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Kiran K kirankollepalli@yahoo.co.in Oracle 10g Certified Professional 1
Contents ● Introduction to Grid Storage Enhancements Network Enhancements Backup
and Recovery Flashback Features Automatic Storage Management SelfManaged Database
Miscellaneous Features ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2
Oracle 10g Introduction to Grid Computing 3
How DBA's Spend their time? 4
Database Management Challenges 5
Oracle 10g Solution 6
How 10g DBA's Spend Time... 7
What is Grid Computing? ● What is Oracle 10g? – The Oracle GRID architecture
pools large number of servers, storage and networks into a flexible, on demand
computing resource for enterprise computing needs. – This infrastructure
continually analyzes demand for resource and adjusts supply accordingly It offers
High Availability and Scalability It is flexible than Clustered Systems – – 8
Grid Infrastructure • Applications • Application servers • Database servers •
Storage: Use cheap and fast clustered server blades 9
Installation Enhancements ● Much Faster Does the preinstallation checks
Installation CD's – – – – – ● ● One Database Two Grid One Client One
Cluster One Companion ● JVM, JDBC, Examples, SQLJ, Middle tier components, etc
10
Installation Requirements – Hardware: RAM Processor Swap 1GB (10g R2) P4 1GB
– Kernel Parameters: kernel.sem = 256 256000 100 1024 kernel.shmmax = 550000000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 262144 net.core.wmem_default =
262144 net.core.wmem_max = 262144 fs.filemax = 65536 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range
= 1024 65000 11
Oracle 10g General Storage Enhancements 12
Architectural Enhancements ● New memory component – Streams Pool (dynamic) Java
pool – Dynamic component Background Processes: – – – – – ● ● MMAN – Memory
Manager MMON – Manageability Monitor MMNL – Manageability Monitor Light RVWR –
Recovery Writer CTWR – Change Tracking Writer 13
Tablespace Enhancements ● Default tablespaces created: – – SYSTEM: Container of
Data Dictionary SYSAUX: (in 10g) ● Reduce load on System Cannot rename / drop
v$sysaux_occupants use PL/SQL package to move occupant ● ● ● 14
Sysaux Occupants ● Automatic workload
Enterprise Manager Oracle OLAP (online
Text (Multimedia content) Oracle Ultra
Oracle Data Mining (tools / algorithms
15
repository(AWR) statistics – – – – – – – –
analytical processing applications) Oracle
Search (extended search within database)
for data mining) Log Miner Scheduler etc
Types of Tablespaces ● System / NonSystem Permanent / Temporary Dictionary
Managed / Locally Managed Undo Tablespace Small file / Big file (10g) Temporary
tablespace groups ● ● ● ● ● 16
BigFile Tablespace ● Max datafiles in a database is 64k. Now, it is overcome: 8k
block size – 32 TB / 32k block size – 128 TB Supported only for LMT with Segment
Management Auto – ● Create [bigfile | smallfile ] tablespace <name> datafile
'<path/filename>' size <kb, mb, gb, tb>; Create database ... set default bigfile
tablespace; Alter database set default bigfile tablespace; – – 17
Temporary Tablespace Groups ● Contains one or more tempfiles Create temporary
tablespace ... tempfile ... tablespace group group1; Alter tablespace temptbs
tablespace group group2; Alter tablespace temptbs tablespace group ' ' ; Alter
database <dbname> default temporary tablespace group2; Making group2 as default
temporary tablespace View: dba_tablespace_groups ● ● ● ● ● 18
Rename Tablespaces ● Alter tablespace <name> rename to <newname>; – – –
Compatible=10.0 or higher Cannot rename SYSTEM / SYSAUX Cannot rename offline
tablespace 19
