwater intrusion for the mon soon-season rice crop (aman rice), which has induced farmers to adopt modern var ieties and use chemical fertilizers. The yield of aman rice is more than double inside the polder compared to outside the polder. Under the restrictive assumpti on that the increase in aman rice yield is the only benefit of the polder, the r ate of return on investment in constructing the polder is estimated at 37%. ER TY - CHAP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103227366 TI - Participatory management of coastal resources: a case study of Baganchra-B adurgacha subproject in the South-west of Bangladesh.

AU - Islam, M. N. AU - Rinfret, J. R. AU - Islam, Q. R. N1 - Author Affiliation: Integrated Water Resources Management Unit, Local Gove rnment Engineering Department, Dhaka, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: nislam51@hotmail.com PY - 2010 SP - 335-349 T2 - Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series No. 9 PB - CABI LA - English CY - Wallingford DO - 10.1079/9781845936181.0335 N2 - Conflicts in the use of land and water resources for agriculture versus aq uaculture constitute a key issue in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Increasing a reas of rice land are converted to aquaculture farms producing shrimp and fin fi sh which require brackish water. Powerful shrimp producers rent these lands owne d mainly by small and medium farmers. The lands are abandoned after a few years when the profitability of these ventures declines. This rapid and unregulated ex ploitation generates conflict between shrimp producers and landowners, and cause s eventual loss in the productivity of valuable land resources. The Local Govern ment Engineering Department (LGED) demonstrated the effectiveness of participato ry water resource management in addressing this problem and in enhancing sustain able development and management of the land and water resources in the coastal z one in the south-west of Bangladesh. The LGED implemented various subprojects, e ach covering 1000 ha or less, involving the development of water infrastructure in consultation with stakeholders. Local people are involved in subproject plann ing, implementation and operation and maintenance (O&M). This generates local en thusiasm for the subproject and facilitates the formation of water management as sociations (WMAs). Case studies reveal that the local people are key functionari es in the sustainable management of land and water and the WMAs are able to regu late water uses, provide a forum for resolving conflicts and play an important r ole in making relevant policies at the local level. ER . ER TY - Miscellaneous DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103174950 TI - The waters of the third pole: sources of threat, sources of survival. AU - Behrman, N. N1 - Author Affiliation: Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, University Co llege London, London, UK. PY - 2010 SP - 48 pp. PB - Humanitarian Futures Programme, King's College LA - English CY - London N2 - This report aims to open up a dialogue on the issue of water - water as th e vital resource and as a potential driver in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya (HKH) regi on. In seeking to foster that dialogue, this report has three specific objective s: [i] to survey various types of potential water-related hazards and crisis dri vers that could affect the region; [ii] to foster new types of alliances - inclu ding greater attention to what will be called humanitarian policy-maker/science dialogues - for addressing the threats that the region may face; and [iii] to pr opose first steps that must be taken now to lead to prevention and preparedness measures commensurate with the nature and scale of threats facing the region. Th is report attempts to point out risks that need to be considered when dealing wi

th what has been defined as the region affected by the waters of the HKH region. While recognizing the abundance of initiatives that have already been undertake n in the region by governments, research organizations and community-based organ izations to deal with many aspects of potential future threats, this report conc ludes that there are issues which must be recognized and addressed as soon as po ssible: (1) HKH region is already in a state of crisis, affecting many vulnerabl e people; (2) future threats; (3) intensification of insecurity; (4) development catastrophe; (5) lack of effective water management; (6) lack of perspective sy stems; (7) knowledge gaps and lack of understanding; (8) lack of coordinated, co mprehensive research. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103174529 TI - Assessment of rainwater harvesting for drinking water supply in Bangladesh . JO - Water Science and Technology: Water Supply AU - Karim, M. R. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yam aguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan. N1 - Author Email: rezaulmd@gmail.com PY - 2010 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 243-249 PB - IWA Publishing LA - English CY - London N2 - Rainwater harvesting is a potential option of water supply to the coastal and arsenic affected rural communities in Bangladesh and during the last few yea rs, several projects were undertaken to promote and install various types of rai nwater harvesting systems by government organizations and NGOs mainly for drinki ng and cooking water supply. A study was undertaken to assess the currently prac ticed rainwater harvesting systems located in the south west coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. A total of 1,000 rainwater-harvesting systems we re investigated using structured questionnaires; among them 14.8% were community based and 85.2% were household rainwater harvesting systems. The results of thi s assessment are presented in this paper. Availability of the harvested rainwate r, operation, storage and maintenance of community based rainwater harvesting an d ensuring water quality to meet the drinking water standard are the important i ssues that must be addressed properly. A protocol for the operation and maintena nce according to WHO guideline can be adopted for the safe and sustainable rainw ater harvesting in the country.

ER TY - CONP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103078369 TI - An evaluation of a household credit program for water and sanitation in ur ban Dhaka. AU - Thorsten, R. AU - Damodaran, S. AU - Arney, H. N1 - Author Affiliation: WaterPartners International 2405 Grand Blvd. Box 12, K ansas City, MO 64108, USA. N1 - Author Email: rthorsten@water.org PY - 2009

SP - 708-714 PB - Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Loughborough University o f Technology LA - English CY - Loughborough N2 - This paper examines the impacts of a household credit program for water an d sanitation services in three slums in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. The projects we re funded by WaterPartners International (WPI) in the United States and implemen ted by Dustha Shasthya Kendra (DSK), a non-governmental organization based in Ba ngladesh. WPI and DSK have partnered to implement WaterCredit programs in Bangla desh for five years - making this project one of the longest-running credit prog rams of its kind. The study was conducted by independent researchers at the Bang ladesh University of Engineering Technology (BUET) in 2008. Results indicate hig h use and satisfaction with improved water and sanitation supplies, strong loan repayment rates, and active participation among beneficiaries. The study recomme nded stronger local government involvement, small business development, and post -construction support to enhance program benefits and long-term sustainability. ER TY - CONP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103078451 TI - Water Safety Plan: a commitment towards safe and sustainable water supplie s. AU - Nargis Akter AU - Hasin Jahan N1 - Author Affiliation: House 97/B, Road 25, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: nargis@wateraidbd.org PY - 2009 SP - 40-44 PB - Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Loughborough University o f Technology LA - English CY - Loughborough N2 - WaterAid Bangladesh (WAB) works in hard-to reach difficult areas and promo tes context specific, appropriate safe water supply options through its Partner NGOs. It is felt that community involvement is vital to maintain the quality of water-safe and to make these interventions sustainable. Water Safety Plan (WSP) approach involves community to actively participate in risk assessment and risk management activities by identifying potential risks for contamination of waterp oints, ensuring better operation & maintenance towards keeping water safe and ha ndling water safely. WaterAid Bangladesh piloted WSP successfully and then scale d up in entire working areas. WAB has also built the capacity of staff, communit y and Local Government Institutions to execute their roles towards safe & sustai nable water supply and improved hygienic behaviours. WAB addressed about half a million waterpoints out of ten million in the country by reaching almost 6 milli on beneficiaries. ER TY DB ID TI iopia JO AU AU AU AU JOUR CABDirect2 20103045345 Is water lagging behind on aid effectiveness? Lessons from Bangladesh, Eth and Uganda. Water Alternatives Welle, K. Tucker, J. Nicol, A. Evans, B.

