Section: B-3A Lab: 4 Program: PCLTN Performed: 21/11/11 Submitted: 28/11/11

CHEM10371 TO DETERMINE END POINT OF AND ACID-BASE TITRATION Submitted By: Gandhi Virag Laboratory Partner: Nikita Gandhi

Instructor : Elizabeth Riolo

Purpose Theory Method Data Graph

5 10 5 5 5

Calculations 5 Discussion Questions Conclusion Reference Computer Total 20 30 5 2 10 100

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

Table of Contents
PURPOSE: .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 THEORY: ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 PH SCALE: .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 PH METER: ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 BUFFERS: ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 INDICATOR: ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 METHOD: ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 DATA: .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 GRAPH: .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 CALCULATION: ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 DISCUSSION: .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 QUESTIONS: ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 REFERENCE : ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Table of Figure
Figure 1 Electrodes........................................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 2 pH meter ......................................................................................................................................... 4

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

Purpose:
To determine the end point of an acid-base titration and pH of household chemicals by knowing the use of the pH meter.

Theory:
The base of classification of a substance as an acid or a base according to S.A. Arrhenius is, acid is a substance that increases the concentration of when dissolved in water and base is a substance that increase the concentration of when dissolved in water. According to Lowry and Bronsted acid is defined as a proton donors and base is defined as a proton acceptors. Whole experiment is based on the reaction between acid and base which is called as "Neutralization Reaction". In neutralization reaction when acid reacts with base it forms water and salt. For example when concentrated acid HCL reacts with alkali NaOH, it gives one molecule of water and salt. The reaction (1) can be written as following: NaOH + HCL NaCl + O ------(1)

In the above reaction sodium and chloride ion do not precipitates in the neutralization reaction .So such ions are called as spectator ions. Majorly all reactions those occurs in the water involves neutralization reactions and the extent of these reactions is regulated by the measure of how acidic or basic the solutions are. So it is essential to measure the acidity and basicity of the solutions. Overall reaction (2) for neutralization can be written as following: O ------(2)

pH Scale:
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is very important for living things. This is because, since the hydrogen ions are positively charged they alter the charge environment of other molecules in solution. By putting different forces on the molecules, the molecules change shape from their normal shape. This is particularly important for proteins in solution because the shape of a protein is related to its function. The concept of pH was introduced by Danish chemist S. P. L. Sorensen in 1909. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. The equation (3) can be written as following: pH = - log [H+] ------(3) pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale has a range from 0 to 14,in that 7.0 indicate neutrality. Numbers beginning at 7.0 and moving toward 0 indicate acidity, while the numbers beginning at 7.0 and moving toward 14 indicate alkalinity of the solutions. 2

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

The concentration of hydrogen ions is commonly expressed in terms of the pH scale. Low pH corresponds to high hydrogen ion concentration and vice versa. A substance that when added to water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions(lowers the pH) is called an acid. A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions(raises the pH) is called a base. Finally some substances enable solutions to resist pH changes when an acid or base is added. Such substances are called buffers. Buffers are very important in helping organisms maintain a relatively constant pH.

pH Scale Principle: H+ ion concentration and pH relate inversely. OH- ion concentration and pH relate directly. There is a tenfold change in concentration for each unit change in pH . The following statements may be made about the pH: a. Increasing pH means the H+ ions are decreasing. b. Decreasing pH means H+ ions are increasing. c. Increasing pH means OH- ions are increasing. d. Decreasing pH means OH- ions are decreasing.

pH meter:
pH meter measures the Hydrogen ion concentration in the solution. When one metal is brought in contact with another, a voltage difference occurs due to their differences in electron mobility. When a metal is brought in contact with a solution of salts or acids, a similar electric potential is caused, which has led to the invention of batteries. Similarly, an electric potential develops when one liquid is brought in contact with another one, but a membrane is needed to keep such liquids apart. A pH meter measures essentially the electro-chemical potential between a known liquid inside the glass electrode (membrane) and an unknown liquid outside. Because the thin glass bulb allows mainly the agile and small hydrogen ions to interact with the glass, the glass electrode measures the electro-chemical potential of hydrogen ions or the potential of hydrogen. To complete the electrical circuit, also a reference electrode is needed. Note that the instrument does not measure a current but only an electrical voltage, yet a small leakage of ions from the reference electrode is needed, forming a conducting bridge to the glass electrode. A pH meter must thus not be used in moving liquids of low conductivity (thus measuring inside small containers is preferable). The calomel reference electrode consists of a glass tube with a potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte which is in intimate contact with a mercuric chloride element at the end of a KCL element. It is a fragile construction, joined by a liquid junction tip made of porous ceramic or similar material. This kind of electrode is not easily 'poisoned' by heavy metals and sodium. The glass electrode consists of a sturdy glass tube with a thin glass bulb welded to it. Inside is a known solution of potassium chloride (KCl) buffered at a pH of 7.0. A silver electrode with a silver 3

