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Decimal to Binary
How subnet masks work
Address classes
Private address
Subnetting
Variable length subnet mask VLSM
Supernatting
IPv6
192
1
1
0
0
0
0
168
1
0
1
0
1
0
22
0
0
0
1
0
1
67
0
1
0
0
0
0
bits a piece.
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
11000000.10101000.00010110.11000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Different network
192.168.23.192
255.255.255.0
11000000.10101000.00010111.11000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
ADDRESS CLASSES:
Classes
First Octet Value
network
Class A
1-126
Class B
128-191
Class C
192-223
Class D
(Multicast Add)
224-239
Class E (Experimental)
240-255
subnet mask
# of host per
255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
16,777,214
65,534
254
e.g.
10.35.11.45 Class A address
150.45.77.87 Class B address
200.1.1.1 Class C address
RESERVE IP ADDRESS:
PRIVATE ADDRESS:
Class A:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
Class B:
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
Class C:
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
SUBNETTING:
Division of one large network into multiple equal smaller subnetworks its called
subnetting.
e.g.
192.168.1.0
1 network = 256 hosts
255.255.255.0
In case of subnetting we borrow bit from host portion
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
192.168.1.0/25
192.168.1.129/25
/24
/25
192.168.1.129/25
192.168.1.255/25
192.168.1.129/26
192.168.1.191/26
192.168.1.192/26
192.168.1.255/26
192.168.1.192/27
192.168.1.223/27
192.168.1.224/27
192.168.1.255/27
SUPERNATTING:
Merging two or more networks into one network is called supernatting.
e.g.
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.4.0/24
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000011.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000100.00000000
192.168.1.0/21 or 255.255.248.0
IPv6:
e.g.
2001:00B0:4C3D:B71C:0000:0000:123A:7B7F
Network
Host
2001:00B0:4C3D:B71C::123A:7B7F
e.g. leading zeros
2001:B0:4C3D:B71C::123A:7B7F
Types of address:
1. Link Local
2. Unique Local
3. Global scope
4. Any cast
1. LINK LOCAL
Similar to APIPA
Always starts with FE80::MAC-ADDRESS
Mac-addresses are 48 bit but host portion is 64 bit.
Convert 48 bit Mac-address into 64 bit
e.g.
Mac-address is
00.10.29.7D.3B.4C
00.10.29.7D.3B.4C
0000
0010
02. 10.29.7D.3B.4C
Rule # 2 Add FFFE in middle of Mac-Address
02. 10.29.FF.FE.7D.3B.4C
2. UNIQUE-LOCAL (SITE-LOCAL)
Similar to Private IP
FD00:: /8
3. GLOBAL SCOPE
High level bits 0010 (2000:: /3)
Global-routing-prefix : 48 bits or less
IPv6 TRANSITION:
Dual stack routers
Dual IP layer architecture
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling
Resembles VPN
Packet Reduction
Intra-site automatic tunnel addressing protocol (ISTAP)
Private Network
Ipv6 over IPv4 tunneling
IPv4 embedded in IPv6
e.g. FE80::5EFE:192.168.1.5