A Seminar Report ON

RADAR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology In ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION (2011 -2012) By

Department of Electronics & communication BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR
SUBMITTED TO:LALIT SHRIVASTAVA (SEMINAR GUIDE) SUBMITTED BY:VISHWADEEPAK DUBEY ROLL NO.- M08EC132
1

BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR

Department of Electronics & communication

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar titled RADAR Is a bonafide work carried out by following final year student

VISHWADEEPAK DUBEY
Under our guidance towards the partial accomplishment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (ECE) by RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY during the academic Year of 2011 2012, of required standard.

GUIDE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

[Mr.LALIT SIRVASTAVA]

[Mr.BHARAT BISHNOI]

Table of Contents:S.NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. DESCRIPTION Page No. 4 5 6 7 9 11 14 16 20 21 22

Acknowledgment Preface Introduction Abstract Working of radar Radar range measurement Features of radar Types of radar applications Conclusion References

Acknowledgment
Achieving a milestone for any person alone is extremely difficult. However there are some motivators who come across the curvaceous path like twinkling star in the sky and make our task much easier. It becomes our humble and foremost duty to acknowledge all of them. My ethical accountability is to be extremely indebted to Mr.BHARAT BISHNOI (HOD) for his excellent guidance. I am highly obliged and thankful to my seminar guide Mr. LALIT SHRIVASTAVA, who provided immense support as answer to my extreme queries that i kept firing at them during the preparation of the seminar. I would also like to thank MS. JUHI MAM whose support and cooperation helped in conducting the study smoothly. I owe my sincere thanks to Principal Dr. R.K. Khanna (BMIT, Jaipur), who provided me required guidance and facility. Last but not least, we pay our sincere thanks and gratitude to all the staff members of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology, to provide excellent opportunity and environment throughout my preparation of the seminar. I am also thankful to all our colleagues and staff members for their co-operation and support.

Preface
Seminar Presentation forms an integral component of any professional course. The institute where we pursue our studies can not provide that practical knowledge on all aspects of learning. Often the study of a subject is said to be incomplete until the student has been exposed to its practical aspects. The theoretical studies provide the pools of knowledge whereas the practical application make agile and competent. As the important part of the engineering curriculum, each student has to undergo through the Seminar Presentation. This B.-Tech. course Seminar helps a student in getting acquainted with the manner in which his/her knowledge is being practically, normally different from what he/she has learnt from books. Hence, when the student switches from the process of learning to that of implementing his/her knowledge, he/she finds an abrupt change. This is exactly why this seminar session during the B.E curriculum becomes all the more important. Seminar presentation is prescribed for the student of Technical College as a part of the four year degree course of engineering by the AICTE. We are required to give the presentation on any of the current topics or technology. As an engineering student, I had opportunity to study and present the seminar on RADAR topic.

Vishwadeepak dubey (Roll No.-66)

Introduction
Radar is an acronym for "radio detection and ranging." A radar system usually operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or microwave part of the radiofrequency (RF) spectrum, and is used to detect the position and/or movement of objects. Radar can track storm systems, because precipitation reflects electromagnetic fields at certain frequencies. Radar can also render precise maps. Radar systems are widely used in air-traffic control, aircraft navigation and marine navigation. High-power radar, using large dish antennas, has been used to measure distances to the moon, other planets, asteroids, and artificial satellites. From unmanned spaceprobes, radar has been used to map Venus, whose surface is obscured at visible wave lengths by a thick layer of clouds. Radar has been employed by NASA(the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration) to make highly detailed topographical maps of the earth's surface as well. The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air, ground and sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships, and roads. Most radar systems determine position in two dimensions:azimuth (compass bearing) and radius (distance). The display is in polar coordinates. A rotating antenna transmits RF pulses at defined intervals. The delay between a transmitted pulse and the echo, or return pulse, determines the radial position of the plotted point(s) for each azimuth direction on the display. The greater the echo delay from a particular object in space, the farther from the display center its point appears. The maximum range of a UHF or microwave radar system depends on the height of the antenna above average terrain, the topography of the surface in the region, the atmospheric conditions in the region, and in some cases the level of radio background noise. Radar is known to the general public for its use by law enforcement in determining the speeds of motor vehicles. This type of radar does not display the exact position of an object, but determines its radial speed vector from the Doppler effect. A radar detector,which consists of a simple UHF/microwave broadband receiver, can be used in a car or truck to warn drivers of the presence of police radar. Radar detectors are illegal in some state.