N1 - Author Affiliation: STEPS Centre/SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. N1 - Author Email: k.welle@sussex.ac.uk PY - 2009 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 297-314 PB - IRD Centre LA - English CY - Montpellier N2 - A study in three countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Uganda) assessed prog ress against the Paris Principles for Aid Effectiveness (AE) in three sectors water, health and education - to test the assumption that the water sector is la gging behind. The findings show that it is too simplistic to say that the water sector is lagging, although this may well be the case in some countries. The stu dy found that wider governance issues are more important for AE than having in p lace sector-specific mechanics such as Sector-Wide Approaches alone. National po litical leadership and governance are central drivers of sector AE, while nation al financial and procurement systems and the behaviour of actors who have not si gned up to the Paris Principles - at both national and global levels - have impl ications for progress that cut across sectors. Sectors and sub-sectors do noneth eless have distinct features that must be considered in attempting to improve se ctor-level AE. In light of these findings, using political economy approaches to better understand and address governance and strengthening sector-level monitor ing is recommended as part of efforts to improve AE and development results in t he water sector. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20103006270 TI - Partnership approach to disaster management in Bangladesh: a critical poli cy assessment. JO - Natural Hazards AU - Khan, M. R. AU - Rahman, M. A. N1 - Author Affiliation: North South University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue Banan i, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: mizanrk@northsouth.edu PY - 2007 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 359-378 PB - Springer LA - English CY - Dordrecht DO - 10.1007/s11069-006-9040-y N2 - The geographic location of Bangladesh at the confluence of the three might y river systems of the world renders her one of the most vulnerable places to na tural disasters. Human-induced climate change exacerbates the problem. This stud y shows that the Government of Bangladesh has already established a multi-layere d institutional mechanism for disaster management, with formal recognition of th e role of various stakeholders. Historically, NGOs and other informal support me chanisms in the country also have made significant contributions during and afte r disaster recovery. Despite the presence of some strengths, such as long experi ence in disaster response and recovery, the people's resilience, and donor suppo rt, the current management strategies suffer from a host of policy and instituti onal weaknesses. Most prominent is the absence of a functioning partnership amon g the stakeholders within these formal set-ups. What is lacking is the developme nt and embodiment of a culture of collective decision-making in planning, in res

ource sharing, and in implementing disaster management policies and programs in an integrated and transparent way. The paper suggests a partnership framework to implement prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery phases of disaster m anagement. . ER TY - BOOK DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20093282307 TI - Groundwater governance in the Indo-Gangetic and Yellow River Basins: reali ties and challenges. AU - Mukherji, A. AU - Villholth, K. G. AU - Sharma, B. R. AU - Wang, J. N1 - Author Affiliation: International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. PY - 2009 N1 - 8 colour plates SP - xx + 317 pp. T2 - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology 15 PB - Taylor & Francis LA - English CY - London N2 - One of the key features of agricultural development in the last five decad es has been intensive groundwater use in the Indo-Gangetic Basin (Pakistan, Indi a, Nepal and Bangladesh) and in the Yellow River Basin (China). Groundwater irri gates almost 60% of the net irrigated area in South Asia and 70% in the north Ch ina plains. Groundwater use for agriculture is still increasing. Despite the gro wing significance of groundwater to agricultural growth, food security and rural livelihoods globally, and at the same time significant signs of limitations and constraints for further use, knowledge of the subject has remained limited. The subject includes the wider issues of socio-economic impacts, political economy, groundwater institutions, access to other resources like energy and land, appro aches to resource governance and management and specifically integrating evidenc e-based science into management decisions. This book, which includes 17 chapters , addresses these information shortfalls and provides a consolidated and cross-d isciplinary source of information and documentation of realities and challenges of contemporary agricultural groundwater use and management in poverty-prone are as of Asia. It draws on primary data collected in the course of an innovative, c ross-coordinated and inter-disciplinary field-work programme, covering those reg ions in Asia that significantly depend on groundwater for agricultural livelihoo ds. This work is essential reading for hydrogeologists, socio-economists, agro-e conomists and water managers working in poor countries. Donors and implementers, both government and non-government organizations, will also learn from the expe riences described in this book. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20093234788 TI - Arsenic contamination and human health: a socioeconomic study in some sele cted areas of Bangladesh. JO - Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics AU - Jaim, W. M. H. AU - Mahabub Hossain N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agric

ultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. PY - 2007 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 81-91 PB - Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training, Bangladesh Agricultural Uni versity of Agricultural Economics LA - English CY - Mymensingh N2 - Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a case of mass poisoning in Bangla desh. In order to examine the nature and extent of the problem, household survey was conducted in both arsenic contaminated and non-contaminated areas. The sele cted arsenic 'hot spots' were Faridpur and Lakshimpur while the arsenic free are a was Gazipur. One village from each of the three locations was purposively sele cted and the number of households considered as samples was 250. The analysis sh owed that severity of arsenic related diseases was more acute in the poor villag e of Lakshimpur area (where about 50% of the household members were suffering fr om arsenic related skin diseases) compared to Faridpur while in Gazipur there wa s no case of any patient suffering from arsenic related diseases. Further, the i mpact of arsenic problem was found to be extended from immediate health effect t o extensive social and economic hardship especially for the poor. On the other h and, access to health care facilities as well as access to save drinking water a nd even access to information about arsenic mitigation programs were seriously l acking particularly in Lakshimpur. Special attention from the Government, privat e and NGOs is needed to meet the urgent need of supplying arsenic free water to save lives of the millions of people living in the arsenic contaminated areas of Bangladesh. ogical treatment process has less operating cost and less toxic sludge, it is mo re feasible for the long run operation. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20093035066 TI - Activities of government and non government organizations in implementing rainwater harvesting system in south-west coastal Bangladesh. JO - Journal of Socioeconomic Research and Development AU - Jonayed, S. A. N1 - Author Affiliation: R & D and Training Division, Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), House #6, Road #23/C, Gulshan-1, Dh aka-1212, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: jonayed_23@yahoo.com PY - 2008 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 416-421 PB - Gurpukur Research Institute LA - English CY - Gurpukar N2 - Coastal people of Bangladesh are facing drinking water problem due to surf ace and groundwater salinity. To solve this problem, government organizations (G Os) and non-government organizations (NGOs) are initiating many projects to prov ide reliable drinking water options. Among them, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has gained immense social acceptability due to its effectiveness in coastal areas. T he study was carried out to identify the activities of GOs and NGOs in implement ing rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) in Mongla Upazila of Bagerhat district du ring December 2006 to July 2007. The research work revealed that the budget of W orld vision was highest (35 lack Tk/year) and worked all over Mongla. They also installed to 2500 household and 90 community based RWHS out of 2828. Worldvision

had the highest number of beneficiaries (5200 households) among all organizatio ns. On the contrary, Shaba NGO had minimum budget and Department of public healt h engineering (DPHE) had lowest number beneficiaries. Again, GO and NGO arrange different type of RWH related training and motivation programmes. But it is nece ssary to mention that 217 RWHS were out of order due to lack of maintenance and monitoring. Therefore, integration among GO, NGO and users is necessary for sust ainability of the system in coastal areas.