Dropping Datafiles ● Alter tablespace drop datafile '<path/name>' ; Alter
tablespace drop tempfile '<path/name>' ; Restrictions: – – – – – ● ● Database
must be open Datafile / tempfile must be empty Cannot drop first / only datafile
Cannot drop datafiles from readonly tablespace Cannot drop datafiles from SYSTEM
tablespace 20
Archivelog Parameters – – log_archive_start [obsolete from 10g]
log_archive_format = %d_%t_%s_%r.arc ● %r will represent the RESETLOGS SCN number
Will not make the old archivelog files obsolete ● 21
Undo Enhancements ● Create undo tablespace undotbs02 datafile '<path/filename>'
size <size> [autoextend on] [ retention {guarantee | noguarantee} ]; – – ORA1555
Error is eliminated Enhanced to support Flashback features 22
Resumable Space Management ● In 9i, it was restricted to session level Now it can
be enabled at Instance Level – – ● RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT = 7200 RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT =
0 will disable the feature 23
Partitioned Indexes ● Create
Range(EmpNo) (Partition Part1
Part2 values less than (1000)
(Maxvalue) tablespace TBS3 );
Partition by Hash(EmpNo) 10g
TBS4); 24
index PART_IDX on Emp(EmpNo) Global Partition by
values less than (500) tablespace TBS1, Partition
tablespace TBS2, Partition Part3 values less than
● Create index PART_IDX on Emp(EmpNo) Global
Feature Partitions 4 Store in (TBS1, TBS2, TBS3,
Oracle 10g Networking Enhancements 25
Naming Methods ● Easy Connect: – – – Can specify different port number No
configuration required on the client Reduces administrative work ● sqlplus
scott/tiger@localhost:1529/wisedba.co.in sqlnet.ora NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=
(EZCONNECT) ● 26
Enterprise Manager DB Control ● Very much enhanced Is invoked through a browser
Powerful / Simple / Easy tool Easier to manage database Steps: ● ● ● ● ● emca
repos create emca config dbcontrol db emctl {start | stop | status } dbconsole ●
● 27
Oracle 10g Faster Backup and Recovery 28
Logical Backup through Datapump – Will replace Exp / Imp in future releases. Imp
will be retained for migration purposes Enables to transfer data at very high
speeds than exp/imp Lets you to estimate job times and manage jobs effectively
Dump file is the proprietary format of Datapump Ability to restart data pump jobs
Parallel execution capabilities Ability to attach to running jobs Network mode of
operations – – – – – – – 29
Datapump Features – – – – – Datapump is entirely based on server Uses
DBMS_DATAPUMP, DBMS_METADATA More meaningful parameters than Exp / Imp More secure
– needs permissions on server directories Datapump Job: ● Master Process (MCP) –
DMnn – Create and manage job Worker Process – DWnn – Actual performer, depends on
parallelism Shadow Process – Create the master table and master process Client
Process – call the Datapump's API ● ● ● 30
Datapump Export Parameters ● Directory Dumpfile (expdat.dmp) Filesize Parfile
Logfile (export.log) Nologfile Full Schemas Tables Content(all, data_only,
metadata_only) ● Parallel Exclude(constraints, indexes, grants) Include Query
Estimate_only Network_link Attach Jobname Status ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Interactive mode (ctrl+c) Kill_job Stop_job Continue_client Start_job ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 31
Modes of Export – Table Mode Export: ● expdp user1/user1 tables=emp
directory=dir1 dumpfile=emp.dmp job_name=emp_expdp content=data_only expdp
system/manager schema=user1, user2 dumpfile=dir1:sch1% U.dmp, dir2:sch2%U.dmp
logfile=expschema.log parallel=2 job_name=schema_export expdp system/manager
