A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid Child Psychology Revision Notes __________________________________________ Definitions:

Created by Alexander Hunter

Child Psychology Child Psychologists are concerned specifically with the development of children and adolescents. It is sometimes split into the cognitive domain (mental processes: thinking, language and memory) and the social-emotional domain (relationships). Child Psychologists tend to believe that early development affects our later development. There is much evidence to support this but equally conflicting evidence. Attachment An attachment is a close two-way relationship between two people. Deprivation Separation from an attachment figure. Privation - The failure to form a normal attachment. Evolution Where adaptive behaviours that increase a chance of living long enough to produce viable offspring are likely to be passed on to future generations. Daycare Non parental care. May be provided by nurseries or childminders. Separation Anxiety Anxiety at being apart from an attachment figure. ___________________________________________________________

Methodology/How Science Works:

The Observational Research Method Observational research involves watching people or animals in a particular situation and recording in some way what takes place. It can be carried out in two days Naturalistic or Structured:

Naturalistic Observation taking place in the usual environment for the individual for a child this may be a home, school or nursery. Observation may be overt (ppt aware they are being observed) or covert (unaware e.g. by a two-way mirror). Mary Ainsworth observed babies playing in their own homes this allows observers to see a natural response in a natural environment. However Naturalistic observations are difficult to control. Evaluative Points: +High in ecological validity Real life situation so accurate data. +Covert Observations increase ecological validity, in addition to internal and external validity. +Useful in child psychology can see natural bonding and establishment of attachment. -It is difficult to repeat as it is not replicable. Impossible to control the variables. -Ethics Ensure that parents give full permission to be watched. -Public observation can cause problems as well. May upset the person unaware of them being observed. Structured Observation Takes place when the researcher defines in advance exactly what behaviours they are looking for and sets-up the situation in which the opportunity to display those behaviours is standardised fir anyone being observed. E.g. Ainsworths Strange Situation. This measures the attachment type in children by setting up a sequence of events in each we can note the childs attachment. Later stages are used to test separation anxiety and reunion response. Evaluative Points: + They generate numerical data and so allow as to use statistical data. +Recreates situation of a naturalistic observation, so that natural behaviour is observed (ecologically valid). +Structured observations are often reliable as they produce the same results. +A replicable design so can test for consistent results. +Good predictive Validity Often correct in predicting outcome of results. +Good inter-rater reliability in the case of the strange situation. -A too highly structured observation may be artificial and ceases to represent natural situation. -Never a complete natural environment so ecological validity is reduced. -Ethically poor May put stress on the child esp. with relation to strange situation. +/- Consider the balance between stress and benefit to society. However mothers in strange situation can remove their child at any point if they feel the child is under too much stress. The Case Study Method In a case study we look in detail at a particular person or small group of people who have experienced particular circumstances such as privation. Case studies involve the gathering of as much data as possible about the circumstances and what happened to the individuals involved, and an interpretation of how the circumstances linked to the outcome. In the case of Genie we can make the interpretation that her developmental problems are the result of her in experience of privation. Evaluations: -Problems with reliability Cannot replicate as each case is different. -Also cannot reach a judgement on something as often the results are completely different. E.g. one cannot say that privation reliably leads to a particular outcome as different outcomes of Genie and Czech twins -Not replicable as ethical issues mean we are unable to replicate stress such as that of privation. -It is impossible to replicate stress of the same degree as it will be nowhere near as traumatic as real life.

A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid

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Ethics: +Great ethical strength recording real life events that have happened in detail with no situation set up. -Gathering data against the will of the individual e.g. with Genie researchers looked after her and arguably failed her in parenting, as they should not have been doing this. -Privacy of individuals Respect their privacy by using initials and not publishing photos etc. Longitudinal Studies The best way to study children at different ages is by a longitudinal design. This involves following up a group of children over an extended time. +Particularly useful at following up children who fall in particular categories at a young age e.g. attachment type. If we know the attachment classification of a group of babies, we can follow the development of that group into adulthood and see how they turn out e.g. by assessing their adult relationships and if it was shaped in any way by their own attachment type as a child. +Possible to assess the attachment type retrospectively in adulthood, but less valid way of measuring infant attachment. -It also causes attrition which is the loss of participants during the course of the study ppts move away and not leave contact details, or simply pull out. Sometimes attrition rates can be so high that studies are entirely abandoned. Takes long time Cross Cultural Studies This involves comparing people in different cultures. A culture is a set of norms, values, beliefs and practices that characterise a community. This can be nationalistic, ethnic, religious etc. These studies look at both the differences and similarities between different communities. +Examples of cross-cultural studies are Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) who looked at the proportions of infants of different attachment types in a range of countries. Hence nationality here is the independent variable. He discovered that numbers of children associated to a particular type varied greatly. +Useful in helping us understand what aspects of human behaviour are universal and which are products of culture. -It does not compare fairly in comparing one country to another which may be wealthier, more religious then we are not comparing like for like, and so confounding variables will always exist. _____________________________________________________