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION chloride tip makes contact with the inside solution. To minimise electronic interference, the probe is shielded by a foil shield, often found inside the glass electrode. Most modern pH meters also have a thermistor temperature probe which allows for automatic temperature correction, since pH varies somewhat with temperature.

Figure 1 Electrodes

Figure 2 pH meter

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

Buffers:
Buffers are mixtures of weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. It has a tendency to resists a change in pH even when a strong acid or base is added. This is the reason they are used for the calibration of the pH meter.

Indicator:
Some substances has a particular colour in specified pH . They are large organic compounds. They have colour one colour in acid and when base is added it gives another colour. Various indicator changes colour at different pH values. The indicator is used according to the equivalence point of the reaction and on the pH transition range of the indicator. It also depends on the type of the titration and also the types of the acids and bases.

Method:
The method includes the calibration of pH meter and preparation of the solution with addition of indicator which is followed by the acid base titration and pH measurement simultaneously using pH meter until the end point is obtained.

Data:
Molarity of NaOH : 0.01067 M

Part B: Endpoint Determination:-

Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volume of NaOH Solution added(ml) 0.0(Initial) 2.0ml 4.0 ml 6.0 ml 8.0 ml 10.0 ml 11.0 ml 12.0 ml 13.0 ml 14.0 ml
5

Observed pH 2.44 2.50 2.56 2.64 2.70 2.71 2.74 2.77 2.80 2.85

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Serial No. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

15.0 ml 16.0 ml 17.0 ml 18.0 ml 19.0 ml 19.5 ml 20.0 ml Volume of NaOH solution added(ml) 20.5 ml 21.0 ml 21.5 ml 22.0 ml 22.5 ml 23.0 ml 23.5 ml 24.5 ml 25.5 ml 26.0 ml 27.0 ml 27.5 ml 28.0 ml 28.5 ml 29.0 ml 29.5 ml 30.0 ml 30.5 ml 31.0 ml 31.5 ml 32.0 ml 32.5 ml 33.0 ml 33.5 ml 34.0 ml

2.89 2.93 2.93 3.02 3.08 3.14 3.20 Observed pH 3.24 3.28 3.32 3.41 3.42 3.48 3.55 3.63 3.71 3.83 3.97 4.19 4.57 5.77 5.87 6.14 6.54 6.56 6.66 6.79 6.90 7.19 7.29 7.75 7.96

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

Graph:
12.00

pH Vs Volume of NaOH

10.00

8.00

pH 6.00

Inflection
4.00

2.00

0.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Volume of NaOH (ml)

Part C: pH of Household Chemicals:HOUSEHOLD CHEMICAL Pure white vinegar Coke Tide detergent Lysol Rubbing alcohol Windex glass cleaner Javex pH 2.56 2.90 9.05 -0.15 12.32 9.47 11.88

Calculation:
1) End point determined by color change from data = 28.4 ml Moles of sodium hydroxide= molarity of sodium hydroxide volume of sodium hydroxide = 0.01138 28.4
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DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

= 0.323192 moles

In this acid -base titration one mole of NaOH reacts with one mol of HCl. So the ratio is 1:1 So 0.33077 mol of sodium hydroxide = 0.323192 mol of hydrochloric acid So molar concentration of hydrochloric acid= = = 0.0323192 M of unknown HCl

2)From the Graph the end point of an acid base titration was found to be 29 ml.

