3D Scanners Survey and applications in different fields

Barone et al. They made a methodology to automatically align 3D views by integrating a stereo vision system and a full field optical scanner, the system is based on detecting passive infrared spherical markers rigidly connected to the scanner. The marker frame is used to monitor the measurement positions of the optical scanner operating within a working volume. The experimental results have demonstrated the robustness of the overall system in reconstructing various shapes. [1] Naif Adel Haddad. He made a review of the evaluation of historic sites documentation methods and survey techniques available. Then he focused on the needs and requirements of the nontechnical experts and users. He clarified some new aspects in documentation methods for the non-technical experts and users, and the impact of current technology in its quick development. This review and evaluation covers traditional and pre electronic techniques to 3D laser scanning. [2] Lerones et al. They proposed a new effective methodology which is advantageous with respect to traditional methods for carrying out computer assisted delineation of layouts from cultural heritage sites, using 3D digital models. The proposed procedure has been tested in five intervention projects on representative churches within the Merindad de Aguilar de Campoo medieval area, in the north of Spain. [3] Xu et al. They proposed in this paper a novel 3D Surface Modeling based on Spatial Neighbor Points Coupling (SMSNPC). It can be flexibly quickly used to reconstruct digital CAD models with any point density. To demonstrate the efficient applicability of the new algorithm, two groups of point data are presented. One collected by handheld laser scanner which is Exascan is used to validate the reconstruction result, and the other is used to be compared with non-coupling modeling. From the results, the new approach validates the expectation that SMSNPC can match the real complex surface satisfactorily which can't be finished by non-coupling modeling. [4] Bonfanti et al. They introduced a new technique by the multi-sensor data fusion generating a complete textured 3D model (integrating high precision LiDAR data and digital photogrammetric products) has endowed good results. The data acquisition, processing phases and the integration issues of multi-sensor data have been analyzed and solved; this project shows the high potentialities of modern e technologies in the field of digital documentation of CH, aimed to preserve as well as sharing and managing it. [5] Du et al. They introduced a novel workflow for detail preserved scanning and 3D modeling is introduced, and it has been implemented successfully in the Skamania statue 3D reconstruction project. The main idea is that different precision model is built separately from various resolution point clouds and then detail replacing is implemented to get high precision geometric model. Proved that this way is an efficient, low-cost and useful method to rebuild high precision 3D models and reconstruction of digital cultural heritage. [6]

Karasik and Smilansky. They proposed a new system for the study of pottery which is based on commercial 3D scanning hardware and QT Sculptor software, and on specially developed methods and computer algorithms which were specifically designed for the archaeological applications. They tested this system on a large number of fragments and found that it is a viable tool which has the potential of substantially improving the archaeological study of pottery. The high rate of success of the system is its efficiency and its output in the form of accurate, printquality profiles. And it is recommended for archeological studies. [7] Yang Zhao et al. They proposed a new technique which is an automated robotic 3 D scanning system for the reverse engineering of freeform part that significantly reduces the time. Two scanning modes are designed for measuring different kinds of part automatically in this system. The system can be integrated in mechanical machining. They introduced an industrial application. The result showed that the accuracy is satisfied and the modeling cycle time is considerably shortened. [8] Xu et al. They made a research object for a new type of ridger by using head of wild boar. The reverse engineering technology was adopted to obtain the surface geometrical information of the boar head by using non-touch laser scanner. They built by means of logging, filtering and aligning; the 3D digital model. They found that modeling surface is in good agreement with the point cloud and. They found that the maximum positive error was 1.747 mm, maximum negative was 3.517 mm and the average was 0.431 mm. [9] Arayici. He introduced two case studies to demonstrate the use of laser scanner technology in Built Environment. These case studies are the Jactin House Building in East Manchester and the Peel building in the campus of University Salford. The methodologies introduced are registration of point cloud data, integration with other datasets, and explanation of extraction of building primitives, rapid prototyping implementation, and an approach for pattern matching for object definition. With these case studies, the integration of the laser scanner with various technologies and systems are explained for professionals in both Built and Natural Environment. [10] Cheng1 and Jin. They used 3D laser scanner which is Faro arm in historical architecture surveying and protection as it can acquire 3D point cloud quickly with high accuracy. They found that 3D laser scanning technology can replace traditional measuring methods completely in historical architecture surveying. Also they found that surveying of Historical architecture based on 3D laser scanning technology can not only reduce field work, improve efficiency but also provide different kinds of products such as 3D model, CAD construction drawing. [11] Boehnen and Flynn. They reviewed several different 3D scanning devices. Also presented a method for empirical accuracy analysis, and apply it to several scanners providing an overview of their technologies. The scanners include both general purpose and face specific scanning devices. They found that the most accurate scanner reviewed in every category is the Minolta, followed closely by the 3DMD, Polhemus. [12]

Fischer and Manor. They proposed a new adaptive method for constructing 30 surfaces from laser-scanned data and images. They found that the proposed method, the reconstruction process was improved. [13]