ER TY - THES DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20083094742 TI - The politics of flood insecurity: framing contested river management proje cts. AU - Warner, J. F. N1 - Author Affiliation: Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands. PY - 2008 SP - xiv + 320 pp. PB - Wageningen Universiteit (Wageningen University) LA - English CY - Wageningen N2 - This thesis comprise 10 chapters which focuses on flood security, and anal yses and organizes how states oscillate between security logic and non-security logic in flood security governance. The introductory chapter presents the analyt ical and methodological building blocks, as well as conceptual development and c ase selection. The first empirical part of the thesis consists of two case Middl e East studies of river development. Chapter 2 introduces Egypt's Toshka Project s, discussing the role of Toshka in hegemonic basin politics. Chapter 3 sketches the conflict over the Ilisu Dam in Turkey regarding the construction of a serie s of dams and irrigation systems since 1977. Chapter 4 compares the cases of ups tream Turkey and downstream Egypt in light of three global water narratives, i.e ., water wars, water peace and hegemonic struggle. Meanwhile, the second part of the thesis looks at four protection schemes in wet river basins. Chapter 5 trac es the rise and fall of the Flood Action Plan-20 in Tangail, Bangladesh, and ill ustrates that the project was not as bad as it has been depicted by the NGO coal ition and how its mission was adapted several times. Chapters 6 and 7 look at tw o river management interventions in the Netherlands, the river Meuse in the form er and the Rhine river in the latter. Chapter 8 focuses on Britain, where flood control has not been a government concern, so that people have had to rely on se lf-help and market mechanisms (insurance). As chapter 9 pulls together the lesso ns from all case studies, chapter 10 on the other hand, feeds these findings fro m the case studies back to the security studies literature, arguing that it is n ot only authorities who can speak security but affected citizens, NGOs and enter prises as well. ER TY - JFULL DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20083091541 TI - Special Issue: Gender and collective action: motivations, effectiveness an d impact. JO - Journal of International Development AU - Pandolfelli, L. AU - Meinzen-Dick, R. AU - Dohrn, S. N1 - Author Affiliation: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K S treet, NW, Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA.

N1 - Author Email: l.pandolfelli@cgiar.org PY - 2008 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 1-116 T2 - Special Issue: Gender and collective action: motivations, effectiveness an d impact. PB - John Wiley & Sons LA - English CY - Chichester DO - 10.1002/jid.1424 N2 - This special issue examines the intersection of gender and collective acti on. Three entry points are discussed for the gendered analysis of collective act ion: motivations to engage in collective action; effectiveness of collective act ion; and impact of collective action on gender equity. The issue consists of six articles. The first article explores the gender dimensions of group membership and social networks in rural Philippines. The second article investigates the in teractions between gender, social capital and information exchange in rural Ugan da. The third article investigates the development of institutions for community management of floodplain and fishery resources in Bangladesh vis-a-vis the diff erent roles of women and men in community-based organizations (CBOs) and the eff ectiveness of these CBOs in terms of resource management. The fourth article exp lores the relationship between gender relations and collective action in three c ommunity water projects in the Western Kenya Highlands that have successfully mo bilized local investment for water systems. The fifth article compares two insti tutions of collective biodiversity management in Kerala, India. The sixth articl e focuses on approaches under development under the African Highlands Initiative to bring collective action principles to bear on gender-equitable change proces ses in natural resource management. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20083077759 TI - Can England learn lessons from Bangladesh in introducing participatory flo odplain management? JO - Water Resources Management AU - Sultana, P. AU - Thompson, P. AU - Green, C. N1 - Author Affiliation: Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University, Qu eensway, Enfield, EN3 4SA, UK. N1 - Author Email: parvin@dhaka.agni.com PY - 2008 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 357-376 PB - Springer Science + Business Media LA - English CY - Dordrecht DO - 10.1007/s11269-007-9166-z N2 - Public or stakeholder participation in planning and management of natural resources is now widely practiced, but means different things in different conte xts. Examples of recent participation in floodplain management in Bangladesh and England are reviewed in the national policy context. Participation in floodplai n planning in England is influenced by a centralised state and European Union di rectives. The Ribble process tried to involve a wide range of stakeholders, but is limited to the development of plans through consultations structured and mana ged by the Environment Agency. By comparison in Bangladesh local participatory p lanning with different stakeholders has articulated their separate needs and sug

gestions, and brought them together to search for consensus. Decision making and responsibilities over flood management infrastructure and floodplain resources have been devolved to community organisations and co-management committees forme d through the participation process. The Bangladesh examples show how participat ion can be made more accessible to people through events that have real local me aning since representatives gain power to raise funds and implement decisions fo r the benefit of their stakeholder constituencies. In Bangladesh rural populatio ns dependent on floodplain resources have an incentive to participate in impleme ntation and oversight of management decisions and actions that is lacking for mo st urban people in England. However, the merits of building up from local partic ipation to catchment planning and of linking floodplain specific participatory i nstitutions with existing local government are lessons that could be adapted fro m Bangladesh to England. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20073273165 TI - A simple and effective arsenic filter based on composite iron matrix: deve lopment and deployment studies for groundwater of Bangladesh. JO - Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Subst ances & Environmental Engineering AU - Hussam, A. AU - Munir, A. K. M. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, MSN 3E2, Geo rge Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. N1 - Author Email: ahussam@gmu.edu PY - 2007 VL - 42 IS - 12 SP - 1869-1878 T2 - Special issue: Groundwater arsenic contamination and its effects in south east Asia. PB - Taylor & Francis LA - English CY - Washington N2 - Drinking groundwater contaminated with naturally occurring arsenic is a wo rldwide public health issue. This work describes the research, development and d istribution of a filter used by thousands of people in Bangladesh to obtain arse nic-free safe water. The filter removes arsenic species primarily by surface com plexation reactions: =FeOH+H2AsO4-->=FeHAsO4-+H2O (K=1024) and =FeOH+HAsO42-->=F eAsO42-+H2O (K=1029) on a specially manufactured composite iron matrix (CIM). Th e filter water meets WHO and Bangladesh standards, has no breakthrough, works wi thout any chemical treatment (pre- or post-), without regeneration, and without producing toxic wastes. It costs about $40/5 years and produce 20-30 L/hour for daily drinking and cooking need of 1-2 families. The spent material is completel y non toxic-solid self contained iron-arsenate cement that does not leach in rai nwater. Approved by the Bangladesh Government, about 30,000 SONO filters were de ployed all over Bangladesh and continue to provide more than a billion liters of safe drinking water. This innovative filter was also recognized by the National Academy of Engineering - Grainger Challenge Prize for sustainability with the h ighest award for its affordability, reliability, ease of maintenance, social acc eptability, and environmental friendliness, which met or exceeded the local gove rnment's guidelines for arsenic removal.

