Unit 4: Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems

Chapter 10 Definitions:
Arm: of a microscope supports the eyepiece; carry a microscope by the arm. Base: of a microscope supports the entire microscope. Cell: the smallest, most basic functional system of any living thing. Cell Membrane: surrounds and protects the cell and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Cell Theory: one of the key ideas of biology; helps scientists explain their observations of living things; states that all living things are made of cells and all cells come from other living cells. Cell Wall: tough, rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells. Chloroplast: organelle found in plant cells that contains chlorophyll, which traps energy from the sun. Coarse Adjustment Knob: of a microscope is used only with the low power lens and helps to bring the sample into focus. Compound Light Microscope: a microscope that has two sets of lenses. Cytoplasm: the jelly-like part of a cell that contains the organelles and dissolved substances. Eyepiece: lens of a microscope or telescope through which the observer looks; contains a lens that magnifies the object being observed. Fine Adjustment Knob: of a microscope is used with the medium and high power lenses to bring the sample precisely into focus. Diaphragm: a ring that controls the amount of light entering a camera.

 Light Source: of a microscope supplies the light needed to view the specimen. Magnification Power: the number of times larger an image appears under the lens. Mitochondria: organelles in animal and plant cells that break down food particles to release the energy stored in them. Nucleus: organelle in plant and animal cells that contains all of the genetic information that directs the development, reproduction, and maintenance of cells. Objective Lens: the lens in a microscope or refracting telescope through which the light first enters; magnifies the object or specimen being observed; most microscopes have three objective lenses. Organelle: a structure inside a cell that performs a specific function. Resolving Power: of a microscope is the ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together; measured as the smallest distance between two objects for which the viewer can still see that there are two separate objects instead of just one. Revolving Nosepiece: the section of the microscope that includes the objective lenses and can be rotated to place a specific lens in position. Stage: the platform of a microscope on which the slide sits and is held in place by the clips. Tube: or barrel is the part of a microscope to which the eyepiece is attached and provides the pathway for light to travel from the objective lenses to the eyepiece. Vacuole: membrane-bound sack in the cytoplasm of cells in which materials or water are stored.

Chapter 10: The cell is the basic unit of life

Section 10.1: Characteristics of Life
The cell is the smallest functional unit of life. By functional we mean that it has all four characteristics of life.

The characteristics of life are: All living things grow: as you continue to grow as a teenager, you get taller and the mass of your bone and muscles increases. Your growth is the result of the cells in your body increasing in number. Even when you stop growing, your body will grow new cells as old ones die. All living things move: movement involves changes to the shape, position, or location of the body or body parts. For instance, animals might have legs, wings, or find to move from one location to another. Plants might have stems that change position with the Sun. Many single-celled living things (unicellular organisms) change their shape or have hair-like body parts that help them move or sweep in food.

All living things respond to stimuli in their environment: a cat may hiss
when it feels threatened by something in its external environment. Hissing is the cats response to a stimulus. A stimulus (plural: stimuli) is anything that causes a living thing to respond. Living things also respond to stimuli in their internal environment. Think of the last time you were hungry or thirsty. Hunger and thirst are stimuli the cause you to respond by eating or drinking.

All living things reproduce: through reproduction, living things produce

more of their own kind (offspring). Some living things (such as bacteria and some kinds of plants) produce offspring that are identical to themselves, while other living things (such as most animals) produce offspring that are similar to themselves.

THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE *figure 10.3 (page 392 in text) diagram. PART
Eyepiece Tube

FUNCTION
Is used for viewing and contains a lens that magnifies. Holds the eyepiece and objective lenses at proper distance from each

other. Arm Coarse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Objective lenses Supports the eyepiece Brings an object into focus at high power Brings an object into focus at low or medium power. Magnify the image. Most microscopes have three or four lenses. Holds the three objective lenses. Supports the slide. Some microscopes have stage clips to hold the slide in place. Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. Supplies the light needed to view the slide. Supports the entire microscope.

Revolving nosepiece Stage

Iris diaphragm Light source Base

Section 10.2: Focusing on Cells

Cells are the smallest unit of life. They do a variety of things. Different types of cells do different things though many have a lot in common. Cells gave organelles inside that carry out functions within the cell. *table 10.3 (page 405 in text)

THE IMPORTANCE OF A CELL MEMBRANE

The cell membrane is responsible for keeping the cell contents contained. It has opening but they only allow certain things to get through. This is called a semipermeable membrane.

THE CELL THEORY

The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are made up of one or more cells. All cells come from other living cells.

NEW CELLS
In order to get new cells, old cells must divide. There are two types of divisions: mitosis and meiosis MITOSIS: one cell splits into two identical cells. These are called daughter cells. This is how we replace every cell in our bodies except for sperm and eggs. In mitosis the cell doubles up on all its contents and splits in two.

ENERGY FOR CELLS

Energy for cells comes from food specifically a molecule called Glucose. Plants however can make Glucose for photosynthesis. The opposite of photosynthesis is cellular respiration (CR). This is how cells use energy to function. Cellular respiration happens in the Mitochondria to produce the energy needed for the cell to function.

Chapter 11: Human body cells are organized as tissues, organs, and systems.
Chapter 11: Definitions
Circulatory system- the heart and all of the vessels that transport blood to and from the heart; also transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes. Digestive System- all of the organs that take in and process food and eliminate solid waste, including the mouth, stomach and intestines.

 Excretory System- the organs that filter the blood and eliminate watersoluble wastes; includes the kidneys and tubes and ducts connected to the kidneys. Muscular System- the muscle tissues responsible for movement in the body. Nervous System- the brain, spinal column, and all of the nerves that extend throughout the body; carries information about the body and the external surroundings to and from the brain; controls and coordinates body activities. Organ- a distinct structure containing different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific task. Organ System- a group of organs that work together to perform a specific task. Respiratory System- a group of organs that control breathing and exchange gases between the body and the surroundings. Systems- a group of individual parts that work together as a whole to accomplish a task. Tissue- a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.

Section 11.1: Cell Organization THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMS

All systems have the following characteristics: 1. A system is made up of individual parts that work together as a whole. 2. A system is often connected to one or more other systems. 3. If one part of a system is missing or damaged, the system will not function well or may not function at all.

Your body has several systems that work together to keep you alive and healthy. These systems are made up of tissues and organs. Tissues: groups of similar cells. Organs are groups of tissues that perform a specific function. Organ systems (body systems) are groups of organs that do some task in your body. Eg) digestive system has several organs which allow you to process food.

Section 11.2: Introducing Human Body Systems

There are 11 major systems, we will look at six: --Circulatory --Respiratory --Digestive --Excretory --Nervous --Muscular *KNOW MAIN FUNCTION AND MAIN ORGANS. Table 11.1 page 428-430

Chapter 12: The health of the body depends on the health of its interdependent systems.
Chapter 12: Definitions
Genetic Factors: things that are inherited that can affect the balance of the body systems. Homeostasis: ability of the body to maintain an internal balance.

 Lifestyle Factors: factors within a persons control that affect the balance of the body systems; examples are diet and exercise.

Section 12.1: How Body Systems Are Connected

All over cells need energy and need wastes removed. The energy comes from different nutrients. These nutrients can be carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. The main nutrient for energy is a carbohydrate called glucose. Glucose + Oxygen= carbon dioxide + water vapor + ENERGY This process is called Cellular Respiration and involves several body systems. Respiratory system Digestive system Circulatory system Excretory system All these must function for the cellular respiration to occur. ***figure 12.2 shows how these are related.