Chapter 4 Intro1

CHAPTER 3

Stoichiometry and Solution Concentration

Topic Scopes:
Molarity, molality, parts per million & percentage (w/w, w/v and v/v) Stoichiometry calculation Limiting reactant Theoretical yield, actual yield and percentage of yield
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Mole Concept
No. of Moles = Mass (g) molar mass (g/mol)

Molarity (M)
Molarity (molar concentration) is the number of moles of a solute that is contained in 1 liter of solution Molarity (M) = Amount of solute (Mol) Volume of solution (L)

1 mole contains 1 Avogadros number (6.022 x 1023)

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Example: Saline Water Concentration

Typical seawaters contain sodium chloride, NaCl, as much as 2.7 g per 100 mL. (a) What is the molarity of NaCl in the saline water? (b) The MgCl2 content of the saline water is 0.054 M. Determine the weight (grams) of MgCl2 in 50 mL of the saline water?
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Solution: (a) Molecular weight of NaCl = 22.99 +35.54 = 58.44 g mol-1 Moles of NaCl in 100 mL of saline water = 2.7g /(58.44 g mol-1) = 0.046 mol Molarity of saline water = Mol/L = 0.046 mol /(100/1000)L = 0.46 M
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Solution: (b) Molecular weight of MgCl2 = 24.30 + 2(35.45) = 95.20 g mol-1 Moles of MgCl2 = Molarity (M) x volume of solution (V) Weight of MgCl2 in 50 mL of saline water = (M x V) x MW = 0.054 mol L-1 x (50/1000)L x 95.20 g mol-1 = 0.26 g
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Molality (m)
Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram (1000 g) of solvent Molality (m) = Amount of solute (Mol) Mass of solvent (kg)

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Percent Composition (Concentration In Percentage)

Example:
A solution contains 118.5 g KI per liter of solution. Calculate the concentration in (a) % w/v & (b) % w/w. Given the density of the solution at 25C is 1.078 g mL-1 Solution: (a) % w/v = 118.5 g x 100% 1000 mL = 11.85 % w/v
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Units of Low Concentration

Solution: (b) % w/w = 118.5 g x 1 mL x 100% 1000 mL 1.078 g = 10.99 % w/w Parts per million, (ppm) is grams of solute per million grams of total solution/ mixture ppm = mass of solute x 106 mass of sample

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Unit of ppm: w/w = g/g or mg/kg w/v = g/mL or mg/L v/v = nL/mL or L/L

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Units of Low Concentration

Parts per billion, (ppb) is grams of solute per billion grams of total solution/ mixture ppb = mass of solute x 109 mass of sample Unit of ppb: w/w = ng/g or g/kg w/v = ng/mL or g/L v/v = nL/L
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Conversion of ppm to molarity

An aqueous solution (10.0 mL) contains 56 ppm SO2. Calculate the molarity of the solution. Solution: MW of SO2 = 32 + 2(16) = 64 g mol-1 56 ppm 56 mg/L
56 x 103 g M= 64.0 g mol-1 (1 L) = 8.75 x 104 M
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Stoichiometry
The relationship between the quantities of chemical reactants and products Depend on the principle of the conservation of matter
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Reaction of Phosphorus with Cl2

Notice the stoichiometric coefficients and the physical states of the reactants and products
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Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and products and their relative amounts in a reaction
reactants products

Law of The Conservation of Matter

States that matter can be neither created nor destroyed An equation must be balanced It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides of the equation

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s) stoichiometric coefficients (s),(g),(l) physical states of compounds (s) solid, (g) gas, (l) liquid (aq) aqueous solution

Lavoisier, 1788
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Law of The Conservation of Matter

12 Cl atoms 12 Cl atoms

Balanced Chemical Equation

Unbalanced equation: NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g) Balanced equation: 2 NH3(g) + 5/2 O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(g)
Fraction OR

P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g)
4 P atoms

4 PCl3(l)
4 P atoms

Total mass of reactants is 10g, must end up with 10g of products if the reaction completely converts reactants to products
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x each coefficient on both sides by 2: 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

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Theoretical Yield
The calculated maximum quantity of product can be obtained form a chemical reaction / given quantities of reactants

? Actual Yield < Theoretical Yield

Loss of product often occurs during isolation & purification steps Some reactions do not react completely to products of central interest (side reactions) but give > than 1 set of products (unintended products / byproducts) If a reverse reaction occurs, some of the expected product may react to reform the reactants
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Actual Yield
The quantity of product that is actually obtained in laboratory / a chemical plant Actual yield < theoretical yield

