National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC)

National Telecommunication Corporation
Internship Report
Submitted By: Faheem Sajid 2009-EE-220
Presented to: Divisional Engineer (Pak-Capital Exchange)
Department of Electronics Engineering
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we are grateful to Al-Mighty ALLAH and National Tele communication Corporation providing us handsome opportunity to have internship who gave us the strength, courage and spirit needed to finish this internship. This internship report could not have been possible without the kind help of many individuals. We would like to thank the DE(Data Comm) NTC Pak Capital Exchange Karachi, Mr. Faraz Ahmed Khan, DE(Transmission) Mr.Muhtashim, DE(Phones) Mr.Ilyas Ansari, who gave us this wonderful opportunity to have practical exposure. Besides instructions from Senior Engineers and Technicians, ongoing maintenance and troubleshooting activities as well as equipment testing in the workshop happens to be the main source of our gained technical knowledge. We would like to thank Engineers, technicians and workers for their help support and kindness. We would to thank Mr. Laique, Mr. Naeem-ud-Din, Mr. Wajahat, Mr. Shahab, Mr. Waseem, Mr. Kamran, Mr. Sulman, Mr. Jugal Kishore and Mr. Junaid. They were always there to educate and guide us. We shall always remember the humbling attitude of all NTC employees that facilitated me in this learning process and helped us in making a good learning ground. In this internship report we have tried our best to highlight all basic objects which we have learnt in NTC.
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PREFACE
The primary aim of this internship is to get used with the practical life and acquire knowledge in the related field. In this internship report we have summarized the basic aspects of exchange and to try the basic idea of the setup. We are not able to transfer each and every thing which we have studied at NTC, but we are sure that this report will be helpful for future internees.
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1.1 Introduction:
The new era of telecommunication in Pakistan has brought several challenges with it, despite of the advantages it has made visible for the consumers. The most important being the challenge to keep intact the security requirements of the GoP (Government of Pakistan) and to protect the new players in this field from the conventional practices of the incumbent operators to protect their market share. To overcome these challenges GoP established National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) in January 1996 under the Telecom Reorganization Act 1996. The main objective was to have an infrastructure independent of all other operators that can be used for the purpose of government communication and as an alternative support for the operators entering the market.
1.2 Progress :
The ongoing infrastructure development journey for NTC began in 1996 when it was created with few local exchanges and analog microwave. However, today NTC has developed its own infrastructure to an extent where it can be called an independent IT and telecom operator capable of meeting the challenges of the deregulated environment and meeting the objectives for which it was created.
NTC started its operations in 1996 with only 5 local exchanges all over Pakistan and an analog microwave link not capable of supporting the digital transmission. To carry out its operations, it was mainly dependent on PTC infrastructure and used its transit network, international gateways, transmission network, IN platform etc. to carry out its operations. The copper network in the access provided to NTC was not sufficient to cater for its subscriber base and meet the required quality of service parameters. NTC had no arrangements for direct interconnect with cellular operators as a result it had to pay substantial part of its revenues to PTCL for 3rd party termination. Data services being essential demand of NTC customers could not be met due to non availability of infrastructure. Billing of NTC customers was carried out through PTC initially and through Pakistan Computer Bureau. The main challenge for NTC at that time was to reduce this dependency on other operators to minimum as soon as possible to fulfill its obligations and to sustain itself in the deregulated environment in which PTC was to be privatized.
The main focus in the initial years was to develop its own basic infrastructure that included optical fiber transmission backbone, transit network, billing system and multi services data network (MSDN) beside expansion of its switching network to un-served areas to cover as much of its subscriber base as possible. National Telecommunication Corporation Page 4
It purchased 2 fibers from PTC in the main optical fiber backbone and equipped it with 622 Mbps SDH system. It expanded its exchanges in different cities to gain access to its customers along with laying of copper cable. These exchanges were converted into transit exchanges to provision long distance services on NTC network and to have direct interconnects with cellular and other operators. The establishment of NTC MSDN was a major milestone, achieved in 2001 which enabled NTC to provide multiple data services such as dialup, DSL , Web hosting and internet etc. to its customers. Another milestone achievement in National history is in placement of Pakistan education & Research Network (PERN) project. The project is providing 155 Mbps international connectivity to 59 universities connected all over Pakistan. The billing system was developed in first 4 years which made it possible for NTC to do its own billing.
1.3 Future Thoughts:

