F1 Generation Data

02/29/2012

Phenotype and Symbol Wild Upright wings, stubble, lobe eyes Upright wings, short stubble Lobe eyes Short stubble, color wings Brown eyes Brown eyes, short stubble Brown eyes, Upright wings Upright wings Short stubble

Females 4 1 10 1 2 8 0 0 1 2

Males 5 2 6 1 1 2 1 3 1 1

F2 Generation Data Phenotype and Symbol Curly wings Lobe eyes Lobe eyes curly wings No mutations

03/21/2012 number 69 53 24 62

Analysis of results 1. Describe and name the observed mutations. One of the mutations is lobe eyes, in which the eye size is much smaller than normal. Some have browner eyes than normal. Some have upright wings. Some have stubble on the back, and some have colored wings. 2. Write a hypothesis that describes the mode of inheritance of traits you studied. This is your null hypothesis. Lobe eyes and curly wings are dominant and autosomal traits and the cross is dihybrid. For the first cross, the lobe eyes are dominant and the cross is heterozygous for both parents. If scientists cross heterozygous fly with lobe eyes and curly wings and one fly with lobe eyes, then offspring will be 3/8 lobe eyes, 3/8 lobe eyes and curly wings, 1/8 curly wings, and 1/8 wild type. 3. Refer to a textbook and review Punnet squares. In the space below construct to Punnet squares to predict the expected results of both the parental and F1 crosses from your null hypothesis. RC Rc rC Rc Rc RRCc RRcc RrCc Rrcc rc RrCc Rrcc rrCc rrcc F1: 3/8 Curly wings lobe eyes 3/8 lobe eyes

1/8 curly wings 1/8 none Expected genotype ratio F1 F2 1:1:2:2:1:1 Expected phenotype ratio 3:3:1:1

F1 F2 Mutation: both dominant, dihybrid Phenotype #Observed (o) Curly wings 69 and lobe eyes Curly wings 53 and normal eyes Lobe eyes and 24 normal wings Wild type 62

0.115:0.25:0.33:.30

#Expected (e) 78 26

(o-e) -9 27

(o-e)^2 81 729

(o-e)^2/e 1.0 28

78 26

-54 36

2916 1296

37 49.8 95.8

Degrees of freedom:3 Chi-square: 95.8 Reject null hypothesis Topics for Discussion 1. Why was it necessary for the females of the parental generation to be virgins? Once a female fly has mated with a male fly, the female would store sperms from the male fly inside her body and use them to fertilize eggs. If the female fly mates with more than one fly, then it would be impossible to tell from which male fly the offspring came from and the data would be invalid. If virgins are used, then the offspring would be certain to come from the males used in the experiment. 2. Why was it not necessary to isolate virgin females for the F1 cross? All the males that are used in the F1 cross have the similar traits and genotypes so it would not matter if the females already have sperms. 3. Why were the adult flies removed from the vials at weeks 2 and 4? The adult flies should not mate with the offspring, so they must be removed so that offspring can mate only with offspring. Unlinked (62+69)/208=.63

Conclusion The curly wing and lobe eyes gene is unlinked. Much information was learned from this lab, including that the curly wings gene for Drosophila is dominant, but lethal if both dominant genes are in a fly. The lobe eyes gene is dominant also, but not lethal if a fly has both dominant genes. The characteristics and the niche of Drosophila, as described in the background, is learned. Many biological concepts, especially modes of inheritance, are reviewed n this lab. The differences between monohybrid, where one pair of characteristics is compared, and dihybrid, where two pairs are studied, are reviewed. The concept of sex-linked traits, where a gene is on the x-chromosomes and result in different number of traits in males and females, is reviewed. The use of Punnet squares to determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of cross between organisms is reviewed. Possible errors. Problems in counting flies. To improve this lab, the genotypes and phenotypes of the flies should be written down correctly ad it is important that the cross is written on the labels of the fly containers. More generations, natural selection, more traits, different mutations that are more observable to people First cross Rc Rc Rc rc