ABSTRACT
6

Radar is an object-detection system which uses electromagnetic waves specifically radiowaves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixedobjects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish, or antenna, transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their pat The Weather Service uses so-called Doppler radar to determine not only the positions and extent of storm systems, but wind patterns and velocities aloft. Doppler radar employs a combination of position-sensing and speed-sensing radar, making it possible to ascertain the locations and intensity of severe thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Radar has been used on the high-frequency (HF) radio bands, between approximately 5 MHz and 20 MHz, in an attempt to obtain early warning in the event of a nuclear assault via ballistic missiles. The ionosphere refracts HF waves, allowing much greater system range than is possible with radar at UHF or microwave frequencies. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the signals from these systems became infamous because of the interference they caused. Radio amateurs coined the term woodpecker to describe the sound of HF over-thehorizon radar pulses in communications receivers.

All targets produce a diffuse reflection i.e. it is reflected in a wide number of directions. The reflected signal is also called scattering. Backscatter is the term given to reflections in the opposite direction to the incident rays. Radar signals can be displayed on the traditional plan position indicator (PPI) or other more advanced radar display systems. A PPI has a rotating vector with the
7

radar at the origin, which indicates the pointing direction of the antenna and hence the bearing of targets. Transmitter The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power rf pulses of energy that are into space by the antenna. Duplexer The duplexer alternately switches the antenna between the transmitter and receiver so that only one antenna need be used. This switching is necessary because the high-power pulses of the transmitter would destroy the receiver if energy were allowed to enter the receiver. Receiver The receivers amplify and demodulate the received RF-signals. The receiver provides video signals on the output. Radar Antenna The Antenna transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the required distribution and efficiency. This process is applied in an identical way on reception. Indicator The indicator should present to the observer a continuous, easily understandable, graphic picture of the relative position of radar targets. Distance-determination The distance is determined from the running time of the high-frequency transmitted signal and the propagation c0. The actual range of a target from the radar is known as slant range. Slant range is the line of sight distance between the radar and the object illuminated. While ground range is the horizontal distance between the emitter and its target and its calculation requires knowledge of the target's elevation. Since the waves travel to a target and back, the round trip time is dividing by two in order to obtain the time the wave took to reach the target. Therefore the following formula arises for the slant range:The distances are expressed in kilometers or nautical miles (1 NM = 1.852 km) Direction-determination

Figure 1: Direction-determination (bearing)

8

Working of radar:Radar, like sonar and seismology, uses a man-made pulse of radio energy to map distance based on the length of time it takes the pulse to return from the source. Radar (short for "Radio Detection And Ranging"), which can be airborne or space borne, has greatly changed the way we see the land and ocean surfaces. Radar is based on the principle of sending very long wavelength radiation (called microwaves) from an antenna, and then detecting that energy after it bounces off a remote target. The wavelength of the microwave, its polarization (vertical or horizontal orientation) and strength can be controlled at the source and measured when it returns. Many common land-cover types and materials affect the polarity and strength of the radar return differently, which helps in their identification.

The concept of using radio waves to detect objects goes back as far as 1902, but the practical system we know as radar began in the late 1930s. British inventors, aided by research from other countries, developed a rudimentary warning
9

system which could detect objects moving towards the coastline of England. The system used high-frequency radio waves to RAdio Detection And Ranging. The principle behind radar may sound confusing at first, but a simple experiment can demonstrate the basics. Imagine you are facing the side of a mountain somewhere in the distance. You have a very accurate stopwatch and 'super hearing' to help you. Now hold the stopwatch in one hand and start timing as you scream as loudly as you can towards the mountain. Stop timing when you hear the first echo of detect German planes and calculate their distance. This purpose led to the acronym RADAR, short for your voice. You have now become a basic radar unit. Since you know how fast sound travels, you can calculate the distance between you and the mountain by using the elapsed time on the stopwatch. Radar works on many of the same principles demonstrated in this experiment. Instead of one person screaming, a powerful radio beam is sent out at a specific frequency. When this burst of radio energy strikes a solid object, at least part of that sound wave will be reflected back to the transmitter. This signal may not be very loud, but a sensitive electronic receiver can amplify the sound, much like your 'super hearing'. The transmitter and receiver on a basic radar unit are usually mounted close together, much like your mouth and ears. By calculating the speed of the radio waves and the time it takes for the signal to bounce off the object and hit the receiver, a radar operator can gauge the distance between himself and the object. Moving the transmitter to different points allows the radar operator to receive multiple returns. All of these individual reflections are combined to estimate the size of the object or objects being struck. Radar technology has improved considerably since the days of World War II, but the underlying principles are still the same. Calculations about an object's speed and direction are made from the results of transmitter and receiver data. When a radar antenna is seen spinning in place, it is sending out thousands of signals and receiving them just as quickly. The radio frequencies on modern radar systems are now largely in the microwave range, unlike the shortwave radio frequencies used by the British inventors. Radar jammers use matching frequencies to confuse the receivers looking for authentic ones. Microwave frequencies are much more difficult to jam.