Being aware of the new technologies, demand for new services and converged network NTC is in the process of upgrading and expanding its network. Migration from conventional TDM network to IP based Next Generation Network has been planned and being implemented. The 622 Mbps optical fiber backbone not able to meet the requirement of bandwidth hungry applications is being upgraded to 10 Gbps DWDM based technology. To improve the efficiency ERP solution has been planned and under process of implementation. To gain access to NTC users efforts are being made for frequency allocation and as a stop gap arrangement virtual WLL connections are being provided to NTC subscribers. To provide value added service from its own platform NTC is planning its own IN platform. Very soon NTC subscribers will be hearing NTC operators for customer relations, call booking and complaints through its state-of-the-art call center. Multi services access network has been planned to be as close to the user on fiber as possible to extend multiple services from a single platform. Plan for replacing analog microwave with digital is being made so that NTC can meet the requirements in case of disasters and can provide an alternate to optical fiber backbone. The co-location facilities are being planned to facilitate new entrants in performing their operations.
NTC has traveled a long way in developing its infrastructure in lines with the technological and market trends. NTC is determined to provide an infrastructure required to meet its objectives and to support the nation and GoP in achieving its objectives.
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1.4 Revenue:
Following are the major sources of revenue for NTC:-
o Fixed line connections. o Media (MW, DRS, OFS, PCM, Carrier) services. o Internet, MSDN services. o Internet, MSDN services. o Services for Mobile operators. o Gateway services for International communication. o Services for PERN project 1.5 NTC Services:
NTC has a definite mandate to provide basic telecommunication services to its designated customers, which include Federal and Provincial Governments, their departments, autonomous organizations and defense services throughout the country. NTC Making committed efforts to provide following state-of-the-art communication solutions using third generation IP Voice & Data Networking.
Telephone: o Basic Telephony
o Calling Card o ISDN-Integrated Service Digital Network o BRI-Basic Rate Interface o PRI-Primary Rate Interface
Multi-Services Data Network: o Web Hosting facility o Electronic mail platform o Dialup Internet Access, ISDN o Virtual Private Networking o Video Conferencing facility o Broad Band Internet Access o Intranet Solutions
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o Radio/Wireless Networking Solution o Lease Line Services

1.5.1 Telephonic Services: NTC has provided more than 1,05,000 working connections of telephone to its government subscribers throughout the country.
To meet the requirements of its subscribers NTC is operating following switching and transmission media services with various new installations in progress. 39 main switching units. 69 remote digital line units. Microwave links as its long haul media.
Following value added services are also planned for the users: Caller line identification. Call waiting. Call transfer. Wakeup timer. Don't disturb. Abbreviated dialing Switched Hotline Three Parties audio Conferencing
1.5.2 Wireless Local Loop:

NTC CDMA phone is an alternate to NTC landline with an added advantage of enhanced services. Its the wireless telephony revolution based on CDMA 2000 Technology that combines the best features of both mobile and landline. Its the only service that allows freedom from all sorts of telephonic hassle .This unique and innovative service is the beginning of a new era in connecting people. Go ahead and experience this new exciting service, specially designed keeping in mind the needs of our designated subscribers.
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1.5.3 Calling Card: NTC international calling cards are available in denomination of Rs. 250 and 500. NTC calling cards are exclusively dial able from NTC numbers only.
1.5.4 Universal Access Number (UAN):

Universal Access Number (UAN) service is ideal for organizations engaged in facilitating General Public, help lines, marketing of products or services.
List of businesses that may have UAN service