ER -

TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20073134138 TI - River rivalry: water disputes, resource insecurity and diplomatic deadlock in South Asia. JO - Water Policy AU - Wirsing, R. G. AU - Jasparro, C. N1 - Author Affiliation: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Honolulu, Ha waii, USA. N1 - Author Email: wirsingr@apcss.org PY - 2007 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 231-251 PB - IWA Publishing LA - English CY - London DO - 10.2166/wp.2007.014 N2 - This article examines the reasons for the stalled river resource diplomacy that exists among the South Asian region's four main co-riparian states (IndiaPakistan in the west; India-Bangladesh-Nepal in the east). It maintains that the stalemate emerges from three stubborn realities characterizing these states - f irst, the existence among them of fundamental differences in natural river resou rce endowments; second, the pressure on all of their governments to give highest priority to their own country's river resource requirements; and third, their r esolute adherence to diplomatic strategies that are in large part irreconcilable . It maintains, further, that the stalemate is unlikely to be overcome, barring a dramatic change in the way the region's river resources are conceptualized and managed. This means, concretely, that these states would have to abandon their current almost exclusively unilateralist inclinations in favour of bilateral or even multilateral approaches that were significantly more trans-boundary, integr ated or "river basin" in focus. It warns that the continued festering of un-addr essed river resource disputes between these states - between India and Pakistan, India and Nepal, and India and Bangladesh - is bound to retard rational river r esource development in the region, stiffen the antagonism already apparent in th eir bilateral relationships and, inevitably, weigh heavily against hopes for exp anded regional cooperation. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20073017957 TI - Assessing the economic benefits of improved irrigation management: a case study in Bangladesh. JO - Water Policy AU - Dey, N. C. AU - Bala, S. K. AU - Hayakawa, S. N1 - Author Affiliation: Bioenvironmental Science Division, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. N1 - Author Email: nepal_dey@yahoo.com PY - 2006 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 573-584 PB - IWA Publishing LA - English

CY - London DO - 10.2166/wp.2006.058 N2 - This paper explains the economic benefits that the country can achieve if improved irrigation management is followed in Bangladesh. The present study has been carried out using data from different studies by different organizations on the existing status of irrigation management practices in Bangladesh. As a resu lt, defects were detected in the system, which are possible to eliminate through taking up various effective measures. A quantitative assessment has been done b ased on savings to be acquired as a result of eliminations of the defects. An ad ditional amount of US$140 million may be saved from improved irrigation and wate r management practices, US$543 million from elimination of the present system lo ss of water and US$155 million by providing supplementary irrigation in the Aman (summer) season. An amount of US$108 million may be saved by enhancing mechanic al efficiency of the diesel driven irrigation equipment through proper operation and in time repair and maintenance, US$362 million through proper conservation of water in khal (local drainage channel), beel (small water bodies), haor (comp aratively larger water bodies) and pond and US$38 million by controlling unplann ed installation of irrigation equipment. The Government of Bangladesh is to spen d only an amount of about US$1.74 million for successful implementation of prope r irrigation and other management activities, when in total an amount of about U S$1,344.26 million may be thus saved and added annually in the economy of Bangla desh. The amount thus saved is about one-fifth of the total Bangladesh Budget fo r the Fiscal Year of 2002/03 (US$7,570 million) and about one-sixth of the total Bangladesh Budget for the Fiscal Year of 2003/04 (US$8,962 million). ER TY - CHAP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20063145607 TI - Integrated water resources management in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Megh na River basins in South Asia: the potential and need for regional cooperation. AU - Siddique, Q. I. N1 - Author Affiliation: Bangladesh Water Partnership, Third South Asia Water F orum Secretariat, LGED Annex Bhaban, Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka - 1207 , Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: sawaf3@cgscomm.net PY - 2006 SP - 79-103 PB - International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) LA - English CY - Kathmandu N2 - This paper discusses issues relating to water and its potential as a resou rce in the region highlighting the constraints for its development. These issues include: floods and drought; riverbank erosion; sedimentation; water quality de terioration; climatic change; demand management; gender dimension; and instituti on and governance. Emphasis is given to the necessity for regional cooperation b etween India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and possibly China, in water resources m anagement for flood mitigation, food production, environmental protection and po wer development in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river system. ER TY DB ID TI al JO AU AU - JOUR - CABDirect2 - 20063158594 - Arsenic mitigation for water supply in Bangladesh: appropriate technologic and policy perspectives. - Water Quality Research Journal of Canada - Hoque, B. A. - Yamaura, S.

AU - Sakai, A. AU - Sufia Khanam AU - Mahbooba Karim AU - Hoque, Y. AU - Sanowar Hossain AU - Shoriful Islam AU - Obaid Hossain N1 - Author Affiliation: Environment and Population Research Center, Dhaka, Ban gladesh. N1 - Author Email: eprc@bol-online.com PY - 2006 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 226-234 T2 - Special issue: Arsenic in water. PB - Canadian Association on Water Quality LA - English CY - Burlington N2 - Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water and the associated health impacts h ave been reported in developing and developed countries. Bangladesh is faced wit h the worst arsenic contamination of groundwater in the world, with an estimated 35 to 77 million people at risk of exposure to drinking arsenic-contaminated tu bewell water. Lack of appropriate technologies has complicated and inhibited mit igation initiatives. This paper discusses the data obtained during efforts made to develop technologies for safe water supply by the Government of Bangladesh an d its national and international partners. It is expected that the information w ill contribute towards development of appropriate technologies for water supply for millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries. About 95% of Banglades h's rural population drinks tubewell water. Both arsenic removal and alternative technologies were widely promoted for water supply in these areas. The governme nt and its national and international development partners developed various ars enic mitigation technologies for water supply, but most of the arsenic removal t echnologies were promoted without sound testing and showed poor, questionable an d/or confusing performance in real situations. Also, use of most of the arsenic removal technologies was discontinued after a few to several months of installat ion. Concerns about the microbiological contamination of safe feed water during treatment were noted in arsenic removal options, in addition to high costs, effi ciency, social and/or other problems. The 2004 National Policy for Arsenic Mitig ation and its Implementation Plan stated a need for access to safe drinking wate r for all through alternative water technologies while arsenic removal technolog ies are developed and promoted after specified verification. The national policy specified and widely promoted alternative options such as improved dugwells, sa fe tubewells, pond sand filters, rainwater harvester and piped water systems fro m arsenic-safe water sources. A few of the promoted alternative options showed p oor functional and social performance, in addition to supplying microbiologicall y contaminated water. Arsenic-safe shallow tubewells, deep tubewells and piped w ater systems may be regarded as appropriate technologies under the existing cond itions when the performance of the arsenic removal and alternative water technol ogies were compared. There are constraints in promoting those three water techno logies in various hydrogeological conditions throughout the county. A wide range of appropriate technologies needs to be developed and promoted, and the issue o f how to deal with the existing millions of arsenic-contaminated tubewells also needs to be considered. Research and development of sound science-based appropri ate technologies are urgently recommended for effective realization of the Mille nnium Development Goal for safe water. ER TY DB ID - JOUR - CABDirect2 - 20063117940