Content:
Bowlbys theory of attachment Bowlby put ideas together from Freudian and evolutionary approaches to create a theory of attachment. From Freud he took the idea that the mother or main carer has a unique role in a childs development and that the quality of the first relationship will affect future relationships This is known as monotropy. From early studies such as those of Lorenz geese, he took the idea of a critical period in which attachment needs to development and a role for attachment in keeping infants close to the main carer and therefore safe. He proposed that attachment behaviour is instinctive and that normal psychological development requires the development of a secure attachment between a baby and its main carer. Evaluation: +Explains both how and why we form attachments. +Explains the consequences of the nature of individual attachments thorugh internal working models. +Has face validity but is very difficult to prove. +Bailey et al. (2007) Internal working models poor relationships in childhood lead to later poor relationships. -Although Bowlby argues that is primarily the mother who forms the attachment, there is much evidence to dispute this. Schaffer & Emerson (1964) found that after the critical time period many babies had 5 or more attachments. There is further support from Rutter (1981) who shows that children attach to fathers, brothers and other siblings. Evolutionary Basis of Attachment Because attachment behaviour can be seen in a range of species, Bowlby (1957) proposed that it has developed through a process of evolution. The purpose of attachment behaviours is to keep the young person or animal safe. Many years ago, living in small settlements, children faced real threats from predators. By seeking proximity with a larger, stronger adult, signalling distress when left alone andf returning from exploring to regular visits to its parents A stone age child would greatly increase its chances of survival. Attachment of adults towards children further increases the chances of the childs survival because attached adults would be motivated to keep them close and defend them from predators. Evaluation: +Has good face validity, but like all evolutionary ideas it is difficult to test directly so lacks firm evidence. -Believed to be activated by proximity, separation etc. but not always the case. -Bowlbys ideas had a great influence on the way researchers thought about attachment and much of the discussion of his theory has focused on his belief in monotropy. Description + Evaluation of Ainsworths work, including the strange situation as a research method and crosscultural issues regarding child-rearing styles Ainsworth (1967) observed childrens behaviour in their own homes as they interacted with their main carers and strangers. She proposed that babies and toddlers can be divided into three attachment types, according to the degree of independence shown by playing infants, the anxiety they displayed when left alone with a stranger and their response to being united with the primary carer. Ainsworth & Wittig (1969) developed a laboratory procedure designed to stimulate the everyday events in order to classify attachment types. This is called the Strange Situation and is used widely today to assess their attachment type:

A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid

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The Strange Situation A Laboratory procedure designed to measure the security of attachment a child displays towards its primary carer. Secure base behaviour, proximity seeking, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety and response to being united with primary carer are all assessed. It consists of 8 episodes and lasts 3 minutes each: -The child and carer are placed in an empty room. -The child is free to explore. -A stranger enters, greets the mother and attempts to play with the child. -The carer leaves the child with the stranger. -The carer re-enters and the stranger leaves. -The carer leaves the child alone. -The stranger re-enters. -The stranger leaves and carer re-enters. Ainsworth proposed three types of attachment -Type A (Avoidant) children do not seek proximity nor display secure base behaviour towards carer. Show no distress when leaves and avoid contact when return. 20-25% British 12-18month olds are classified as A. -Type B (Secure) Children play independently but seek proximity and regularly return to carer. Show moderation distress and stranger anxiety. Require and accept comfort from carer in stage 8. 60-75% British classified as Type B. Type C (Resistant) Children explore less, intensely seeking proximity. Get distressed when being left alone with stranger but later resist comfort from carer. 3% classified as type C. Cross-Cultural Issues regarding child-rearing styles: -Number of Cultural variations exist in infant attachment. Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis on results of numerous studies from across the globe, using the strange situation as the research method and categorising as A,B and C. -A total of 32 studies from 8 countries were used, and the differences were striking In most countries insecure resistant was least common, except for Israel, Japan and China, where the percentage of secure attachments was lower. -Grossman & Grossman (1990) suggest that the idea of attachment mean different things to different cultures e.g. In Britain we are uncomfortable with emotionally disengaged children, however in Germany they might lable an avoidant as independent. -Another idea is that the Strange Situation as a research method is not useful in non-western cultures such as Japan and China. Takahashi (1990) suggests it does not work in Japan. The cultural norm is that mothers and babies are very rarely separated. Also the mothers did not follow the strange situation directly, and rushed the reuniting stage by picking up the baby. -Belsky (1999) proposed different attachments are useful for people living in different environments. Insecure attachment is associated with early sexual activity, and tendency to form weak adult relationships such parenting behaviours can be helpful in environments where mortality rates are high. Description + Evaluation of Deprivation/Seperation, including Bowlbys Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis and how negative effects can be reduced: - Deprivation is the separation from an attachment figure. However it often receives criticism as it fails to distinguish between privation and deprivation. There is both short-term and long-term deprivation. Short-term deprivation Robertson & Bowlby (1952) investigated the case of Laura, who went into hospital for a routine operation aged 2 years. Her emotional state deteriorated throughout the eight days and she was severely withdrawn and no longer showed affection towards her visiting mother. After further research they proposed children go through 3 stages when experiencing this separation: -Protest Children at first were often panic-stricken + upset. They cried frequently and tried to stop their parents leaving. -Despair After a time, children cried less frequently, but became apathetic and uninterested. -Detachment Children eventually began to take an interest in their surroundings. However, if they reached this stage, children frequently rejected their primary carer. BUT Kirby & Whelan (1996) found that hospitalisation can have a negative effect, but it depends on the circumstances -The age of the child. -The quality of the parental attachments. -Severity of medical intervention. Long-Term Deprivation Involves Separation or Divorce within families such as discord or reordering. -Richards (1995) identified a number of typical effects of parental separation on children. These include lower levels of academic attainment, higher rate of behavioural problems, earlier ages for sexual relationships and marriage, more distant relationships with family as an adult and lower socio-economic status and well being as an adult. -Studies have been conducted to establish whether families are more affected by parental discord or family reordering. Cockett & Tripp (1994) found from a sample of 152 children that those form a reordered family were seriously worse off than those who experienced discord. They found that children were not prepared for separation and fewer than half had regular contact with the absent parent.

A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid

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-However it is impossible to measure such a change, especially since discord is a part of reordering. Also reordered families may have experienced greater discord or lesser reason for staying together, so again it is different. -Ferguson et al. (1992) found opposing evidence. He examined a larger sample of 1256 and found that it was the discord family that was more prone to increase offending rates. Reducing the effects of Deprivation -Short-term deprivation, e.g. hospitalisation, can lead to serious problems within a family. -Bowlbys evidence forced hospitals to change their criteria. Parents are now able to visit their children at any point over 24 hours and are permitted to stay overnight with them. - Long-term deprivation. -Cockett & Tripp found that most problems were caused in families where there multiple reordering or where parents did not prepare their children for separation. Parents are now advised to prepare children for this and form new family units slowly. Bowlbys (1951) Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis Bowlby proposed that a child requires continuous presence of a primary carer throughout a sensitive period lasting the first 18 months to 2 years. There are two serious consequences of this: -Affectionless Psychopathy The inability to form experience guilt or deep feelings for others. Naturally this interferes enormously with relationships in later life. Often associated with criminality, as psychopaths tend to lack remorse for crimes they have committed. -Developmental Retardation Proposed there is a critical period for intellectual development and that if children are deprived of a maternal relationship for too long, they will suffer retardation, ie. Very low intelligence. -Support is provided by the Study 44 juvenile thieves by Bowlby (1946). However the study was conducted by Bowlby himself and there is an element of bias about it. A double-blind procedure should have been conducted. Furthermore the maternal deprivation hypothesis tends to heavily focus the role of the mother and ignore the father, so this is not supported by successful single fathers. Description + Evaluation of Privation. Are the effects reversible? -Privation is the failure to form a normal attachment. This normally takes place in extreme circumstances such as neglect or abuse, such as being brought up in institutional care. -Psychologists cannot simply prive a child for ethical reasons so all research is based on case studies. -The problem with case studies is that they are all unique, so it is difficult to draw conclusions. - However, case studies do provide extensive detail on an individual and provide strong evidence to support privation. - ETHICS should prived cases be investigated, as in the case of Genie, could it simply harm the patient further? -Is Privation reversible? -The case such as Genie suggest that privation is not reversible as Genie never acquired full language speech, but we will never know as psychological research stopped before adulthood. -The case of the Czech twins by Koluchova provides evidence to support the idea that privation is reversible. This may be down to the fact that the twins experienced care with their aunt or by the fact they were rescued at an earlier age. -The fact they went on to have above average IQs and form a family of their own suggests that privation is reversible. -There is further support from Rutter and the ERA team in 1998 to suggest it is reversible although most recently Zeanah et al. (2005) found it may not be reversible. Learning Difficulty Autism Autism is now referred to as a particular autistic spectrum disorder. Generally people with these disorders suffer from problems in the following three areas, and it is diagnosed through the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: -Communication Speech difficulties, other struggle to read body language, or grasping concepts of jokes. -Social interaction People on the autistic spectrum find it hard to understand peoples emotions they find it hard to interact. -Social imagination Find it hard to imagine what is going to happen next. Find new situations frightening and may not anticipate danger. -Often people with autism find it hard to express and understand emotions. Often they can be more interested in things than people. Although many autistic sufferers crave friendship they do not have the interactional skills to form such attachments. -EFFECTS ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - Although many people with autism have lower than average IQs, some people with aspergers actually have above average IQ and others are savants meaning they are geniuses. - Rain Man has created a debate that many savants never fulfil the extent of their mental capabilities. -Baron-Cohen 2008 suggests that autism results in two distinctive differences in children developing cognitive abilities. This is with empathy and hypersystamising. Children with autism have poor empathy, but show excessive interests for example by having repetitive behaviours. -People with autism are particularly suited to science, law as these are areas in which they can excel.BaronCohen et al. (2001) compared the scores of scientists and non-scientists on the Autistic Spectrum quotient and found they ad significantly higher scores. Baron-Cohen (2007) surveyed 378