Government Institutes United nation organizations Ministries/ help lines Shipping Lines Consumer Products Companies Educational Institutes Provincial Govt. Departments Trading Companies Motorway Police/FIA Foreign Embassies Insurance Companies PTV/Radio Pakistan Stock Exchanges Utility Services
How it Works:
UAN consists of 6 digits, preceded by 3 digit code of 111, common to all UANs. Example 111 - 20 20 20. UAN operates on Existing telephone connections without disturbing normal phone number. UAN works both in multiline PABX and multi phone connections. The incoming call hunts for a free junction or free phone connecting instantly. UAN service can also be used for facsimile.
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1.5.4 Internet:
ADSL
NTC has now embarked on the challenging industry of Telecommunications in Pakistan thereby offering Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Services (ADSL/G.SHDSL/HDSL) over the existing phone lines. These High-Speed digital communication services will go a long way in meeting the overdue demand of our Government, Educational and Business community in resolving the last mile/local loop issues. With NTCs DSL service, it is possible to receive high data rates at low cost and optimum performance. A DSL line can carry both data and voice signals and the data part of the line is continuously connected
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network, or ISDN in short, is essentially a network of fast and highly reliable connections that bring voice, data and video together all on one digital line. Besides individual users, the NTC-ISDN service also suits corporate users with a small LAN and who are looking for low-cost network access to the Internet. With its dial-on-demand technology, it automatically drops a connection after a pre-defined amount of idle time, and reconnects when you wish to reaccess the Internet. That's a lot of time, not to mention money, saved. With the personal NTC-ISDN service, it is possible to access the internet using both ISDN and analogue phone lines.
Dial-Up
Keeping in view, the requirement of internet making it a commodity in todays world NTC embarked upon the mission to provide low price quality access to the Cyber world and set up top of the notch Access Servers in collaboration with custom made billing and accounting system. At this moment NTCs dialup service is available to all the government functionaries across Pakistan. With clear pipe IPLCs users always get the smooth Internet surfing experience at virtually no cost.
1.5.5 Intranet:
As major autonomous bodies and corporate clients are becoming aware of the vulnerabilities of Internet and the threats associated with it in exchanging sensitive data, Intranet is becoming popular with each passing day. Now corporations want to make transactions with complete sense of security and confidentiality. Using broadband network NTC is providing complete Intranet solutions with amalgam of technologies naming Dxx, DSL and ATM, which provides complete network solution to your door steps. National Telecommunication Corporation Page 9
1.5.6 Web Hosting:
G.SHDSL DXX
NTC Power Platform Hosting Solutions meet specific hosting requirements by simplifying the challenges of any configuration. Our Hosting and Access Solutions provide the service, flexibility, reliability and responsiveness need to satisfy all clients requirements, business and technical. NTCs reliable platform gives access to database development tools such as Active Server Pages (ASP), MS Access, My SQL, PhP, MS-SQL server, Oracle Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) support and helps clients to get the most from latest in Web-authoring excellence.
1.5.7 Transmission: Dark Fiber

Bandwidth bottlenecks can slow data traffic, sometimes at the last mile. This is because most fiber optics networks do not extend all the way to the businesses in need of service. NTC provides its own metro dark fiber service laterals in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Sargodha and that can deliver this last mile to ensure fast connections. NTC telecom solutions will remove bandwidth as an obstacle to your growth without major capital expenditures or maintenance obligations. Now NTC lease its dark fiber pairs in the above mentioned cities. Dark fiber pair lease will be point to point for which NTC shall be responsible for maintenance of Dark Fiber.
Media (Junction)
A leased circuit is a dedicated link between two fixed locations for exclusive use of the customer. NTC provides leased line services to other service providers and corporate customers for interconnecting offices, mobile switches and all telecom switching and distribution equipments all over Pakistan, a leased circuit may be speech circuit, a data circuit or a telegraph circuit, the terminating equipment at both ends is telephone without dialing facility both way signaling and speech is possible. Leased line charges depend on distance or type of circuit or bandwidth.
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1.5.8 Video Conferencing: NTC, has completed this challenging project which is directly related to overall objectives of IT Action plan and the concept of E-Governance. NTC has deployed state of the art hardware and designed a scalable network by means of which fast, reliable, secure and real time access will be possible between the top Federal and Provincial Government officials for better and closer communication without physical displacement.
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2. Departments in NTC
2.1 Departments of NTC:
There are basically 3 main departments in NTC, and their sub departments are also given
Finance department HR & Admin Department Technical Department
o TRANSMISSION o DATA COMMUNICATION o PHONES o SWITICHING 2.2 Transmission:

The main task of transmission is to provide cooperation between local media and international media. It establishes connectivity between the local haul or back haul and the forward haul or international media. This connectivity consists of voice and data. The transmission of voice and data is accomplished by using different techniques. The signals to be transmitted need to be undergone techniques like sampling,
quantization, encoding and transmission. To increase the capacity of the transmission media, techniques like multiplexing and modulation are also used.
2.2.1 Multiplexing:
Different signals are combined together and transmitted along the channel in order to save the bandwidth. (Many into one).
2.2.2
TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING: space is divided ; implies

frequency is divided ;
Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

different point-to-point wires for different channels.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

several distinct frequency ranges over that medium.
achieves the combining of several digital signals into one medium by sending signals in
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
time is divided, involves
sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input stream, one after the other, and in such a way that they can be associated with the appropriate receiver.
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
space, time and frequency is
divided ; several channels simultaneously share the same frequency spectrum, and this spectral bandwdith is much higher than the bit rate or symbol rate. One form is frequency hopping, another is direct sequence spread spectrum.
Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) colours) of laser light.
which multiplexes a number of
optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
- that puts
data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate wavelengths or channels of data can be multiplexed into a light stream transmitted on a single optical fiber.
PCM (PULSE CODE MODULATION)

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form for digital audio in computers and various Blu-ray, Compact Disc and DVD formats, as well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the magnitude of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. PCM streams have two basic properties that determine their fidelity to the original analog signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the bit depth, which determines the number of possible digital values that each sample can take.
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PCM is a modulation technique in which analog signals are converted into digital signals it consists of 3 steps:
Sampling An analog signal is divided into 8000 samples Quantization each sample is rounded up or down based on the algorithm. Encoding Finally the sample is encoded.
PROCESS
1 sample information = 8bit 8000 samples processed in 1sec. Therefore 8000sample info = 8*8000 = 64000 bits = 64kb/sec. 30 voice calls are transmitted together. 30*8000 = 240000 samples 30*64kbps = 1920kbps
1frame = 32bits, therefore 32*64 = 2048kb/sec = 2Mb/sec= E1

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)
PDH is obsolete in todays world due to drawbacks. The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems. The term plesiochronous is derived from Greek plsios, meaning near, and chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronised. Following are the disadvantages of PDH: No NMS (Network Management System). No interaction between man and machine. No software control. No standard defined internationally. Vendor bounded.(different vendors could not communicate with each other). Bit interleaving. (bitwise transmission) No add drop directly. Point to point.
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SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)

SDH is the upgraded version of PDH, fulfilling the drawbacks of PDH. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.
Characteristics of SDH are: NMS. Software control. Multi vendor. Add drop directly. Byte interleaving.(Byte wise transmission) Point to point and multipoint. International standard.
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WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing):

Different SDH come and connect to WDM. Based on the frequency WDM allots channels to different signals. Segment grouping of signals (countries are divided into segments) so that a problem occurs it can be rectified easily. Last station Marseille(France) Installing new project IMWE(Indian Middle East Western Europe)
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER

The device used to repair cable is OTDR or Optical time domain reflect meter.It is an optoelectronic device used for estimating the fibers length and overall attenuation, including splice and mated connectors losses. It may be used to locate faults, such as breaks and to measure optical return loss. Testing is done for one end only.
STEPS INVOLVED IN REPAIRING AN OPTICAL FIBER

An optical fiber is repaired in three steps Cladding Cleaving Cleaning
Cladding
The first step of repairing an optical fiber is cladding, in which the jacket is removed. As an optical fiber consists of many pairs so color coding is used to differentiate between the damaged and sound pairs.
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Cleaving
Cleaving is the process of cutting the damaged part. Cleaving is a done by an instrument which consists of diamond. As the jacket of optical fiber is very strong, therefore it is necessary to get the job done by some sort of sharp instrument.
Cleaning
Dust particles are removed through an alcoholic gauss. Then splicing machine is used to join the broken ends.
OFS
(Optical Fiber System)
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider than a human hair. Optical fiber system consist a network of optical fibers which are used for the transmission of optical signals. Initially all the signals are analog signal which cant be transmitted to long distance because they undergo transmission impairments and path losses. To minimize such problems optical fibers have been designed because in which signals are although analog but they undergo a very low line problems. Usually in transmission of signal at a certain distance repeaters are used which regenerate the signal again; in case of optical fibers these repeaters are installed at a large distance usually 25 km. Because of their light weight optical fibers are very easy to install even under water. Use of Optical fibers has increased the capacity of data transmission through a media. It is said that the bandwidth of a single optical fiber can be increased to infinity by using modern multiplexing techniques. A single optical fiber can support a data of 10 GB. This is used commonly in long distance transmission. National Telecommunication Corporation Page 17
STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBER

Optical fiber generally consists of three parts Core Cladding Jacket
CORE
Core is the inner most section and consists of one or more strands, made up of glass or plastic, the core has a diameter of 50 micrometer.
CLADDING
A glass or plastic coating having optical properties different from those of the core, and has diameter of 125 micrometer. The interface between core and cladding act as a reflector to confine light that would otherwise escape the fiber.
JACKET
The jacket is composed of plastic and other materials layered to protect against moisture, abrasion, crushing and other environmental dangers.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
The transmission of light signals through an optical fiber is accomplished by using different transmission modes like Single mode, graded index Multimode, step index mode.
SINGLE MODE
In single mode, the light rays travel in a straight line. Some Spacing is kept between the rays to avoid interference. This mode is used for large distance communication
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GRADED INDEX MULTIMODE

This mode of transmission is done by varying the index of refraction of the core. Refractive index is higher at centre whereas it decreases towards the corners. This transmission mode is used for shorter distances.
STEP INDEX MULTIMODE

Rays at shallow angle are reflected and propagated through along the fiber other rays are absorbed by the surrounding material. With this mode multi paths exist due to which signals undergo dispersion and data cant be accurately achieved.
Technology Used
Following are the transmission technologies used in OFS 1. SDH 2. DWDM
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)

SDH is the upgraded version of PDH, fulfilling the drawbacks of PDH. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.
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Characteristics of SDH are: NMS. Software control. Multi vendor. Add drop directly. Byte interleaving.(Byte wise transmission) Point to point and multipoint. International standard.
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is the technology that puts data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate wavelengths or channels of data can be multiplexed into a lightstream transmitted on a single optical fiber.
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2.3 Data Communication: 2.3.1

Intranet
Intranet is a network operating like the Internet but having access restricted to a limited group of authorized users. Simply Intranet is Private and Internet is Public Network.
NTC Provide Intranet services using DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and DXX (Digital Cross Connect). As organization wants to secure its data from other world, but at a same time they wants to interconnect their branches, so intranet is the solution for that, and thats its a demanding service. 2.3.2 DSL:
DSL uses high frequency, while regular telephone uses low frequency on the same telephone Line.
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Equipment & Specification: 1. Zyxel DSLAM 2.4 DXX: Digital Cross Connect or DXX is a Circuit Switch technology based upon TDM. DXX devices are available for both T carrier and E- Carrier based circuits. Digital Cross connects can connect extremely high speed networks with lower speed networks to achieve a mutually synchronized speed for common data transformation in the network IP Based 72 Ports ADSL Card, Uplink FE
2. Lucent Stringer ATM 48 Ports ADSL Card, Uplink E3
3. Zhone ATM 48 Ports ADSL Card, Uplink E1/E3
4. Paradyne ATM 24 Ports, Uplink E1
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Equipment & Specification:

1. DXX Alcatel MainStreet 3600 3 E1 Cards 128 kbps Service Card 27LC3 1 E1 Frame Relay 2 Control Card CTL3
2. DXX Alcatel MainStreet 36170 2 Control Card 1 E1 Circuit Emulation 2 E1 Frame Relay 2 Hub Cards ATM/DXX Network Architecture:
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3. DSL Introduction:
DSL is a family of technologies that provide high speed data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. It uses high frequency, while regular telephone uses low frequency on the same telephone line.
TYPES OF DSL:
1. ADSL 2. SDLS 3. HDSL 4. IDSL 5. RADSL 6. UDSL 7. IDSL 8. PDSL 9. SHDSL Here we will only focus on ADSAL & SDSL
ADSL:
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
is a form of DSL, a data
communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or micro filter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 4km At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional National Telecommunication Corporation Page 24
internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP. The distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, i.e. it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction. There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home users.
ADSL standards:
Frequency spectrum of a Fritz modem on a Belgian ADSL line. Standard name Common name Downstream rate Upstream rate
ANSI T1.413-1998 Issue 2 ADSL
8 Mbit/s
1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.1
ADSL (G.DMT)
12 Mbit/s
1.3 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.1 Annex A
ADSL over POTS 12 Mbit/s
1.3 MBit/s
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ITU G.992.1 Annex B
ADSL over ISDN
12 Mbit/s
1.8 MBit/s
ITU G.992.2
ADSL Lite (G.Lite) 1.5 Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3
ADSL2
12 Mbit/s
1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3 Annex J
ADSL2
12 Mbit/s
3.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3 Annex L
RE-ADSL2
5 Mbit/s
0.8 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.4
splitterless ADSL2 1.5 Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5
ADSL2+
24 Mbit/s
1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 Annex M
ADSL2+M
24 Mbit/s
3.5 Mbit/s
SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL

In the wider sense it is a collection of Internet access technologies based on DSL that offer symmetric bandwidth upstream and downstream. It is considered the opposite of Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technologies where the upstream bandwidth is lower than the downstream bandwith. In the narrow sense SDSL is a particular DSL variant that supports data only on a single line and does not support analog calls.
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Variations of DSL:
There are different variants of DSL and their primary reasons are following:
Speed Line Coding Area Covered
The upload speed is lower than download speed for Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) and equal to download speed for the rarer Symmetric DSL (SDSL).
Major Devices used for DSL:

DSLAM o DSL Access Multiplexer
o Multiplex multiple DSL connections into a high-speed Internet backbone line o Directs the data signals towards the ISP network, and the phone signals
towards the voice switch.
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BRAS:
o Broadband Remote Access Server o Termination for PPP sessions encapsulated either over Ethernet (PPPoE) or over ATM
(PPPoA).
o Forwards the users authentication information to the RADIUS server for the AAA process.
ATM:
o Asynchronous Transfer Mode o Establishes a virtual circuit between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins. o Fixed size cell of 53 bytes.
4.4 Network Design of DSL:
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4. Switching
Introduction:
The digital electronic switching system (EWSD) is equipped with a very powerful switching network (SN). by virtue of its high data transmission quality, the switching network can switch connection for various types of service (for example telephony, fecsimille, tele text, data transmission).this means that it is also ready for the integrated services digital network (ISDN), the switching network, to which u p to 504 line/trunk group(ltg) can be connected (sn:504ltg), can be employed in a number of optimized capacity stages.
Switching process
DLU LTG SN CP
In the above diagram switching process i.e how two subscribers are connect to each otherwise shown when a subscriber call to some other subscriber it first connect to the Digital Line Unit(DLU) but before this subscriber request go throw via a pair of drop cable to Distribution Point(DP) from there it is connected to the Cabinet via 10 pair wire cable then Cabinet is connected to Main Distributed frame (MDF) via 100 or more pair wire cable. After that the subscriber connects to the digital line unit (DLU) than line/trunk group (LTG) then switching network (SN) this whole process is receive for the destination side. In NTC PAK MSU exchange, Siemens Digital Electronic Switching System EWSD is installed.
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EWSD
EWSD is the most successful digital system worldwide; with its extensive functionality. EWSD helps us build a network as we want.
EWSD User Applications help us to get the best our network. Sophisticated mechanisms for numbering, routing, traffic management, charging etc. Support perfect tuning of the network resources and thus reduce our operational and network costs.
The EWSD platform, based on a modular architecture, gives full flexibility to configure switches exactly we want. We have the freedom to add whatever access equipment need for step towards a Next Generation Network.
EWSD Network Solutions support your ideas of what network architecture should look like. Different network solutions can be used to give perfectly engineered network architecture, on subscriber densities in and rural areas, or other regional aspects.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD
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CCNC OMT SYP MB CCG EM CP
common channel signaling network controller operation and maintenance Terminal system panel message Buffer central clock generator External Memory Coordination Process
ACESS PART DLU ( DIGITAL LINE UNIT )