Applications in Medical field

Hieu et al. They presented the state of the art applications and methods about Medical Reverse Engineering (MRE). Different concepts and methodologies are provided to understand fundamentally the MRE processes and workflow. They presented some applications by using CMM, micro CT systems and Non-Contact scanners, including personalized implants for bone reconstruction, dental implants and simulations, surgical tools, medical training, vision science and optometry, orthopedics, ergonomics, orthosis, prosthesis, and tissue engineering. [14] Racasan et al. They presented an algorithm for implementing the reverse engineering concept for applications in the medical field. The steps required for developing reverse engineering applications in the medical field with case studies are presented. The studies are focused on showcasing various applications as well as other possible developments in the field of health and medicine regarding in vitro applications. The case studies offered a valuable insight into the possibilities of using reverse engineering into new applications in the medical field and the combination between reverse engineering and virtual reality. [15] Ben Taylor et al. They made a study by using a noncontact 3D digitizer to measure digitally the volume of a keloid scar. They scanned 62 keloid scars and one fine-line normal scar. The volume was measured using 3D reverse modeling software. They introduced a new method of measuring the volume of a keloid scar, and have shown a significant positive correlation between the volume of a keloid scar and the clinical physical severity according to a scar scale that has previously been validated against histological findings and is repeatable and reliable. They found that the scar score could be predicted from the volume of the scar measured using this technique. [16] Milusheva et al. They proposed methods of constructing 3D models of the Ankle-Foot (AF) for personalized Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFO) development in which RE techniques using direct and indirect as well as CT scanning were introduced based on 3D models of the AF complex that is constructed by RE techniques. They developed a new personalized AFO.They applied Virtual simulation in dynamics and kinematics as well as Finite Element Analysis method to optimize the design; and it was fabricated by Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technique. [17] Kau et al .They made a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the reliability of a 3-dimensional facial scanning technique for the measurement of facial morphology. They made a field study in 2 comprehensive schools in the South Wales region of the United Kingdom. They found that by capturing the soft tissue morphology of the face with this technique is clinically reproducible within 3 minutes and 3 days of the initial records. [18]

Mahaisavariya et al.They made a study using a new method of 3-D by using CT-scan evaluation of the morphometry of the proximal femur by using a computerized tomography images combined with the reverse engineering technique .They obtained and analyzed the 3 D inner and outer geometry of the proximal cadaveric femur. The data they collected represent the geometry of the studied proximal femur, and can be used for the design of proper size and shape of femoral prostheses and trochanteric nail systems. They found that the use of this 3dimensional evaluation method has some distinct advantages including the ability to evaluate the intramedullary canal without destroying the specimen. [19]

References
[1] Sandro Barone et al.Shape measurement by a multi-view methodology based on the remote tracking of a 3D optical scanner. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 50, 2012, 380390. [2] Naif Adel Haddad. From ground surveying to 3D laser scanner: A review of techniques used for spatial documentation of historic sites, Journal of King Saud University Engineering Sciences 2011, 109118. [3] Pedro Martn Lerones et al.A practical approach to making accurate 3D layouts of interesting cultural heritage sites through digital models. Journal of Cultural Heritage 11, 2010, 19. [4] Huipu Xu et al. A Novel 3D Surface Modeling Based on Spatial Neighbor Points Coupling in Reverse Engineering, International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA 2010). [5] C.Bonfanti et al. High accuracy images and range based acquiring for artistic handworks 3d-models, International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 5, UK. 2010. [6] Zhiqiang Du et al. Detail-preservation 3-d modeling for elaborate Buddha sculpture, 22nd CIPA Symposium, October 11-15, 2009, Kyoto, Japan. [7] Avshalom Karasik ,Uzy Smilansky. 3D scanning technology as a standard archaeological tool for pottery analysis: practice and theory. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 2008, 1148-1168. [8] Yang Zhao et al. Development of a Robotic 3D Scanning System for Reverse Engineering of Freeform Part. International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, 2008.

[9] Liang Xu et al.Three-Dimensional Geometrical Modeling of Wild Boar Head by Reverse Engineering Technology. Journal of Bionic Engineering 5, 2008, 8590. [10] Yusuf Arayici. An approach for real world data modeling with the 3D terrestrial laser scanner for built environment. Automation in Construction 16, 2007, 816829. [11] X J Cheng1 and W Jin. Study on Reverse Engineering of Historical Architecture Based on 3D Laser Scanner. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 48, 2006, 843849. [12] Chris Boehnen and Patrick Flynn. Accuracy of 3D Scanning Technologies in a Face Scanning Scenario. Fifth International conference, 2005, 310 317. [13] A. Fischer and A. Manor. Utilizing Image Processing Techniques for 3D Reconstruction of Laser-Scanned Data. Annals of the ClRP Vol. 48, 1999. [14] L.C. Hieu et al.Medical Reverse Engineering Applications and Methods. MECAHITECH 10 Bucharest, September 2010. [15] R. Racasan et al. Integrating the concept of reverse engineering in medical applications. Automation Quality and Testing Robotics, 2010, IEEE International Conference. [16] Ben Taylor et al. Use of a non-contact 3D digitiser to measure the volume of keloid scars: a useful tool for scar assessment. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 60, 2007 87-94. [17] S.M. Milusheva et al. Personalised Ankle-Foot Orthoses design based on Reverse Engineering. Intelligent Production Machines and Systems, 2006. Elsevier. [18] Chung How Kau et al. Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system, the American Association of Orthodontists, 2005. [19] Banchong Mahaisavariya et al. Morphological study of the proximal femur: a new method of geometrical assessment using 3-dimensional reverse engineering. Medical Engineering & Physics 24, 2002, 617622.