A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid

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maths undergraduates and found they were 7 times more likely to have an autistic diagnosis themselves and 5 times more to have a close relative with the disorder. -EFFECTS ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT -Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright (2003) tested 68 ASD subjects and found they scored significantly lower than the average score of 70-90 on the friendship text coming closer to 50 and 60. -Campbell et al. (2005) found that popular children did not respond to information about autism with more positive attitudes to children with ASD, whereas unpopular children did. -Campbell & Mario (2009) asked 293 children from two schools to be buddies for new children, with and without ASD. Those with a higher social status buddied a child without ASD but those with a lower status chose to buddy a child with ASD. -Owens et al. (2008) found that through a number of LEGO therapy sessions, social interaction improved significantly between ASD children and non-autistic children. This is due to cooperating as a team and gaining the confidence to socialise. Explinations of Autism: Extreme Male Brain Theory (EMB) Baron-Cohen (2005) -The brain structure of an autistic person is an exaggeration of normal male brain structure. -There are many similarities between the brain structure of a normal male and an autistic person. Typically men score higher than women on tests of systemising., while women score higher on etsts of empathy. -This has led to the hypothesis that autism sufferers have an extreme male brain. The idea that men and people with ASD share some cognitive strengths and weaknesses. -There is also evidence for a broader autistic phenotype, that is a set of characteristics that would not lead to a diagnosis but which are related to autism e.g. scientists, mathematicians etc. have poor social skills and there children have a higher risk of ASD. However on the contrary: -Ellis (2005) suggests it provides a better explanation for Aspergers syndrome th\an other forms of autism because it doesnt explain language problems that people with ASD often have. -Also theory centres on two narrow characteristics shared by males and people with ASD. There are many other differences e.g. Men tend to be more violent than women, but ASD sufferers are not violent. -EMB is therefore not a direct explanation for a complete male brain, just aspects of it. Theory of Mind -Baron-Cohen (1985) proposed that people with autism lack a theory of mind or in other words have mind blindness. -Theory of Mind suggests that autism is due to an inability to infer the mental states of others (Baren-Cohen, 2000). -People with autism have difficulty performing tasks where they must infer another persons mental state (Baren-Cohen, 2000). -People with Aspergers disorder are able to pass simple tasks about the beliefs of others, but appear to do so through using conscious, effortful strategies, rather than the automatic processing that normal use. In an emotion-recognition task mentioned in connection with the amygdala, where subjects judged emotion from pictures showing only the eyes of the target, individuals with Aspergers disorder also showed less frontal activation than did normal subjects (Baren-Cohen et al., 1999). Evaluation + Supported by a number of studies by Baron-Cohen. However ignores the influence of genetics. -Evidence is not concrete as many people believe that it is a continuous process people learn to develop a theory of mind. - Not all autistic sufferers have complete mind blindness. +Supported by Sally Anne Experiment. Key Issue Daycare including one study for and one study against. Day Care in its most simple definition means non parental care or separation from the main attachment figure. Karen (1994) described it as the Child Care wars because of the long disputed arguments within psychology. The anti-day Care camp consist of Parents, psychologists like Belsky, Fundamentalist Christians and Politically Right wing groups, and the pro-daycare group consists of psychologists concerned with the positive effects e.g. Andersson, Professionals, Feminists and Governments concerned with reducing childbenefit.