TI - Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh. JO - International Review for Environmental Strategies AU - Ali, M. A. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. PY - 2006 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 329-360 T2 - Groundwater management and policy: its future alternatives PB - Institute for Global Environmental Strategies LA - English CY - Kanagawa Prefecture N2 - High arsenic concentrations in groundwater were first detected in western Bangladesh in the early 1990s. The arsenic is of natural origin and is believed to be mobilized in the subsurface by a number of mechanisms that are not yet cle arly understood. Estimates of the population in Bangladesh now exposed to concen trations over the national drinking water standard vary from 20 million to over 36 million people, with 57 million out of a population of over 140 million being exposed to levels higher than the WHO standard. While a national survey has ide ntified 38 430 chronic cases so far, at least one scientific study estimates that the prevalence of arsenicosis in Bangladesh annually could be up to two million cases if consumption of contaminated water continues. For skin cancer, it could be up to one million cases, and the incidence of death from arsenic-induced canc er could be 3000 cases. In response to the problem, many initiatives have been l aunched both domestically and internationally to analyse and deal with the situa tion, including finding alternate sources of water and ways of treating it. By t he middle of 2005, 1851 deep tube wells had been installed to draw from the (so far) arsenic-free deep aquifer, with plans to put in 8981 more. At the same time , 5626 dug wells, 458 pond sand filters and 2606 household-scale rain water-harv esting units have been installed, but there are still problems with these system s and other technologies to treat water, and Bangladesh's government is reviewin g and certifying technologies that remove arsenic from water. This paper present s an overview of some of the important aspects of arsenic contamination of groun dwater in Bangladesh, including an overview of the extent of contamination, curr ent knowledge about the source of arsenic and the mechanisms governing its mobil ization, as well as a summary of the present understanding of the impact of irri gating with arsenic-laden water on agricultural soil and the food chain. Several different arsenic removal technologies already in use or tested in Bangladesh a re discussed, along with the results of the first phase of a certification proce ss for arsenic removal technologies. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20063120670 TI - Megacities and water management. JO - International Journal of Water Resources Development AU - Varis, O. AU - Biswas, A. K. AU - Tortajada, C. AU - Lundqvist, J. N1 - Author Affiliation: Water Resources Laboratory, Helsinki University of Tec hnology, 02015 Espoo, Finland. N1 - Author Email: olli.varis@hut.fi PY - 2006 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 377-394 T2 - Special issue: Water management for large cities.

PB - Routledge LA - English CY - Abingdon DO - 10.1080/07900620600684550 N2 - Efficient and equitable water, wastewater and stormwater management for th e megacities is becoming an increasingly complex task. When accelerating water s carcities and pollution in and around urban centres are superimposed on issues l ike continuing urbanization, lack of investment funds for constructing and maint aining water infrastructures, high public debts, inefficient resources allocatio n processes, inadequate management capacities, poor governance, inappropriate in stitutional frameworks and inadequate legal and regulatory regimes, water manage ment in the megacities poses a daunting task in the future. This paper will focu s on water management in its totality in megacities, including their technical, social, economic, legal, institutional and environmental dimensions through a se ries of case studies from different megacities of the world. ER TY - CHAP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20063092326 TI - Development and implementation of the UNICEF arsenic mitigation project in Bangladesh: challenges and achievements. AU - Davis, C. N1 - Author Affiliation: Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF, Dh aka, Bangladesh. PY - 2006 SP - 469-482 PB - CSIRO Publishing LA - English CY - Collingwood N2 - The problem of arsenic (As) contamination in Bangladesh was highlighted by the WHO in 1994, after which UNICEF worked with its long-term government counte rpart, the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), to conduct the first national random survey (1966-1998) to determine the extent of contamination. UNI CEF then developed a joint Arsenic Mitigation Project with DPHE, agreed upon in the current five-year plan of cooperation between the government of Bangladesh a nd UNICEF. The five phases of this mitigation project are given. In addition, a four-part integrated strategy was developed to handle all elements of mitigation in the shortest timeframe. Summaries of the results of tube-well testing and th e situation for the 20 upazilas screened between 2000 and 2002 are provided. In addition, safe water options and the advantages and disadvantages of different w ater supply technologies are also discussed. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20063043750 TI - Natural recharge to sustainable yield from the Barind aquifer: a tool in p reparing effective management plan of groundwater resources. AU - Islam, M. M. AU - Kanungoe, P. N1 - Author Affiliation: Coast, Port and Estuary Management Division, Institute of Water Modelling, Dhaka, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: mnr@iwmbd.org PY - 2005 VL - 52 IS - 12 SP - 251-258 PB - IWA Publishing LA - English

CY - London N2 - This paper presents the results of water balance study and aquifer simulat ion modelling for preliminary estimation of the recharge rate and sustainable yi eld for the semi arid Barind Tract region of Bangladesh. The outcomes of the stu dy are likely to be useful for planning purposes. It is found from detailed wate r balance study for the area that natural recharge rates in the Barind Tract var y widely year to year. It may have resulted from the method used for the calcula tion. If the considered time interval had been smaller than the monthly rainfall , the results could have been different. Aquifer Simulation Modelling (ASM) for the Barind aquifer is used to estimate long-term sustainable yield of the ground water considering limiting drawdown from the standpoint of economic pumping cost . In managing a groundwater basin efficiently and effectively, evaluation of the maximum annual groundwater yield of the basin that can be withdrawn and used wi thout producing any undesirable effect is one of the most important issues. In i nvestigating such recharge rate, introduction of certain terms such as sustainab le yield and safe yield has been accompanied. Development of this area involves proper utilization of this vast land, which is possible only through ensured irr igation for agriculture. The Government of Bangladesh has a plan to develop irri gation facilities by optimum utilization of available ground and surface water. It is believed that the groundwater table is lowering rapidly and the whole regi on is in an acute state of deforestation. Indiscriminate groundwater development may accelerate deforestation trend. In this context estimation of actual natura l recharge rate to the aquifer and determination of sustainable yield will assis t in proper management and planning of environmentally viable abstraction scheme s. It is revealed from the study that the sustainable yield of ground water (204 mm/y) is somewhat higher than the long-term annual average recharge (152.7 mm) to the groundwater reservoir. The reason behind this is that the rivers within a nd around the Barind Tract might have played the role of influent rivers.

ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20053184524 TI - River management in Bangladesh: a people's initiative to solve water-loggi ng. JO - Participatory Learning and Action AU - Ashraf-ul-Alam Tutu N1 - Author Affiliation: Coastal Development Partnership (CDP), 55/2 Islampur R oad, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: cdp@cdpbd.org PY - 2005 IS - 51 SP - 117-123 PB - International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) LA - English CY - London N2 - This paper describes a brief account of the status and background of water logging in Bangladesh, including its causes and effects. The participation of th e community in mitigating this problem is also described including various gover nment projects, and the application of the tidal river management concept. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20053137490 TI - Sustainable development through groundwater management: a case study on th e Barind tract. JO - International Journal of Water Resources Development

AU - Faisal, I. M. AU - Parveen, S. AU - Kabir, M. R. N1 - Author Affiliation: Civil Engineering, Presidency University, House 11A, R oad 92, Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: imfaisal@yahoo.com PY - 2005 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 425-435 T2 - Theme Issue: Groundwater management. PB - Routledge LA - English CY - Basingstoke DO - 10.1080/07900620500160800 N2 - Since its birth in 1985, the Barind Multi-purpose Development Project (BMD P) has become a model of a sustainable rural development project in Bangladesh. The project maintains technical soundness by ensuring a high level of water use efficiency and a minimum well spacing. The project runs on full operating and ma intenance cost recovery basis, which is achieved through an innovative prepaid w ater coupon system and the associated command area development scheme. Its gover nance structure is democratic and participatory. The project has several environ mental enhancement programmes such as water conservation, homestead and social f orestry, promotion of integrated pest control, and farmers' training. In additio n, it has adopted an integrated planning approach that incorporates extending ru ral electrification, building rural infrastructure and an array of other support programmes. As a result, the BMDP has emerged as a model of sustainable groundw ater-based rural development initiative in Bangladesh.

ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20053020136 TI - Trading virtual water between Bangladesh and India: a politico-economic di lemma. JO - Water Policy AU - Saila Parveen AU - Faisal, I. M. N1 - Author Affiliation: Environmental Studies, North South University, 12 Kema l Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh. N1 - Author Email: parveen_saila@yahoo.com PY - 2004 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 549-558 PB - IWA Publishing LA - English CY - Colchester N2 - The extent of virtual water trade and its significance for the food securi ty of Bangladesh have been examined in the light of political and socio-economic considerations that govern the food grain trade between Bangladesh and India. I t has been shown that while there are no physical constraints preventing such a trade, prevailing political relations, market conditions, agricultural and food policies, the state of the economies and climatic conditions may play important roles in determining the extent of trade. In the context of rapid population gro wth and potential future shortage of cultivable land and irrigation water in the dry season, the paper suggests that food security may be redefined as "food sel

f-reliance" instead of "food self-sufficiency". ER TY - CHAP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20043078708 TI - ICZM initiatives in low-lying coastal Bangladesh. AU - Islam, M. R. N1 - Author Affiliation: Program Development Office for ICZM, Dhaka, Bangladesh . PY - 2002 SP - 315-321 PB - Bundesanstalt fr Gewsserkunde LA - English CY - Koblenz N2 - The Government of Bangladesh has expressed its determination to implement the concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) by adopting a Policy No te and establishing the Program Development Office (PDO-ICZM). The main output o f the PDO-ICZM is a coastal development strategy (CDS). Such strategy would be b ased on and integrate the following: coastal zone policy; a priority investment programme; improvement of community capacities to enhance livelihood; enabling i nstitutional and legal environment; and integrated coastal resources knowledge b ase. The coastal zone, coastal community, coastal land use and the present statu s of activities on the coasts are described. Balanced regional development, coas tal urbanization, natural disasters, conflicting land use, global climatic chang es and untapped coastal and marine resources are identified development drives. Application of the mathematical model complex comprising physically based one-di mensional and two-dimensional hydraulic mathematical models has formed the basis for development of the modelling tools for coastal zone management and developm ent activities. Finally, the relationship between climatic change and ICZM is br iefly discussed. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20043047369 TI - Issues of livelihood, sustainable development, and governance: Bay of Beng al. JO - Ambio AU - Samarakoon, J. N1 - Author Affiliation: 39A Inner Fairline Road, Dehiwela, Sri Lanka. N1 - Author Email: samarakoon@eureka.lk PY - 2004 VL - 33 IS - 1/2 SP - 34-44 PB - Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences LA - English CY - Stockholm N2 - This article is based on the findings of the Global International Waters A ssessment Subregion 53, Bay of Bengal. It introduces the Subregion. The wide dis parity in development indicators in the Bay of Bengal Subregion is presented. Th e large population of poor people living in South Asia is presented as a factor that needs special attention. The article focuses on the 3 geographic sites sele cted for detailed analysis: (i) the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river systems; (ii ) the Merbok Estuary mangroves, Malaysia; and (iii) the Sunderbans mangroves, Ba ngladesh. Integrated water management based upon regional cooperation among Bang ladesh, India and Nepal holds opportunities for mutual benefit. Policy options a re proposed. For mangrove ecosystems, the impacts of urbanization in Malaysia an

d the unmanaged expansion of shrimp farming in Bangladesh are analysed. Improved governance was seen to hold promise for enhancing economic benefits from shrimp farming while safeguarding the natural ecological system. However, these measur es need to be a part of national efforts to achieve the UN Millennium Developmen t Goals. action is taken, threats to wetlands, due to Western demand for shrimp, seem lik ely to increase before they decline. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20033057547 TI - Gender, class, and access to water: three cases in a poor and crowded Delt a. JO - Society & Natural Resources AU - Crow, B. AU - Sultana, F. PY - 2002 VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - 709-724 PB - Taylor & Francis LA - English CY - London DO - 10.1080/08941920290069308 N2 - Water plays a pivotal role in economic activity and in human well-being. B ecause of the prominence of water in production (primarily for irrigation) and i n domestic use (drinking, washing, cooking), conflict over water and the effects of gender-influenced decisions about water may have far-reaching consequences o n human well-being, economic growth, and social change. At the same time, social conflicts and social change are shaped and mediated, often in unexpected ways, by the natural conditions in which water occurs. The social relations of water a re poorly understood. This article introduces a framework for disaggregating con ditions of access to water and uses it to examine three pressing questions in Ba ngladesh. First, extraction of groundwater for irrigation has made many drinking -water hand pumps run dry. Second, increasing use of groundwater for drinking ha s been associated with the poisoning of at least 20 million people through natur ally occurring arsenic in groundwater. Third, the article examines some of the w ays access to water has been changed by the rise of shrimp aquaculture for expor t. This article highlights new directions for the analysis of interactions among water, class, and gender. The existing literature has tended to focus on the im plications of gender analysis for government policy, especially development proj ects and water resources management, and for women's organization. In this artic le we begin to sketch some questions that arise from a concern to understand the broader context of social change. ER TY - CHAP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20033078167 TI - People's participation in embankment alignment selection: case example fro m a flood control and drainage project in Bangladesh - the Dampara water managem ent project. AU - Thomas, J. AU - Metzger, J. F. N1 - Author Affiliation: SNC-Lavalin International Inc. / Northwest Hydraulic C onsultants, Ltd. Joint Venture, 455 Rene-Levesque Blvd West, Montreal, Canada. PY - 2002 SP - 1-10

PB - International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) LA - English CY - New Delhi N2 - This project in Bangladesh shows how the losses associated with land acqui sition for providing large infrastructure works such as flood control embankment s, can be minimized and the benefits maximized through people's participation. T he Dampara Water Management Project (DWMP) is a flood control and drainage proje ct involving the construction of a 28 km flood protection embankment along the a djacent riverbank. The local people have participated (as major decision-makers) in the project implementation. Local landowners themselves chose the alignment of a 9.5 km portion of the flood embankment, and decided which land would be acq uired. This sped up the process of transferring ownership of the needed land to government. The construction work was completed in 2001 and the 174,000 benefici aries and their 15,000 ha of land are now flood-free. Resettlement was not neede d; the embankment works were built without obstruction. The landowners along the alignment saved much of their food supply and livelihoods, and the Bangladesh W ater Development Board still got a technically sound, financially feasible struc ture. Community groups, which were formed in the process now have new capacities for generating income to support the long-term and sustainable operation and ma intenance of the embankment and its structures. This example shows how people's participation in a construction project can result in social, technical, economi c, financial and other benefits.

ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 20003027579 TI - Recommendations for water supply in arsenic mitigation: a case study from Bangladesh. JO - Public Health AU - Hoque, B. A. AU - Mahmood, A. A. AU - Quadiruzzaman, M. AU - Khan, F. AU - Ahmed, S. A. AU - Shafique, S. A. K. A. M. AU - Rahman, M. AU - Morshed, G. AU - Chowdhury, T. AU - Rahman, M. M. AU - Khan, F. H. AU - Shahjahan, M. AU - Begum, M. AU - Hoque, M. M. PY - 2000 VL - 114 IS - 6 SP - 488-494 PB - Nature Publishing Group LA - English CY - Basingstoke DO - 10.1016/S0033-3506(00)00395-4 N2 - Arsenic problems have been observed in several countries around the world. The challenges of arsenic mitigation are more difficult for developing and poor countries due to resource and other limitations. Bangladesh is experiencing the worst arsenic problem in the world, as about 30 million people are possibly dri nking arsenic contaminated water. Lack of knowledge has hampered the mitigation

initiatives. This paper presents experience gained during an action research on water supply in arsenic mitigation in rural Singair, Bangladesh. The mitigation has been implemented there through integrated research and development of approp riate water supply options and its use through community participation. Politica l leaders and women played key roles in the success of the mitigation. More than one option for safe water has been developed and/or identified. The main recomm endations include: integration of screening of tubewells and supply of safe wate r, research on technological and social aspects, community, women and local gove rnment participation, education and training of all stakeholders, immediate and appropriate use of the available knowledge, links between intermediate/immediate and long term investment, effective coordination and immediate attention by hea lth, nutrition, agriculture, education, and other programs to this arsenic issue . ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19991809731 TI - Contesting water in Bangladesh: knowledge, rights and governance. JO - Journal of International Development AU - Wood, G. N1 - Author Affiliation: Institute for International Policy Analysis, Universit y of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. PY - 1999 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 731-754 LA - English DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199907/08)11:5<731::AID-JID567>3.0.CO;2-Z N2 - The paper is based upon two recent exercises related to the Bangladesh Flo od Action Plan (FAP): the first was as a member of the Independent FAP Review Mi ssion; and the second was as a reviewer of the Ministry of Water Resources 'Guid elines for people's participation in water development projects. Both of these e xercises were facilitated by UNDP to open terms of reference. Issues discussed a re: the background to the FAP; water resources planning (planning for water and people; coping with flooding; trends in the macro-economy and society; groundwat er and the surface water debate; access to fisheries as a participation indicato r); poverty and water management (structural and non-structural interventions; t he test case of controlled flooding, or compartmentalization; barrages as the ul timate 'expert' solution; chars and coasts and vulnerable people; urban interest s; and operation and maintenance, and the scope for poverty alleviation). Conclu sions focus on democratizing water resources management. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19971808635 TI - Farakka Barrage: its environmental and social impacts in Bangladesh. JO - Development Bulletin AU - Momtaz, S. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Humanities, Central Queensland Universit y, Rockhampton, Queensland 4700, Australia. PY - 1997 VL - 42 IS - July SP - 58-60 LA - English N2 - The paper examines the case of the Farakka Barrage dam, which was commissi oned by India in 1975, and is located approximately 16 kilometres upstream from

the western border of Bangladesh. The paper reviews the impacts of the dam in Ba ngladesh, and explores the perceptions of the affected community, using the resu lts of a survey involving 100 households in the Rajshahi and Kusta districts in 1996. Issues discussed are: impacts of the Farakka Barrage in Bangladesh (agricu lture and irrigation, groundwater, fisheries, salinity intrusion, and navigation ); survey results (knowledge of the Barrage, views on impacts, personal and gove rnment measures to cope with and reduce the adverse effects, and views on perman ent solutions to the problem). ER TY - Miscellaneous DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19971802722 TI - Improving water resource management in Bangladesh. AU - Faruqee, R. AU - Choudhry, Y. A. N1 - Author Affiliation: Agricultural and Natural Resources Division, South Asi a Department, World Bank, 1818 H St, Washington, D.C, USA. PY - 1996 IS - WPS1569 SP - 42 pp. PB - World Bank LA - English CY - Washington, D.C. N2 - In Bangladesh, water can no longer be considered a totally free resource, and plans must be developed for its efficient use through better management and rules that preserve access to it and interest in its development: the discussion focuses on some of these management issues. Because it is a common resource, it s development and management should involve all beneficiaries. The government's role in this process is to establish the ground rules for water use and conserva tion through a policy and legal framework and a monitoring system that ensures i ts continued safety of supply to, and responsible use of water by, every sector and user in the economy. National water policy must set the ground rules for all ocation to different users, water rights, pricing, and environmental safety. Ban gladesh's water strategy should start with a national water policy that spells o ut key objectives such as priority of use by critical economic sectors, approach es to water pricing and cost recovery for development, and shared public- and pr ivate-sector water management. An apex public planning organization is needed to perform overall planning for water resources and to advise the National Water C ounsel on policy and legislation. Agencies are needed to implement public water plans for the development of infrastructure, the monitoring of water regimes, an d the enforcement of regulations.