10

Radar range measurement:-

Distance-determination
The distance is determined from the running time of the high-frequency transmitted signal and the propagation c0. The actual range of a target from the radar is known as slant range. Slant range is the line of sight distance between the radar and the object illuminated. While ground range is the horizontal distance between the emitter and its target and its calculation requires knowledge of the target's elevation. Since the waves travel to a target and back, the round trip time is dividing by two in order to obtain the time the wave took to reach the target. Therefore the following formula arises for the slant range: c0 t R= 2 c0 = speed of light = 3108 m/s t = measured running time [s] where: R = slant range antenna - aim [m]

(1)

The distances are expressed in kilometers or nautical miles (1 NM = 1.852 km).

11

Derivation of the equation Range is the distance from the radar site to the target measured along the line of sight.

Figure 1: radar principle s t 2R c0 = t v= (2) (3)

The factor of two in the equation comes from the observation that the radar pulse must travel to the target and back before detection, or twice the range. R= c0t 2 in meters (4)

Where c0= 3108 m/s, is the speed of light at which all electromagnetic waves propagate. If the respective running time t is known, then the distance R between a target and the radar set can be calculated by using this equation. Each encoder disk has two infrared LEDs and two infrared sensors, one on each side of the disk (so there are four LED/sensor pairs inside a mouse). This arrangement allows the processor to detect the disk's direction of rotation. There is a piece of plastic with a small, precisely located hole that sits between the encoder disk and each infrared sensor. This piece of plastic provides a window
12

through which the infrared sensor can "see." The window on one side of the disk is located slightly higher than it is on the other one-half the height of one of the holes in the encoder disk, to be exact. That difference causes the two infrared sensors to see pulses of light at slightly different times. There are times when one of the sensors will see a pulse of light when the other does not, and vice versa.

13

Common Features
Different radar detector models from different manufacturers offer various feature sets.Some specific features are model or manufacturer specific. A specific feature or feature set can be very important to some people while others make their purchasing decision based purely on performance. Some of these are explained below.

Arrows/Bogey Counter
Probably the most famous unique features are the Valentine Ones (V1) arrows and bogey counter. The V1 uses a forward and rear antenna design that allows it to attempt to determine the direction of the radar threat and convey that information with its arrows. If it receives more than one signal at the same time the arrows will identify the largest threat by type of radar or strength by flashing the corresponding arrow. In addition when multiple sources of radar are detected the bogey counter will go up in number to tell you how many sources there are. Due to the fact that radar bounces around quite a bit and a strong radar signal can appear to be more than one signal (ghosting) the arrows and bogey counter are not 100% accurate all the time.

14

Frequency Display
Some models manufactured by Beltronics, Escort, and Whistler offer a frequency display feature. This feature shows the frequency of the radar threat detected. This can be useful when determining if a Ka threat is a false alert or when learning what brand radar guns are used in your area.

GPS Database and Filtering

Some Escort and Beltronics detectors incorporate a GPS chip which allows them to offer a preloaded database which alerts the user to red light and fixed-position speed cameras. The user can mark their own locations of speed traps and cameras. The database is updated on a regular bases and the radar detector can be updated via a USB port and a computer (this is a paid subscription). In addition the GPS chip allows the detector to lock out false alerts based on frequency of the false and GPS location. For more information on how this works see this article: 9500ix review and TrueLock/AutoLearn info

GPS Naviation
Currently the Escort Passport IQ is the only radar detector to combine the features of a detector with a GPS navigation device.

15

TYPES OF RADARS:1. BATTLE FIELD SURVEILLANCE RADAR - SHORT RANGE (BFSR-SR) 2. TACTICAL CONTROL RADAR (REPORTER RADAR ) 3. BATTLE FIELD SURVEILLANCE RADAR- MEDIUM RANGE (BFSR-MR) 4.FLY CACTHER RADAR

BATTLE FIELD SURVEILLANCE RADAR - SHORT RANGE (BFSRSR) BFSR-SR is a man portable, battery powered surveillance and acquisition radar, capable of detecting and displaying a diversity of moving targets such as pedestrians, vehicles, tanks, etc. The radar can be carried in three man packs for deployment to any location.