3) Concentration of equation:

each household chemical can be calculated from the following

( )

For Tide detergent:

( )

= 5.1286 For Windex window cleaner:

( )

= 3.4674 For Saniflush :

( )

= 5.1286

For vinegar :
( )

= 0.5012
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DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

For mountain dew :

( )

For :
( )

For Javex bleach :

( )

= 3.1623

Discussion:
pH meter is an instrument that measures the pH of the solution and gives titration curve. In this experiment we determine the equivalence point. It is the point when equal amount of alkali is added to same quantity of the acid and vice versa. We can see from the graph that equivalence point occurs when there is a large change in the pH with small change in the volume. Equivalence point can be determined by finding steepest tangent on the curve where the pH changes rapidly. Disadvantage of finding the equivalence point using this method is too tedious and time consuming. The pH of a solution is related to hydrogen ion concentration. Concentration of the unknown acid can also be found from this method. The choice of the indicator used depends upon the pH of the solution at equivalence point. For example in this experiment bromothymol blue is used because it has yellow colour in acidic pH and gives blue colour in basic pH and its pH range of the colour change is 6.0 to 7.6 which is in the region of the pH for the equivalence point of the reaction. Determination of the end point of the acid base titration from the graph can be calculated. We can also find the concentration of the hydrogen ion in the different chemicals using this method of acid base titration. There might be some sources of errors while doing practical, all possible sources of errors are explained below: 1) Errors occurred when we performed calibration of the pH meter. Due to this error the pH that was recorded from the pH meter differ little bit slightly from its original value. To avoid this error we can use different buffer solutions to calibrate the pH meter precisely.

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

2) Error occurred by not performing the titration till the correct colour intensity was obtained. This will also lead to difference in the end point value. This error can be avoided by titrating till correct intensity of colour is reached. 3) During titration the volume of the NaOH solution may be sometimes got added to the acid solution. This will lead to change in pH. 4) Sometime we recorded pH value when the value in the pH meter display is not stable. This will also leads to error in pH measurement. To avoid this error record the value when it is stable.

Questions:
1) Question 1: Using two different manufactures catalogues find the price and uses for three different types of electrodes. Also find the price and details on two different types of pH meters. Answer 1: pH meters: 1) Oakton pH 700 Bench top Meter, double-junction refillable glass pH electrode, ATC probe and stand Features: Designed for today's crowded laboratory bench tops. Compact footprint is 40% smaller than other bench top. Large display, data logging is also available to store data. pH 700 meter measures pH, mV, relative mV, and temperature. Automatic temperature compensation (ATC) maintains reading accuracy even with fluctuating temperatures. Meter features five-point pH calibration with automatic buffer . Meter features include Auto-Hold, selectable F or C measurement, and easy recall of electrode slope or offset. The convenient pull-out quick reference card keeps procedures handy at all times. Cost :699.04 CAD Source: http://www.coleparmer.ca/catalog/product_view.asp?sku=3541910 2) Oakton Bench top pH/Ion 2100 Meters Features: Selectable 0.001/0.01 pH resolution with 0.002/0.01 pH accuracy. Meters feature a two-line, backlit display that shows the last calibration date/time and provides clear instructions or setup and calibration. Meet GLP requirements. Non volatile memory stores up to 100 data sets to simplify documenting large volumes of critical ISE , pH, or mV

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DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

measurements. Ion concentration mode directly displays readings in ppm, ppt, percent, or any other units of your choice. Cost :1338.63 CAD Source : http://www.coleparmer.ca/catalog/product_view.asp?sku=3562100

Electrodes : 1) General-Purpose pH/ORP Electrodes Features: These combination electrodes are ideal for your general-purpose applications in the lab. Electrodes provide a fast, stable response and are ideal for prolonged ORP readings. Sealed, gel-filled design requires virtually no maintenance. Electrodes measure 127 mm L x 12 mm diameter and withstand temperatures to 176F (80C). Cost :89.96 CAD Source : http://www.coleparmer.ca/catalog/product_view.asp?sku=5900170 2)Oakton Combination pH electrode Features : Available in a variety of styles to meet the needs of your application. Epoxy electrodes are impact resistant and provide expellant durability for field applications. Glass electrodes withstand aggressive chemicals. Choose junction and tip style based on the needs of your application. All electrodes feature Ag/AgCl reference cells. Cost :49.22 CAD Source : http://www.coleparmer.ca/catalog/product_view.asp?sku=3580100 3) Cole-Parmer Self-Cleaning, Flat Surfaced pH Electrodes Features : Flat surface does not collect suspended solidsfluid flow across the electrode provides a cleaning action that extends electrode life and improves performance. Annular junction reduces reference cell fouling. Cost :135.17 CAD Source : http://www.coleparmer.ca/catalog/product_view.asp?sku=2700300

2) Question 2: What is a buffer solution? Explain its purpose with regard to pH meter.
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DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

