Introduction to Blood.

Learning Objectives By the completion of the lecture, the student should be able to describe :

What is Hematology? C om pos i t i on of bl ood Percentages of Particles in Blood

Plasma Constituents and their function.

What are the characteristics of blood cells? Comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Functions of blood.

WHAT IS HEMATOLOGY? "Hematology" comes from the Greek words haima, meaning blood, and logos, meaning study or science. So, hematology is the science of blood.

Blood

Blood is a complex fluid tissue. It circulates in a closed system of blood vessels and heart. Normal adult total circulatory blood volume is about 8% of the total body
weight(5600 ml in 70 kg man).

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD A centrifuge separates blood into two components.

P Composition of blood (Percentages)

Composition of Blood Blood is the bodys only fluid tissue. It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements. Formed elements include: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells. Leukocytes, or white blood cells. Platelets Hematocrit the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume.

Plasma

The fluid portion of the blood is the plasma. Normal plasma volume is about 5% of body weight, or roughly 3500 mL in a 70-kg man.

Blood plasma Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes, including: Proteins albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others Lactic acid, urea, creatinine Organic nutrients glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids Electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate Respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide

The formed elements

Plasma constituents and their Functions

Water : Plasma , being a liquid is 90% water. Transport medium for many inorganic and organic substances ; Absorb and distribute much of the hat generated metabolically with tissues

Plasma constituents and their Functions

Electrolytes: Membrane excitability ; osmotic distribution of fluid between the extracellular and intracellular fluid; buffering of pH changes. Nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones: Transported in blood; the blood gas CO2 plays a role in acid base balance.

Plasma Proteins The plasma proteins consist of albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen fractions. exert an osmotic effect important in the distribution of extracellular fluid between the vascular and interstitial compartments; Buffering of PH changes.

Plasma Proteins and their Functions

Albumins: Serum albumin is the most abundant blood plasma protein. produced in the liver. forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. normally constitutes about 60% of human plasma protein.

Plasma Proteins and their Functions

Albumins:
Transport many substances. Make the greatest contribution to colloid osmotic pressure.

Plasma Proteins and their Functions

Globulins:

Alpha and beta: Transport many substances; clotting factors; inactive precursor molecules. Gamma : Antibodies.

Plasma Proteins and their Functions

Fibrinogen : Inactive precursor for the fibrin meshwork of a clot.

Fibrinogen: changes into fibrin to initiate blood blotting

Characteristics of different types of blood cells RBCs: contain red haemoglobin which enables RBCs to carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide. WBCs: lymphocytes & phagocytes, protect us from diseases. Platelets: broken cell fragments,help in blood clotting.

A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets Red blood cells formed in bone marrow, life-span: 4 months biconcave discs, no nucleus, red colour White blood cells Platelets formed in bone formed in blood marrow or marrow thymus phagocytes: irregular shape, irregular, no nucleus, lobed nucleus & tiny pieces of cell granular fragments, cytoplasm. no colour. small in size some large & tiny cell fragments some small 5,000,000 /mm3 7,000 /mm3 250,000/mm3 contain haemoglobin to phagocytes kill for blood clotting carry oxygen from pathogens & lungs to all parts of digest dead cells body lymphocytes produce antibodies for killing pathogens

1 Site of formation 2 Shape

3 Size 4 Number 5 Function

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD Transport: 1. Oxygen - by RBCs in the form of oxyhaemoglobin 2. Carbon dioxide - by plasma in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions 3. Food - carries absorbed food substances such as glucose from the small intestine to various parts of the body

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 4.Urea - produced in the liver, dissolves in plasma, is carried to the kidney and excreted in the urine. 5.Hormones - secreted by endocrine glands into blood for transport. 6.Antibodies - carried by blood for body defence. 7.Heat - produced during respiration in muscles and liver and transported to other parts of the bod y

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD B. Blood clot: prevent excessive bleeding by clot formation

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD C. Regulation of body temperature

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD D. Defence against infection 1. Phagocytes: engulf and kill pathogens

2. Lymphocyte: produce antibodies to kill pathogens.

References

Human Physiology

From Cells to Systems. Fifth Edition. Lauralee Sherwood.

Textbook of Medical Physiology.

Eleventh Edition. Guyton & Hall.