ER TY - Miscellaneous DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19881854439 TI - Recurring cost of irrigation in Asia: operation and maintenance. AU - Easter, K. W. PY - 1986? N1 - photocopy, BIDS SP - 88pp. PB - Water Management Synthesis Project, Colorado State University LA - English CY - Fort Collins N2 - The recurring costs, namely the costs associated with project operation an d maintenance (O & M), for irrigation in Asia are reviewed. The report is arrang ed in six sections, with an appendix reviewing the literature. The first two sec

tions discuss a conceptual water management model and how it is applied to speci fic operation and maintenance problems. Section 3 summarizes the water fee colle ction policies of Nepal, Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines; and the following section discusses the performance of these countries in dealing with problems a ssociated with the recurring costs of irrigation. Section 4 examines the alterna tives available for increasing the investment in O & M and relates them to the f our country studies. The final section considers the criteria for setting water fees and discusses the problems associated with charging a uniform fee across al l projects. The study concludes that there is a lack of resource commitment to O & M. Irrigation agencies do not take a whole system approach to irrigation and do not plan for O & M until after projects are built. Donor agencies should cons ider different ways of establishing a good system of O & M before a project's fu nding is handed over to the government. Finally, an appendix reviews the literat ure. ER TY - CONP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19881919728 TI - Imperfect institutional innovation for irrigation management in Bangladesh . AU - Mandal, M. A. S. N1 - Author Affiliation: Dep. Agric. Economics, Bangladesh Agric. Univ., Mymens ingh, Bangladesh. PY - 1987 N1 - 3 tab. SP - 357-369 PB - Hydraulics Research LA - English CY - Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BA N2 - The nature of institutional innovation in recent years for the organizatio n and management of minor irrigation in Bagladesh is discussed. In the last two decades, several management institutions have evolved with different but partial ly overlapping functions arising from changes in government policies. In additio n to the mainstream institutions, sponsored by Government and aid organisations, there have been a number of indigenous experiments in irrigation management. A comparative analysis of empirical material suggests that there are no significan t variations in performance between the management institutions, nor are there a ny significant associations between technical factors and irrigation performance (other than nominal pump capacity). What appears to be more important is that e conomic institutions such as payment system for water are strongly associated wi th productivity and equity performance; sharecropping with water, which has emer ged, or been popularized, with the privatization programme, has a negative impac t on productivity and skews benefits of irrigation towards pump owners and manag ers. It is concluded that the institutional innovations are imperfect in that th ey fail to encompass the physical environment and socio-economic reality. ER TY - CONP DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19871841313 TI - Social and economic impacts of investments in ground water: lessons from P akistan and Bangladesh. AU - Johnson, S. H., III PY - 1986 N1 - 7 tab., fig., Studies in Water Policy and Management No. 8, Distributors i n UK, Wildwood Distribution Services, Aldershot, UK, OQEH SP - 179-216 PB - Westview Press, for International School for Agricultural and Resource Dev elopment

LA - English CY - Boulder, Colorado, USA; London N2 - The chapter examines social, technical, and economic aspects of this massi ve investment in groundwater. Although many of the physical parameters of the sy stem are described, the paper focuses on government policy concerning groundwate r development and documents economic and social impacts of this policy. In order to accurately present the situation in Pakistan and Bangladesh, the paper is di vided into two sections: one that details groundwater development and management in Pakistan and another that covers the situation in Bangladesh. The final two sections discuss the social and economic impacts and the long-term implications of current policies and draws some conclusions that may be used by the two count ries, or other countries, as they expand groundwater development in the future.

ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19841814393 TI - Groundwater use for irrigation in Bangladesh: the prospects and some emerg ing issues. JO - Agricultural Administration AU - Bhuiyan, S. I. N1 - Author Affiliation: Irrigation Water Management Department, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. PY - 1984 N1 - 7 tab., 1 fig., OAE VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 181-207 LA - English N2 - Groundwater represents a vitally important resource for Bangladesh for its irrigation development. Great efforts are now under way to increase irrigated a creage by employing a mix of three major types of tube well system - deep, shall ow, and hand tubewells. This paper attempts to analyze the past trends of develo pment of groundwater irrigation as well as a number of relevant policy issues, s uch as the gap between the potential and actual use of the capacity of the diffe rent tube well systems, the rate of groundwater withdrawal that can be sustained on a long term basis, the recently adopted 'privatization' policy of the govern ment, and the choice of scale in the promotion of the different types of tube we ll systems. Finally, a number of problem areas are identified, and some immediat e actions required to deal with the problems are indicated. ER TY - JOUR DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19841812916 TI - Choice of techniques in small scale irrigation in Bangladesh. JO - Bangladesh Development Studies AU - Hossain, M. B. N1 - Author Affiliation: Department of Economics, Chittagong University, Bangla desh. PY - 1981 N1 - OAE VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 35-50 LA - English N2 - The study examines the relative efficiency of indigenous labour intensive devices vis--vis imported mechanized techniques of small scale irrigation in Bang

ladesh. Three indices, the cost effectiveness criterion, the benefit-cost (B/C) ratio and the internal rate of return (IRR), are used; each index is estimated b oth at market prices and at shadow prices. Heavy subsidy on the mechanized techn iques makes them cost advantageous over the indigenous devices, but the financia l cost estimation without subsidy and the economic cost estimation show the reve rse situation. All irrigation devices are found to be quite desirable and effect ive, as reflected by the B/C ratio. However, the indigenous devices seem to be m ore profitable than the mechanized techniques both to the individual and to soci ety. Government objectives in terms of increasing irrigation coverage, the expan sion of employment opportunity and the reduction of income inequality can, to a great extent, be facilitated through the reduction/removal of subsidy from the m echanized techniques.

ER TY - Miscellaneous DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19781848086 TI - Irrigation in Bangladesh: on contradictions and underutilised potential. AU - Edwards, C. AU - Biggs, S. AU - Griffith, J. PY - 1978 N1 - 1 app., 3 fig., 9 tab. IS - 22 SP - vii+58pp. LA - English N2 - It is often found that increased levels of nutrition correspond with decre asing population growth. In Bangladesh, higher food output can only be achieved through intensified production and this requires more irrigation. At present irr igation covers only 12% of the cultivable area. The country has many other under utilized resources including natural gas, hydroelectrical energy and, in particu lar, labour. Capital-intensive irrigation methods are inappropriate due to a fun damental contradiction between the highly fragmented landholding structure and t he indivisible technology of mechanized irrigation. Government has chiefly gone to large-capacity methods and yet MOSTIs (manually operated shallow tubewells fo r irrigation) have spread due to the profitability to the owner from manual irri gation. However, most of the benefits are accruing to the larger farmers. Change s in government are required which take into account the interdependence between irrigation methods: if shallow tubewells are to be developed, deep turbine tube wells must be excluded to avoid competition for dry season ground water. ER TY - Miscellaneous DB - CABDirect2 ID - 19781845269 TI - Irrigation in Bangladesh. AU - Biggs, S. D. AU - Edwards, C. AU - Griffiths, J. PY - 1978 N1 - 2 fig., 2 tab. IS - 126 SP - 20pp. LA - English N2 - This summarizes a longer paper from the School of Development Studies, UEA , Norwich, UK. With scarcely any uncultivated land in Bangladesh, higher food ou tput can only come through an increase in the 12% irrigated land; and more inten

sive land use is essential if unemployment and underemployment are not to increa se further. Although most land is suitable for irrigation government and aid don or policies have not encouraged the spread nor efficient use of irrigation equip ment. More capital-intensive equipment, such as deep tubewells, is suitable only under certain landholding and pricing conditions, and equipment utilization has been low. However, despite government policy, manual techniques, particularly h and pumps, have been spreading rapidly. It is suggested that there is a basic co nflict - exacerbated by official policy - between the capital-intensive irrigati on technology and the fragmented landholding structure in Bangladesh. Some reaso ns are put forward for the policies followed, and suggestions made for new direc tions and research.