3)

The graph below shows the second ionization energies for eight consecutive elements in the Periodic Table with fewer than 20 protons. 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 A B C D E F G H

(a)

Define the term second ionization energy and write down the equation for second ionization energy of A. [2] Second Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of unipositively charged gaseous ions to form 1 mole of gaseous ions with double positive + 2+ charge.[1] A (g) -> A (g) + e [1]

(b)

Identify element B. State your reasons. [3] B is Neon. [1] Between C and D, there is a big decrease in second ionization energy which + + represents an increase in quantum shell from C to D . This means that C must be from Group I and thus B from Group 0. [1] Since all elements have fewer than 20 protons, C must be Neon. [1]

(c)

Explain the dip in second ionization energy of Element F compared to Element E. [2] + 2 2 6 2 + 2 2 6 2 1 + E - 1s 2s 2p 3s . F - 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . The 3p subshell in F is in a higher energy + level compared to the 3s subshell in E , thus, there is weaker attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. Hence, less energy is required to remove the 3p + electron from F .

(d)

Element X has one more proton than Element H. Predict and explain how the second ionization energy of Element X compares with respect to Element H. [2] + 2 2 6 2 3 + 2 2 6 2 4 + + H - 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . X - 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . All the 3p electrons in H are unpaired. In X , two of the 3p electrons are paired. Thus, the paired 3p electrons face interelectronic + + repulsion. Hence, less energy is required to remove one of the 3p electrons from X . X will + have a lower ionization energy compared to H .

4)

The graph below shows the atomic and ionic radii of the elements across Period 3.

Ionic Radius Atomic Radius

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

(a)

Explain the trend of atomic radii across period 3, [2] Across the period, nuclear charge increases due to increase in the number of protons [1/2] whereas shielding effect remains relatively constant as electrons are added to the same quantum shell [1/2]. Thus, effective nuclear charge increases [1/2], resulting in the increase in electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive nucleus and outermost electrons[1/2]. Atomic radii decreases across period 3.

(b)

Explain the trend of the ionic radii across period 3. [3] + 2+ 3+ 32Across the 2 isoelectronic series (Na , Mg , Al and P , S , Cl ), nuclear charge increases due to increase in the number of protons [1/2] whereas shielding effect remains relatively constant as electrons are added to the same quantum shell [1/2]. Thus, effective nuclear charge increases [1/2], resulting in the increase in electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive nucleus and outermost electrons[1/2]. Ionic radii decreases across the isoelectronic series. There is a sharp increase in ionic radii from the cationic series to the anionic series as the anions have one more quantum shell than the cations. [1]

5)

It is known that transition elements form coloured compounds due to the splitting of the d orbitals into different energy levels. When light shines on an electron in the lower energy d orbital, it will vacate the lower energy d orbital and jump to the higher energy empty d orbital. As it subsequently loses energy and falls back into the lower energy d orbital, a certain frequency of light is released. This frequency of light is the colour of the compound. Using the above information, explain why Cu+ only forms colourless compounds. [2] + 2 2 6 2 6 10 + Cu - 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d [1]. Cu has a fully filled d-orbital, as such, its electrons cannot vacate the lower energy d orbital to jump to the higher energy d-orbital [1]