Answer 2: Buffers are mixtures of weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts. It has a tendency to resists a change in pH even when a strong acid or base is added because the components of buffer have a tendency to react with added substances. If added strong acid or base is consumed by one of the component of the buffer than the acid or base will have no effect on the total hydrogen ion concentration. It typically consist of an approximately equimolar mixture of a conjugate acid-base pair. The pH meter calculates a value by measuring the voltage differences between the pH electrode and the reference electrode (which provides a constant voltage). The meter must be calibrated in order to compensate for the difference in voltage output from different electrodes so buffers are used for the calibration of the pH meter before proceeding for titration. Generally It is recommended that at least two buffer solutions are used to calibrate the pH meter. 3) Question 3: Describe the correct method to fill a buret. Answer 3: Before using buret it must be analytically rinsed to reduce dilution errors with the solution to be filled in buret. First close the stopcock of the buret and transfer 5 to 10 ml of the solution to be filled into buret. Tilt buret horizontal and rotate to wet entire interior surface and then keep it upright and open the cock to rinse the tip and drain portion of the buret. Repeat the above steps 2-5 times. Now keep buret upright and pour the solution to be filled in to the top of the buret to about 3 cm above the zero mark. Remove the bubbles by gently taping the sides of the buret with fingers to dislodge it and also remove bubbles from the tip of buret by quickly opening and closing the stopcock which will burst out the bubbles. Now allow the solution to drain till it attains the zero mark. Rinse off the tip of buret with RO water in a downward direction. Dry out side of the buret with Kim wipe with a single downward swipe. Record the meniscus of the buret by using meniscus card reader. 4) Question 4: What is an indicator and how does it work? Explain its purpose with regard to pH meter. Answer 4: Indicators are substances who change color of the solution due to changes in pH . These are called acid-base indicators. They are usually weak acids or bases, but their
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DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

conjugate base or acid forms have different colors. The reason behind this is the differences in their absorption spectra. An indicator undergoes a change in colour when the end point of the titration is achieved. Acid base indicators changes pH of the solution being titrated very rapidly when the equivalence point is reached. The choice of the indicator used depends upon the pH of the solution at equivalence point. for example in this experiment bromothymol blue is used because it has yellow colour in acidic pH and gives blue colour in basic pH and its pH range of the colour change is 6.0 to 7.6 which is in the region of the pH for the equivalence point of the reaction. Indicators are used during titration using pH meter to know the precise change in the pH and to know the equivalence point precisely. 5) Question 5: Which household chemical was the most acidic? The most basic? Answer 5: As the pH of Saniflush is towards the acidic pH it is most acidic and the pH of the tide detergent is toward basic pH it is most basic. 6) Question 6: Is there a relationship between acidity and sourness? Answer 6: Yes there is a relationship between acidity and sourness. Acidity of the substance gives sourness to the substance. For example acetic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid. 7) Question 7 : Determine the major ingredients in each household chemicals. Based on the major ingredient, do the pH values obtained for each sample make sense? Answer 7 : Following are the basic household chemicals , their major ingredients and pH values : Household chemical Mountain dew Tide detergent Windex window cleaner Vinegar Saniflush Javex bleach Major Ingredient Citric acid Sodium hydroxide Ammonia Acetic acid Hydrochloric acid Sodium hypochlorite
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Measured pH 3.29 9.46 9.29 2.14 0.30 8.50

Reason for its pH value Citric acid is acidic so pH value is towards acidic Sodium hydroxide is basic so pH value is towards basic Ammonia is basic so pH value is towards basic Acetic acid is acidic so pH value is towards acidic Hydrochloric acid is acidic so pH value is towards acidic Sodium hypochlorite is basic so pH value

DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

is towards basic From the above table we can say that pH value recorded make the sense.

Conclusion:
By performing this acids base titration we can achieve the equivalence point and end point of the titration. We can plot the graph for the titration of strong acid with strong base. We also calculate the concentration of the hydrogen ion concentration.

Reference :
1) http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.html 2) http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-ph-scale.htm 3)http://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/lab/labdocs/modules/phmeter/p Hdesc.htm 4) physicalchemistryresources.com 5) http://biology.hunter.cuny.edu/tech/TF-10.htm 6)Introductory Chemistry in the laboratory by james F. Hall fifth edition page no: 233 7) http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/indicator.html 8)http://www.avogadro.co.uk/chemeqm/acidbase/titration/phcurves.htm

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DETERMINATION OF END POINT BY ACID BASE TITRATION

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