Study against Day-Care Belsky & Raine (1988) Non-maternal care in the first year of life and security of infant-parent attachment Aim: To investigate the rates of insecure attachments in babies whose parents used full-time and part-time DayCare with 3 fulltime mothers. Method: -149, 12-13 month old babies (90 male, 59 female) with two married heterosexual parents were assessed for attachment to both mothers and fathers using the Strange Situation. -Special attention was paid to stage 8 which measures the chills response to reunion with carer. -Mothers of infants were interviewed about their work and classified accordingly to whether they worked + used daycare. If so, for how many hours a week. -Rates of insecure attachments to mothers and fathers calculated in relation to working hours.

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Results: -Higher Rates of Insecure attachments in children whose mother worked 20hours+ a week. -Those who showed resistance in Stage 8 were more likely to have an insecure attachment to their father if they worked 35+ hours. Conclusion: -Using DayCare for more than 20hrs per week for first year increases the risk of child developing an insecure attachment to mother. -35+hours a week increases the risk of developing insecure attachment to father. Evaluation of Belsky & Raine (1988) +Supported by a number of other studies e.g. Anhert et al. (2004) and Belsky & Fearon (2002) +Supports the idea that transition to daycare should be slow and dose-effects are important. Also quality is important. +Supported by numerous news allegations that DayCare is potentially harmful. -Plenty of evidence to counter Belskys argument. -If the quality, doseage and transition is excellent, then it can have little negative influence. Positive Effects: Andersson (1996) -Followed up 128 children who had been in DayCare from infancy to 13 years. -Assessed for Social Skills and Peer Relations. -Compared with control group without DayCare, and found they were more popular and socially skilled. -Allowed the engagement in intellectual and creative activities. Evaluation: -Large sample that is supported by other evidence from Harrison & ungerer (2002) and also Kagan et al. 1980 who proposed DayCare is more beneficial to families of lower-economic status than middle class parents (This is further supported by Anhert 2004 correlation). -Helps to support the idea of dose-effects and transition. -Evidence from Belsky suggests otherwise on this issue. ___________________________________________________

Studies:

Curtiss (1977) - Genie: psycholinguistic study o a modern day wild child Background: -When Genie was 20 months old a doctor told her family that she might have learning difficulties. -In response, unstable father kept her isolated in her bedroom tied to a potty by day and tied to a sleeping bag by night. -Beaten by father every time she tried to communicate and only had basic interactions with her father. -Her mother and brother were not allowed to communicate with her or leave the house Case History: -Rescued at the age of 13 when her mother ran away and took her to social services. -Genie had very little speech and was afraid of adults. -Initially fostered by a special needs teacher and then by one of the psychologists studying her. -Developing language (Steadily increasing vocabulary, no grammatically correct sentences) + attachment to carers - Continued to display extreme anxiety -Research funding terminated psychologists returned her to social services and cared for in a succession of foster homes. -Physically abused again in one of her foster homes and regressed to the state she was in when first rescued. -Settled in with an adult foster-carer who did not wish her to have anything to do with psychologists again Interpretation: -Genie suffered privation as the result of being forcibly separated from her mother and being isolated from all human interaction. -Both emotional and cognitive damage. Evaluation:

A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid

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+The reports on Genie form a richly-detailed case study, with good quantitative and qualitative data. +Evidence to support that privation is not reversible, and the effects are detrimental to a person. -Difficult to generalise from case studies. -There were strong suggestions that Genie may have had developmental problems in infancy, it was not possible to say that her subsequent failure to develop normally was due solely to her experiences. -Also it was not known how much, if any, language stimulation Genie had received during her years of abusive confinement. In any case, because there was a strong suggestion that Genie may have had developmental problems in infancy, it was not possible to say that her subsequent failure to develop normally was due solely to her experiences. -Ethical Considerations: - She was not offered the opportunity to give her consent to the studies though she may not have understood if it had been offered to her. However, the researchers undoubtedly gave Genie a very high level of care. -She was given a pseudonym to protect her identity but the broadcast of some of the film of her (without permission) increased the likelihood that someone would recognise her.