full=y directory=dir1 dumpfile=fullexp.dmp job_name=fullexport – Schema Mode
Export: (EXP_FULL_DATABASE) ● – Full Export: (EXP_FULL_DATABASE) ● 32
Datapump Import – – Reads information from valid Export Dump file Required to do
Recovery of tables / schemas / tablespaces / database 15 to 30 times faster than
traditional import job – 33
Datapump Import Parameters ● Parfile Directory Dumpfile Logfile Nologfile SQLFILE
(INDEXFILE in imp) Reuse_datafiles=y Content=Data_only, All, Metadata_only Exclude
Include Table_Exists_Action=(Skip, Append, Truncate, Replace) ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● 34
Datapump Import Parameters (cont) ● Job_name Status Parallel Table Schemas Full
Remap_Schema Remap_datafile Remap_Tablespace Network_Link ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● 35
Examples – impdp system/manager Directory=dir1 dumpfile=expdat.dmp
Sqlfile=finance.sql impdp system/manager dumpfile=dir1:expdat.dmp
Remap_schema=HR:OE similar to fromuser / touser in imp impdp hr/hr
Remap_tablespace='example_tbs':'new_tbs' directory=dump_dir1 parallel=2
job_name=tbsjob dumpfile=employees.dmp nologfile=y – – 36
Monitoring Datapump Jobs ● Dba_datapump_jobs Dba_datapump_sessions select sid,
serial# from v$session s, dba_datapump_sessions d where s.saddr=d.saddr ;
v$session_longops select sid,serial#, sofar, totalwork from v$session_longops
where opname='MYJOB'; v$session ● ● ● 37
Transportable Tablespace ● Limitations prior to 10g ● Must have same hardware
platform Must have same operating system ● 38
Converting Tablespace ● select * from v$transportable_platform; select
platform_name from v$database; select tablespace_name, plugged_in from
dba_tablespaces; ● ● – Conversion using RMAN: ● RMAN> convert tablespace
users to platform 'HPUX (64bit)' format '/tmp/%U'; tablespace must be read only
mode ● RMAN> convert tablespace users to platform 'Microsoft Windows IA (32-
bit)' ; RMAN> convert datafile '/home/users.dbf' from platform='HPUX (64bit)' to
platform='Linux IA (32bit)' RMAN> convert database to platform 'Linux IA (32bit)';
database must be opened in read only mode ● ● 39
DBMS_File_Transfer – Create or replace directory sourcedir as
'/home/oracle10g/wisedba/data'; Create or replace directory backupdir as
'/home/oracle10g/wisedba/backup'; Exec dbms_file_transfer.copy_file
('sourcedir','users01.dbf','backupdir','users01.bak'); – – 40
Oracle 10g Go back with Flashback 41
Flashback Enhancements ● Flash Recovery Area Flashback Database Flashback Drop
Flashback Table Flashback Query Flashback Versions Query Flashback Transaction
Query ● ● ● ● ● ● 42
Flash Recovery Area ● Serves as the default storage area for all files related to
backup and recovery operations Let Oracle take care of your backups Simply
designate the disk space as Flash Recovery Area, specify the area's maximum size,
and let Oracle know how long you want to retain the backuprelated information
Oracle manages backup related files including Archive logs, Control files, and
other files ● ● ● 43
Flashback Database ● Lets you to recover from logical corruptions (not media
failure). Avoids restoring of backup datafiles Once Flashback database is enabled,
images of each alter block in datafiles are copied from memory to the new
flashback logs (stored in Flash Recovery Area) ● ● RVWR process writes the
contents of flashback buffer to the Flashback database logs The before images are
used to reconstruct a database back in time ● 44
Flashback Database Example ● Select count(*) from emp; > 10,000 Select
current_scn from v$database; > 682021 Select count(*) from emp; > 20,000 Shutdown