Applications Border surveillance Battlefield surveillance Intelligence gathering Protection of Sensitive sites Protection of Industrial facilities, power plants, etc Prevention of infiltration and illegal immigration Features Light Weight, Man portable and fast deployment Operates 24 hours a day and under all weather conditions Easy to use and menu driven user interface based on windows NT Operates on two 24 Volts batteries J-band pulse Doppler radar with Built in Test Equipment (BITE)
16

 Low probability of intercept with low peak power High resolution, coloured, north oriented radar picture on portable colour PC display Track while scan of 50 targets Classification of targets based on Audio Doppler signature Provision to overlay geographical maps Inbuilt Global Position System for self-location of the radar Built in Digital Magnetic compass for North alignment Light weight standard 2-wire rugged field cable for communication between radar and Control and Display unit Provision to Network various radars for wider area coverage Built in training Simulator. Tactical Control Radar This is an early warning, alerting and cueing system, including weapon control functions. It is specially designed to be highly mobile and easily trasnsportable, by air as well as on the ground. This radar minimises mutual interference of tasks of both air defenders and friendly air space users. This will result in an increased effectiveness of the combined combat operations. The command and control capabilities of the RADAR in combination with an effective ground based air Defence provide maximum operational effectiveness with a safe, efficient and flexible use of the airspace.

FEATURES All weather day and night capability 40 km range, giving a large coverage Multiple target handling and engagement capability Local threat evaluation and engagement calculations assist the commander's decision making process, and give effective local fire distribution Easy to operate, and hence low manning requirements and stress reduction under severe conditions

17

 Highly mobile system, to be used in all kinds of terrain, with short into and out of action times (deployment/redeployment) Clutter suppression High resolution, which gives excellent target discrimination and allows accurate tracking. BATTLE FIELD SURVEILLANCE RADAR- MEDIUM RANGE (BFSRMR) Battlefield Surveillance Radar - Medium Range (BFSR-MR) is a state of the art ground surveillance and Acquisition Radar capable of automatically detecting and displaying a diversity of moving targets such as pedestrians, vehicles, tanks, low flying Helicopters, etc. The radar supports artillery units by location of shell bursts and providing fire correction data. The radar provides clear, meaningful and undistorted pictures of the surveyed area in all weather conditions and 24 hours of the day.

APPLICATIONS Border surveillance Battlefield surveillance Intelligence gathering Protection of Airfields Artillery fire corrections FEATURES Detection and acquisition of moving targets up to 40Km in range and 360 in Azimuth. Operates 24 hours a day and under all weather conditions. Easy to transport and deploy. Pulse Doppler radar with Built In Test Equipment (BITE). Target classification based on the Doppler tone. Low probability of intercept with low peak power. User-friendly menu driven interface based on Windows NT. High resolution, coloured, north oriented radar picture on portable colour PC display (CDU).
18

 Overlay of digital maps. Provision to integrate with command and control systems. Built in training simulator. ALL WEATHER LOW LEVEL AIR DEFENCE WEAPON CONTROL SYSTEM (FLYCATCHER RADAR) The All weather low-level Air Defence weapon Control system is a combination of Radar, Computer and display that deals with the threat of hostile ECCM protected air missions at tree top level. It is a highly Mobile Land based Autonomous search cum track radar which meets the ever increasing threat from low flying high-speed aircrafts. It has all weather capability with timely detection, very accurate and unambiguous tracking, fast prediction of lead angles and built in counter measures.

FUNCTIONS Air Search in I band and acquisition in I & Ka band Dual Band I and Ka - tracking Moving target indication in PPI for I search Automatic interrogation of the tracked target Fast and accurate lead angle computation of tracked target Gun assignment and firing initiation Track while scan upto 3 targets "METEO" mode to generate a ballistic meteo message Presents the target being tracked on a TV monitor to help the operator in visual target identification,threat assessment and engagement monitoring. Communication between system operator and gun. FEATURES Early detection and fast Acquisition Automatic and highly accurate tracking Two band technique Computer assisted parallax calculation and ballistic data generation Colour Raster Scan display with PPI and TV picture.
19

APPLICATIONS
1 MILLITARY APPLICATIONS Use in WORLD WAR 2 Use of the soildors 2.NONMILLITARY APPLICATIONS Use in Air-craft Use in astronomy Use in Navigations Use in Weather forcast

20

CONCLUSION
RADAR operates by transmitting EM signal into the surrounding. in modern radar the search and track function are combined with a control unit. Radar equipment operate in the range of 100-250000 Mhz RADAR stands for radio detection and ranging , it is basically a sensor for detecting the target surrounding earth surface.

21

REFRENCES: Google.com 2 Radar and tv engg by Amita yadav. Radar technology by Merrill l. skolnik Wikipedia

22

23