Bowlby (1946) 44 Juvenile thieves Aims: - whether teenage criminals who displayed affectionless psychopathy were more likely to have suffered maternal deprivation. Procedure: -44 teenagers referred to child guidance clinic -Bowlby worked on the basis that they were involved in criminal activity and that they were living with biological parents -Interviewed them in order to assess whether they showed signs of affectionless psychopathy. -Identified by: lack of affection towards others, lack of guilt or shame + lack of empathy for their victims. -Also interviewed families of adolescents in order to establish early separations from primary carers in first 2 years -Bowlby matched up the young people who had affectionless psychopathy and those who had had prolonged maternal deprivation -A control group of non-delinquent young people was established in order to see how common maternal deprivation was in non-delinquents. Findings: -Of the 14 children identified as affectionless psychopaths, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in the first 2 years. -Only 5 of the delinquents not classified as affectionless psychopaths experienced similar separations -Of the 44 people in the non-delinquent control group, only 2 had experienced prolonged separation. Conclusion: -Young criminals who had prolonged separation were several times more likely to exhibit affectionless psychopathy than those who had no separation. Provides strong support for Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis. Evaluation: -A double-blind trial should have been conducted for this experiment researcher bias (he made all assessments). Very Low Validity -Data on maternal deprivation was collected retrospectively Data cannot be accurate, and some parents may have conformed to social desirability effects.

A2 Psychology Revision Notes + Ramzey Sid

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-Some children had only been separated for very short periods should not have led to disruption of attachment. -Michael Rutter (1981) suggests this was due to privation rather than deprivation as they didnt have chance to form attachment. -Sample not representative Majority not referred to childrens clinics, and Gender Bias, not 60%boys 40%girls. -Difficult to generalise from highly detailed case studies. -Research was correlational not experimental for ethical reasons separation cannot be manipulated as IV, so no cause and effect. -Labels used for categorisation are not standard psychiatric diagnoses. -He emphasised Affectionless Psychopathy, but the concept is very vague. The term Reactive Attachment Disorder is now more commonly used when dealing with these problems. __________________________________________________ Child Psychology Practical Content Analysis: Analysis of Results: Article from Guardian has more positive terminology, telegraph less. 60/40. Analysis on Article from the Telegraph: -59% of the article consisted of Negative Terminology compared to 41% being positive terminology. -From the Telegraph, a centre-right and Conservative newspaper. Being a centre-right newspaper, it is bound to be somewhat critical of the Labour Government and policies on these matters. Conservatives are generally more traditional than the left-wing, proposing the mother plays a more important role in early childdevelopment than perhaps some suggest. -In addition many Right wing supporters tend to be religious, and there are many religious groups which go against DayCare. Religious groups stress the importance of the Family Unit. -Furthermore the person who wrote this article was a male, again possibly shedding light onto his stance over this issue. If the author had been a female, she may have been more inclined to write positively on DayCare, stressing the need for women to have careers, whereas this author may be slightly biased in his opinion. And tone is somewhat aggressive turning our children into yobs. Analysis on Article from the Guardian: -Criticises study itself and the methods not actually the policy of Daycare. -Article is defends Governments actions and provides substantial evidence to support DayCare and back the Labour Governments plans. -Guardian is a centre-left newspaper that has openly supported centre-left parties such as the Labour Party, including during the 2005 General Election. Thus the content is supportive of Labour policy, and in many ways looks to defend what the Government supports. --Generally be very liberal. They support the idea of women going out to work, and disagree with the significance of the family unit, again unsurprisingly showing the differences. The article was written by a female, which could be a contributory actor in its more supportive stance on DayCare and tone is far softer, saying poor behaviour and says study, in order to continue its obvious support for DayCare. Conclusion -Telegraph ant and guardian Pro. -Supported by Belsky (1986)and confirms Karens (1994) concept of Child Care Wars as the long standing argument ceases to stop. Ignores the positive effects of DaycCare evident from widespread research by Andersson (1996), Harrison + Ungerer (2002). And Kagan et al. (1980) support the previous Governments actions that Nursery Care is more beneficial for the poorest within society.