In the digital electronic system (EWSD) subscriber lines and also provide branch exchange lines unit (DLU). Because their flexible connection capacity, high reliability and compactness DLUs are ideally suited for this purpose. The maximum connection capacity of a signal DLU up to 952 subscriber lines. They can be employed locally in remotely from an exchange. The remote DLUs or RDLUs are sited in the vicinity of groups of subscribers Where the MSU exchange installing is not possible. The RDLUs can be controlled and switching is performed but if the connection is interrupted with LTG then it can also control its local switching, it provide connection of subscribe line for rotary dialing, pushbutton dialing call charges indication(16 to 12 kHz) lines for provide branch exchanges. The size of the DLUs or RDLUs depends upon their number of connection; In a DLU there are two frames A and B, each frame has two shelves, in each shelf there can be maximum 20 modules,
DCC SLMA RG
Direct Current Converter Subscriber Line Module Analog Ring Generator

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BD BDCG DLUG DIUD FMTU LCMM
Bus Distributor Bus Distributor Clock Generator Control for Digital Line Unit Digital Interface Unit for Digital Line Unit Function Module Test Unit Line Circuit Module M
SYNCRONIZATION
A DLU has two clock generator(CG).Each Cg is contained in a bus distrutor module with clock generator (BDCG).The CGs provide the DLU with a 4096 khz clock pulse and an 8 khz frame mark bit.
These clock pulse and frame marks byre also for synchronization purpose with in the DLU. The clock pulse supply is performing from only CG at a time.
LTG (LINE TRUNK GROUP)
As already stated that the DLU are basically connected to two line / trunk group B (ltgb) via four or two PDC. when four pdc are used2 PDCS each link the DLU with one ITGB, the PDC consist of cabal or radio link. for common channel signaling ccs between a DLU and the group processor (gp)in the two ITGBs channel 16 in both transmission direction(channel pairs 16)is used on PDCO andPDC2 for the desired connection the groups with(gs) in an ITGB through connects the octest to and from the corresponding switching network (SN) paths for local calling ltgb is used for national wide calling ltgc for trunk channel are used for international calling ITGB is used.
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These are the following function of an LTGB
Sending command via central channel Receiving massage via central channel from DLU Processing incoming subscriber signaling massage. Forwarding called party number to cp Assigning calling and called party time slots Applying dial, ringing, busy and test tones. Performing loop testing. Forwarding answer signal to calling party gp Recording call charges. Controlling 16/12 kHz charges indication. Transferring call charge data to the cp. Interfacing for subscriber line testing.
Structure:
The modular structure of the EWSD switching network allows it to be partly equipped and then expanded in small stages if required the following basic
Structures are used in EWSD switching networks:

Large and very large exchanges (SN: 504LTG,SN:252LTG and SN:126LTG) Medium- sized and small exchange (SNl: 63 LTG and SN:15 LTG) all 8192-kbit/s highways have 128 channels with a transmission capacity of 64 Kbits/s each (128*64=8192 Kbits)
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FUNCTION
the switching network in EWSD fulfills three main function:
> Switching connection paths > Clock distribution and clock synchronization and > Changeover to standby
CORDONIATOPON PROCESSOR:
Introduction:
Coordination processor (CP) responsible for the common function in the network node such as coordination of distributives micro control and the data transfer b/w the positions of CP in a network node.
FUNTIONS
CP performs the following function in a node. CP controls all the process of calling. It does the following whenever a subscriber makes to call
Digital translation Routing Zoning Path selection through switch network Call charge rogation Traffic data administration
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Network administration Operation and maintenance:
CP also use for operation and maintenance purpose. Input output from/to external memories Communication with OMT(operation and maintenance terminal) Communication with OMC(operation and maintenance center)
HARDWARE STRUCTURE
The CP113d comprises the following hardware functional units
Base processor (BAP) Call processors (CAP) input/output controls (IOC) Bus for common memory (MCMY) Common memory (CMY) input/output processor (IOP)
INPUT-OUTPUT CONTROLS:
The input/output controls (IOCs) coordination and supervise accesses by the input/output processors (IOPs) to the CMY. The link between an IOC and the connected IOP is provided individually to each IOC by a bus system for input/output control (BIOC).A maximum of 16 IOPs can be connected to a BIOC.
The input/output controls (IOC) and the input/output processors have the capacity to take over the function of the partner unit if this fails The duplicated operation and maintenance devices (O&M periphery) are always connected to tow different IOCs. ON failure of one IOC or the corresponding
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input/output processor, the input from or output to the redundant operation and maintenance device is made via the partner ICO.
REDUNDANCY
The following functional units in the CP113D are duplicated
base processor Input/output control Bus for common memory common memory input/output processor for O&M and data communication equipment Important O&M and data communication equipment
MEMORY
A two-stage memory concept is implemented in the CP13D. This contributes significantly to its powerful switching performance. In addition to the common memory (CMY), each processor has its own local memory (LMY).
MESSAGE BUFFER
A network node is subdivided into several function areas. The tasks of these functional areas are performed by largely independent subsystem "Message buffer B(MB(B))" is assigned to the coordination areas of a network node. The task of MB(B) is to control the exchange of message between the following subsystems:
Coordination processor (CP113) and line/trunk group (LTG); Commands and messages
CP113 and switch group controls (SGCB) of the network: Setting commands for the switching network
LTGs among one another: Reports
LTGs and the common channel signaling network control (CCNC): Orders
CENTRAL CLOCK GENERATOR Introduction:

In order to switch and transmit digital information, the sequence of operations must be Synchronous throughout the equipment involved. This requires a clock supply with a High level of reliability, precision and consistency for all the in the digital network. This task is fulfilled by the central clock generator (CCG), which is assigned to the coordination section of a node.
The central clock generator (A) (CCG(A)) companies the following functional units:
Clock generator Clock synchronous unit Clock transfer unit Interface buffer
FUNTIONS
The central clock generator (A) generator a synchronous clock (precision frequency of 8 kHz) for frequency and frame synchronous in a node. The CCG(A) is duplicated in the node. The two CCG(A),CCAG(A)0 and CCG(A)1,operates in accordance with master/slave principle.
CLOCK SYNCHRONOUSZATION The clock generator unit synchronization clock (8 KHz).

This clock is fed not only to the internal clock transfer unit, but also to the subsystems.
CLOCK TRANSFER The clock transfer unit transfers the 8-KHz synchronization clock (SYCLK) from the clock synchronizing unit to outputs for further message buffer groups (MBGs) of the MB(B) for the purpose of frequency and frame synchronizing and reserve output. These outputs are isolated from the clock synchronization unit drivers.
POWER
BATTERIES:
Introduction
They are used to store the charge. Batteries provide - 48V for the operation of the exchange. So the of batteries required to get -48V charge is 24,a single battery is providing 2V each e.g. there are 2 banks of batteries connected in parallel for the duplicity in Pak Capital and has 1100 AM. Batteries can continue their operation for about 6 hours.
There are 2 banks of batteries connected in parallel for the duplication each is having 24 batteries each of this battery will provide 2V and 1100 AH, although the voltage is low but the ampere hour are very high. The total load of the exchange is nearly about 93.3A.These batteries can continue their operation for about 6 hour before they are fully discharged.
BETTERIES:
They are divided basically into two types Maintenance free battery Maintenance battery
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Maintenance free Battery:
They don't need any maintenance but they are more reliable than the maintenance free battery. Also their life are more than the maintenance free batteries. These kind of batteries are used in the MSUs
Charging of the Batteries: Cherging of the batteris can be done in two ways Float charging Rapid charging
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CONCLUSION:
NTC being a prestigious organization provides a chance to fresh graduates like me who are still under the learning process to enhance their abilities by giving them a chance of internship. I come to know the actual working of this organization as the staff was highly cooperative and guided me at every step. Whatever I studied in the university was a great help and I was able to apply my theoretical knowledge and implement it into practical knowledge. Working in an organization like NTC has really helped me specially in advancing my understanding of what we study in theory. An interaction with the practical environment helped me to understand how original tasks are carried out in practical environment. Terms that we study in our courses, how much they are relevant and important when you work in such an environment.
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National Telecommunication Corporation

Submitted By: Faheem Sajid 2009-EE-220

Presented to: Divisional Engineer (Pak-Capital Exchange)

Department of Electronics Engineering