Startup mount Flashback database to SCN 682021; Alter database open Resetlogs;
Select count(*) from emp; >10,000 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 45
Flashback Drop ● Oracle 10g finally takes this hazard, you cannot mistakenly
drop a table!! If you have dropped a table with “Drop table Emp” and you realize
you wanted the table back, you don't have to perform database pointintime
recovery When you drop a table, Oracle simply renames it and stores the table and
its dependent objects in the database's RECYCLE BIN ● ● 46
Recycle Bin ● To query your dropped table: – – Show recyclebin Views:
USER_RECYCLEBIN, RECYCLEBIN, DBA_RECYCLEBIN Select * from tab; > Shows dropped
tables with a system generated unique name Flashback table Emp to before drop; –
● Restoring table drop: – 47
Flashback Table ● Lets you to perform an online, pointintime recovery on one /
more tables ● Lets you restore an earlier state of a table to recover from
human / application errors Relies on Undo Data Not supported for SYS user Must
have flashback any table or flashback object privilege on the table Must enable
Row Movement on the table(RowId changes) ● ● ● ● 48
Flashback Table Commands ● Alter table Emp enable row movement; Flashback table
Emp to scn 711087; Flashback table Emp to timestamp to_timestamp('04Sep2006
08:00:00', 'ddmonyyyy HH24:MI:SS'); If the flashback results aren't satisfactory,
you can again Flashback to current SCN ● ● ● 49
Flashback Query ● Perform queries on the database at a target time in the past
Relies on Undo Data Use the command: Select ... as of ... Can use SCN number or
Timestamp ● ● ● ● Oracle retrieves only committed data in the as of the time
specified In Oracle 9i, dbms_flashback package was used to do flashback query ●
50
Flashback Query (contd) ● Select * from Emp as of Timestamp to_timestamp('03Sep-
2006 22:40:00','ddmonyyyy hh24:mi:ss') where Ename='SMITH'; Select * from Emp as
of SCN 712388; Insert into Emp (Select * from Emp as of scn 712388) ● ● 51
Flashback Versions Query ● Enables users to query the history of a given row in a
table Oracle returns different committed versions of a row between two SCNs or
two Timestamps Relies on Undo Data ● ● 52
Flashback Versions Query (contd) ● Select versions_xid, versions_startscn,
versions_starttime, versions_endscn, versions_endtime, versions_operation, Empno,
Ename, Sal from Emp VERSIONS between SCN minvalue and maxvalue as of SCN 712388
where Empno=7369 VERSIONS_STARTSCN VERSIONS_ENDSCN VER EMPNO ENAME SAL I D
711097 7369 7369 7369 SMITH SMITH SMITH 900 800 850 VERSIONS_XID
0300040062010000 711141 0800190063010000 711097 53
Flashback Transaction Query ● Lets you to identify which transaction or
transactions were responsible for certain changes during a certain period View:
Flashback_Transaction_Query Enables to correct logical errors Enables to Audit the
transactions Can avoid usage of LogMiner – where Oracle must read entire redo log
files to get necessary information ● ● ● ● 54
Example Output SELECT OPERATION, START_SCN, LOGON_USER, UNDO_SQL FROM
FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY WHERE XID = HEXTORAW ('0300040062010000'); OPERATION
INSERT START_SCN 711140 LOGON_USER SCOTT UNDO_SQL delete from "SCOTT"."EMP1" where
ROWID = 'AAAC5ZAAAAAAAAAAAA'; SELECT UNDO_SQL FROM FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY
WHERE TABLE_OWNER = 'SCOTT' UNDO_SQL insert into
"SCOTT"."EMP"("EMPNO","ENAME","JOB","MGR","HIREDATE","SAL","COMM","DEPTNO") values
('7369','SMITH','CLERK','7902',TO_DATE('17dec1980:00:00:00', ' ddmon-
yyyy:hh24:mi:ss'),'800',NULL,'20'); delete from "SCOTT"."EMP" where ROWID =
