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A Simple Idea .
An array Individual sensor Capture Probe
Q1
C A G A T
Conductance (G)
ts response time
G G0
Q1
A T G C A T T A
Q2
Time
Network for Computational Nanotechnology
aM
fM
pM Recently Si-NW/CNT
nM
mM
Historically ChemFET/IsFET
Electrostatics ?
ISFET Nanosensor
Electrostatics explains a factor of 2-5, not 2-5 orders of magnitude change in sensitivity !
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Geometry of Diffusion
0 ts
MD
~ kD
Diffusion-Capture Model
dN = kF ( N0 N ) s kR N dt kF N0 s
d = D 2 dt
Diffusion Capacitance
W
D n = 0
2
I = C0 ( 0 s )
(ND)
C0 =
s 0
= 0
2
= =
Q = C0 (0 s )
2 log (W + a0 /a0 ) 4 a (W + a0 )
1 0 1
Cumulative Capture
I = C0 ( o s )
s 0
D W 2 D = log (W + a0 /a0 ) = 4 D
a0 1 (W + a0 ) 1
dN I=A = Ak F N 0 s dt
A 1 N ( t ) = 0t + C0 k F N 0
C0 =
Diffusion Distance
ISFET (n = 1) Nanowire sensor (n = 2) Nanosphere sensor (n = 3)
W=(2Dt)1/2
W=(4Dt)1/2
W=(6Dt)1/2
A 1 N ( t ) = 2t + Ct k F N 0
2 1
Ct = = log =
1 0
W (t ) =
2 nDT
D C0 = W 2 D = log (W + a0 /a0 ) = 4 D
a0 1 (W + a0 ) 1
D 2 Dt 2 D 4 Dt + a0 /a0 4 D 6 Dt + a0
)
1
Scaling Law
N (t ) = NS A 1 = 0t + Ct k F N 0
1
Ct = = log =
1 0
D (Planar) 2 Dt 2 D 4 Dt + a0 /a0
(NW)
4 D 6 Dt + a0
0ts
MD
~ kD
(ND)
0ts
0.5
~ NS
2 D
0ts ~
N S a0
0ts ~
N S a0
0ts ~
N S a0
(SiNW) (Planar)
0ts
0.5
~ NS
2 D
100s
0W/a0 0
W= (2Dt)1/2 W= (4Dt)1/2
0ts
0.5
~ NS
2 D
0ts ~
N S a0
0ts ~
N S a0
(SiNW) N a 0ts ~ S 0
(Planar)
0ts
0.5
~ NS
2 D
100s
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
dN = kF ( N 0 N ) s kR N dt kF N0 s
d = D 2 dt
aM
fM
pM Recently Si-NW/CNT
nM
mM
Historically ChemFET/IsFET
0ts M ~ k D ?
D
Composites more sensitive than planar, but less than NW (A. Star, PNAS,103, 4,921, 2006)
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Si-NW
CNT
2 D C= log[sinh(2 WP)/ a0 P ]
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2D to 1D Transition
Initially 2D
N(t) (#/m)
10
5
Numerical Analytical
10
1D 2D
10
-5
10
-5
Time (s)
10
10
Eventually 1D
Planar
NW
100s
log (N)
10
Slope=F.D.
10 0 10
0 2 4
10
10
log (1/h)
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1.8 1.6
DF
1.4 1.2 1 0
C = 5.717
10
15
S [1/m ]
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0ts
MD
~ kD
M D = 1 / D!
2D
N
2D 1D
1D
Planar
NW
100s
A Femto-Molar Sensor ?
2-4 nm
C G
0ts ~
N S a0
A T G C A T T A
D
C(T)/bp0.6-0.7
LNA/PNA-DNA
Biomimetic design ?
Squid Axon Red Blood Cell
Hodgkin-Huxley, 1952
Summary
aM fM pM nM M M
0ts
1/ D
~ kD
Reaction-diffusion model Analogous systems Geometry of diffusion Proteins on cantilevers Fractal surface/fraction diffusion Geometrical frustration Percolation vs. fractal dimension Bio-mimetic design
2D
N
2D 1D
1D
Planar
NW
100s
1000s