SALIVARY GLANDS SALIVARY AMYLASE LINGUAL LIPASE

BICARBONATE IONS -neutralizethe acid in foods STOMACH ENZYMES: PEPSINOGEN HCl INTRINSIC FACTOR MUCIN GASTRIN 4 TYPES OF CELLS IN STOMACH 1. PARIETAL CELL- HCl & intrinsic factor 2. GASTRIC CHIEF CELL- produce PEPSINOGEN; found in body of the stomach 3. GOBLET CELLS- produce MUCIN & BICARBONATE to create neutral zone to protect stomach lining from acids&irritants in the stomach chyme. 4. G CELLS- Produce the hormone GASTRIN in response to distention of the stomach mucosa or protein, and stimulate parietal cells production of their secretion. G cells are located in theantrum of the stomach, which is the most inferior region of the stomach. Secretion by the previous cells is controlled by the enteric nervous system. Distention in the stomach or innervation by the vagus nerve (via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system) activates the ENS, in turn leading to the release of acetylcholine. Once present, acetylcholine activates G cells and parietal cells

PANCREAS Behind the stomach in the abdomen Produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon Secrete digestive/exocrinic pancreatic juice- w/c secreted via pancreatic duct into duodenum DUCTAL CELLS: Production of bicarbonate(HCO3)-neutralize the acidity of the stomach Stimulated by the hormone secretin- inhibits production of G cell;stimulates acinar cells of the pancreas to produce pancreatic enzyme.

ACINAR CELLS: Responsible for production of inactive pancreatic enzyme (zymogens)- which breaks down proteins, fat and DNA/RNA. Stimulated by cholecystokinin(hormone/neurotrans from duodenal cell) w/c stimulates prod of pancreatic zymogens. PANCREATIC JUICE-composed of both ductal and acinar secretions DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: 1. TRYPSINOGEN toTRYPSIN(activated by enterokinase) 2. CHYMOTRIPSINOGEN- breaks down proteins;activated by Trypsin 3. CARBOXYPEPTIDASE- protease that takes off terminal amino acid group from a protein 4. ELASTASES- degrade protein elastin and some proteins 5. PANCREATIV LIPASE- degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol 6. PHOSPHOLIPASE 7. CHOLESTEROL ESTER- Vit D3 8. DNAase & RNAase- degrade nucleic acids 9. PANCREATIC AMYLASE- breaks down, besides STARCH&GLYCOGEN, other CARBOHYDRATES. *humans lack the enzyme to digest CHO cellulose, due to special hydrogenbonding structure. Exocrine-denoting a gland that secretes outwardly through ducts to be taken to a cavity or surface. EX-Salivary glands, Sweat glands, Gastric glands, Seabaceous gland, Endocrine-any of the ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream; Ex-Thyroid gland,Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenals, Ovaries, Testes, Thymus, Pineal Body ENZYMES: 1. SECRETIN- hormonr produced by duodenal S cell in response to stomach chyme containing high acidity 2. CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)- released by duodenal I in response to chyme containing high fat/protein -increase gallbladder contraction BILE- made by LIVER and stored in GALLBLADDER -emulsifying fat,increasing absorptive surface. 3. GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE- produced by mucosal duodenal in response containing high CHO,proteins, and fatty acids. Fxn: DECREASE GASTRIC EMPTYING 4. SOMATOSTATIN- produced by mucosal cell of duodenum and delta cells of pancreas.

-inhibitory effect, including pancreatic juice production. SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM: secretory portion of the small intestine JEJENUM: begins from the insertion of ligament of Treitz -absorptive surface ILEUM: terminal portion;limited but vital role absorption VIT B12 and bile are absorbed

ENZYME/HORMONE PRODUCED IN DUODENUM

SECRETIN: This is an endocrine hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the acidity of the gastric chyme. CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK): This is not by definition a hormone increase secretion of acinar cells and increased production of pancreatic juice. increases gallbladder contraction, causing release of pre-stored bile into the cystic duct, and eventually into the common bile duct and via the ampulla of Vater into the second anatomic position of the duodenum. CCK also decreases the tone of the sphincter of Oddi, which is the sphincter that regulates flow through the ampula of Vater. CCK also decreases gastric activity and decreases gastric emptying, thereby giving more time to the pancreatic juices to neutralize the acidity of the gastric chyme. GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE(GIP):This peptide decreases gastric motility and is produced by duodenal mucosal cells. MOTILIN: This substance increases gastro-intestinal motility via specialized receptors called "motilin receptors." SOMATOSTATIN: This hormone is produced by duodenal mucosa and also by the delta cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to inhibit a variety of secretory mechanisms.

Throughout the lining of the small intestine there are numerous "brush border" enzymes whose function is to further cleave the already-broken-down products of digestion into absorbable particles. Some of these enzymes include:

Sucrase

Lactase: This is a significant brush border enzyme in that a majority of Middleastern and Asian population lack this enzyme and also this enzyme decreases with age, and as such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middleastern, Asian, and older population, manifesting with bloating, abdominal pain, and osmotic diarrhea. Maltase Other disaccharidases

Diarrehea- CHOLERA causes diarrhea and people die Body is 42l body h20 8l into digestion of food a day, if it doesnt reabsorbed you lose 8l/day infected- poop more and dehydrate and die

GI maldiegstion and malabsorption Cystic-maldigestion and followed by Maldigestion- bilroth 2 and

Respiratory-pseidostratified R