'AAAC5ZAAAAAAAAAAAA'; insert into
"SCOTT"."EMP"("EMPNO","ENAME","JOB","MGR","HIREDATE","SAL","COMM"," DEPTNO")
values ('7934','MILLER','CLERK','7782',TO_DATE('23jan1982:00:00:00', 'ddmon-
yyyy:hh24:mi:ss'),'1300',NULL,'10'); ... ... ... 55
Oracle 10g Enhanced Recovery Manager (RMAN) 56
RMAN Enhancements – Can backup Database, Tablespace, Datafiles, Control files,
Archive log files, SP File, and also the Flash Recovery Area Global and Local
scripts can be created for routine jobs Can easily catalog the files if metadata
information is lost RMAN supports binary compression of backups. No extra
uncompression steps are required during recovery. Automatic channel failover will
be done by RMAN, if one of the channel on which RMAN is performing a backup fails
Incremental level of backup are possible (which is much faster in Oracle 10g with
Change Track Writing) – – – – – 57
RMAN Enhancements (contd) – Configuration ● Configure encryption for database
on; Configure device type disk backup type to { copy | backupset }; Configure
device type disk backup type to compressed backupset; Backup recovery files;
Backup recovery area; Backup as backupset database; Backup as copy database;
Backup as compressed backupset tablespace users; ● ● – Backup ● ● ● ● ● 58
Incremental Backups ● Fast Incremental Backups: ● Alter database { enable |
disable } block change tracking using file '/home/flash/changetrack.log' reuse;
– Background process CTWR is in charge of writing the block changes information
to the change tracking file. ● V$BLOCK_CHANGE_TRACKING V$BACKUP_DATAFILE ● 59
Rolling Forward of Image Copies ● Regularly create incremental backups of your
database and apply them to the image copy ● run { Recover copy of database with
tag "fullcopy"; Backup incremental level 2 for recover of copy with tag "fullcopy"
database; } ● Either for complete or pointintime recovery, you can restore the
datafiles from the incrementally updated datafile copies, and apply changes from
the most recent incremental backup Saves time required for recovery ● 60
Go back to Previous Incarnation ● Pointintime recovery to previous incarnation is
possible through RMAN It is not possible to restore one datafile of previous
incarnation, you must restore the whole database DB ID 36524583 36524583 STATUS
PARENT CURRENT Reset SCN 1 682023 Reset Time 18AUG06 03SEP06 ● RMAN> List
incarnation; DB Key Inc Key DB Name 1 2 ● 1 2 WISEDBA WISEDBA Perform
incomplete recovery to go back to previous incarnation 61
Oracle 10g Simplified management with ASM 62
Automatic Storage Management ● Oracle finally automates your disk and file
management tasks Enables to bypass thirdparty LVMs Oracle takes care of Mirroring
and Stripping Optimizes database storage layout for better performance ASM is
built on top of OMF which much further simplifies the administration overhead ●
● ● ● 63
Benefits of ASM ● Prevents disk fragmentation ● ASM will manage – datafiles,
control files, redo log files, archive logs, RMAN backups and so on DBA has to
deal with only few diskgroups instead of numerous files Performs mirroring and
striping. Automatically balances I/O load Helps to maintain redundant copies for
fault tolerance ASM is FREE!! ● ● ● ● 64
ASM Architecture 65
Oracle 10g The SelfManaged Database 66
Automatic Database ● Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) Automatic Database
Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) Automatic Shared Memory Management Automatic Optimizer
Statistics Collection ● ● ● 67
AWR ● Oracle10g is truly SelfManaging database, AWR is the heart of it.
Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) will collection performance statistics
automatically ● AWR stores the database in Sysaux tablespace. It keeps both
current temporary statistics and permanent historical statistics Dynamic views
are only till the database shutdown AWR stores the database for future
comparisions ADDM relies on the snapshots for diagnosis ● ● ● 68
AWR (contd) ● MMON (Manageability Monitor) – – Captures statistics through
periodic snapshots Transfers memory version of AWR statistics to disk on regular
basis Performs lightweight tasks Captures Session information for Automatic
Session History Flush ASH data to disk if ASH buffer fills up ● MMNL
(Manageability Monitor Light) – – – 69
ADDM ● AWR collects database at regular intervals Automatic Database Diagnostic
Monitor (ADDM) analyzes this data regularly every hour ADDM analysis are stored
in Sysaux tablespace Provides detailed information about the root cause of
performance problems It is selfdiagnostic engine built into Oracle 10g ● ● ● ●
● ADDM is also dependent on MMON to get read statistics directly from SGA 70
ADDM Benefits ● Identifies root cause Produces automatic performance diagnostic
reports Very little performance overhead Diagnosis is based on Oracle's expert
tuning knowledge for decades ADDM runs automatically after each AWR snapshot
Oracle enables ADDM feature by default ● ● ● ● ● ● Statistics_level =
Typical or All Timed_Statistics = True ● 71
ASMM ● Automatically allocate and deallocate memory for each of the memory pools
based on the load Less chance of running out of shared pool memory Optimal usage
of available memory Performance Improvement Automatic Shared Memory Management
(ASMM) is enable by setting the parameter SGA_TARGET to a non zero value (lesser
than sga_max_size) ● ● ● ● 72
ASMM (contd) ● Statistics_Level must be Typical or All. MMAN process performs
all necessary resizing ASMM manages the following components automatically: ● ●
Buffer Cache Shared Pool Large Pool Java Pool ● ● ● ● Oracle internally uses
memory tuning algorithm ( 0 to Optimum value) 73
ASMM (contd) ● To disable automatic management, set SGA_Target to 0 Use Spfile
rather than Pfile if you want Oracle to remember the sizes of the automatically
tuned memory components across an instance shutdown ● ● View to check the
current size of autotuned components: v$sga_dynamic_components 74
Automatic Statistics Collection ● Normally, Oracle checks the optimizer
statistics to select the best execution plan with the least cost Optimizer cannot
function properly if you do not feed up todate statisitcs Poor statistics mean
nonoptimal execution plan Oracle recommends that you let the database collect
optimizer statistics automatically through Automatic Optimizer Statistics
Collection ● ● ● 75
Automatic Statistics Collection (cont) ● Statistics include: ● Table Statistics
Column Statistics Index Statisitcs System Statistics ● ● ● 76
Oracle 10g Miscellaneous Features 77
Misc Features ● Database Alerts: – DBAs generally use SQL scripts to alert them
when abnormal conditions occur Oracle 10g has built in system for alerts – –
Oracle 10g users indicators called Metrics which will show the rate of change of
a cumulative statistic MMON process collects database metrics continuously and
automatically saves them in SGA – 78
Misc Features (contd) ● Job Scheduler: – – Scheduler is required to run
automated tasks Oracle 10g has built in feature to perform some routine tasks all
by itself Scheduler user PL/SQL programs for scheduling and managing database
Using scheduler you can run PL/SQL Stored procedures, Java stored procedures, C
functions, SQL Scripts, Windows Scripts or Unix Scripts – – 79
Misc Features (contd) ● Drop Database: – – – Drop the database along with all
the physical files Startup restrict Drop database 80
Misc Features (contd) ● Advisory Framework: – Oracle 10g provides server
advisors to provide you with automatic performance details about various
subsystems of the database Oracle has built a Common Manageability Structure that
makes easy to manage the advisors All the advisors get their raw data from AWR
ADDM recommends using the management advisors on an ad hoc basis, whenever a
performance problem needs a deeper analysis. DBAs can also use it for analysis –
– – 81
Misc Features (contd) ● Advisory Framework (contd): – Memory Related ● Buffer
Cache Advisor Library Cache Advisor PGA Advisor Segment Advisor Undo Advisor SQL
Tuning Advisor SQL Access Advisor – Space Related ● – Tuning Related ● 82
Summary ● General Storage Enhancements Enterprise Manager DB Control Backup and
Recovery Enhancements Flashback Features Automatic Storage Management SelfManaged
Database Miscellaneous Features ● ● ● ● ● ● 83
</div>