Percentage (%) Yield

Percentage = actual yield x 100% Yield (%) theoretical yield

STEP 1: Write the balanced chemical equation NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O 454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, how much N2O and H2O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of products?
Given molecular weight: NH4NO3 = 80.04 g/mol, H2O = 18.02 g/mol, N2O = 42.00 g/mol

STEP 2: Convert mass reactant of NH4NO3 (454 g) moles Moles of NH4NO3 :

454 g
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1 mol = 5.68 mol NH4NO3 80.04 g

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454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O STEP 3: Convert moles reactant moles product 1 mol NH4NO3 2 mol H2O Express this relation as the STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O STEP 4: Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) moles product Moles of H2O 2 mol H2O Moles of NH4NO3 = 1 mol NH4NO3 Moles of H2O
5.68 mol NH 4NO 3
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2 mol H2 O produced 1 mol NH4NO3 used

2 mol H 2 O produced 1 mol NH 4 NO 3 used

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= 11.4 mol H2O produced

Theoretical Yield
STEP 5: Convert moles product (11.4 mol) mass product Called the THEORETICAL YIELD Mass of H2O:
11.4 mol H 2 O 18.02 g = 204 g H 2 O 1 mol

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O STEP 6: How much N2O is formed? Total mass of reactants = total mass of products 454 g NH4NO3 = ___ g N2O + 204 g H2O Mass of N2O = 250 g (Theoretical Yield)
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ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS!

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Percentage (%) Yield

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O If you isolated only 131 g of N2O, what is the percent yield? This compares the theoretical (250 g) and actual (131 g) yields.
% yield =
% yield =

GENERAL PLAN FOR STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATIONS

Mass Reactant (A)
x (1 mol A/g A)

Mass Product (B)

x (g B/mol B)

actual yield 100% theoretical yield

131 g 100% = 52.4% 250. g
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Moles reactant

Stoichiometric factor

Moles product

x (y mol product B) (x mol reactant A)

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PROBLEM: Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what mass of O2 and of H2O can be obtained? 2 H2O2(l) 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) Reaction is catalyzed by MnO2 Step 1: moles of H2O2 Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR to calculate moles of O2 Step 3: mass of O2
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Reactions Involving a LIMITING REACTANT

The reagent that is completely used up & it LIMITS the quantity of products formed in a reaction

Reactants

Products

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PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2. What mass of Al2Cl6 can form? Molecular weight : Al = 27.00 g/mol, Cl = 35.45 g/mol
STEP 1: Write the balanced chemical equation 2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
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Step 2: Calculate moles of each reactant Moles calculation based on limiting reactant We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2 , Mole of Al = 5.40 g 27.00 g/mol Mole of Cl2 = 8.10 g 70.90 g/mol
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= 0.200 mol Al

= 0.114 mol Cl2

Step 3: Determine limiting reactant Compare actual mole ratio of reactants to theoretical mole ratio

Deciding on the Limiting Reactant

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6 If
mol Cl2 3 > mol Al 2

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
Reactants must be in the mole ratio:

There is not enough Al to use up all the Cl2 Limiting reactant = Al If

mol Cl2 3 < mol Al 2

mol Cl 2 3 = mol Al 2

Theoretical mole ratio

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There is not enough Cl2 to use up all the Al Limiting reactant = Cl2 36

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Step 4: Find mole ratio of reactants Actual mol Cl 0.114 mol 3 2 = = 0.57 < Mole mol Al 0.200 mol 2 Ratio:
mol Cl2 3 = mol Al 2

PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2. What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6 Limiting reactant = Cl2 All calculations are based on Cl2
mass Cl2
1 mol Al 2 Cl6 3 mol Cl2

This should be 3/2 or 1.5 if reactants are present in the exact stoichiometric ratio

mass Al2Cl6

Limiting reactant is

Cl2
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moles Cl2

moles Al2Cl6

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Calculation of mass of Al2Cl6 expected Step 1: Calculate mole of Al2Cl6 expected based on limiting reactant Mole of Al2Cl6 Mole of Cl2 Mole of Al2Cl6:
0.114 mol Cl2 1 mol Al 2Cl 6 = 0.0380 mol Al 2 Cl6 3 mol Cl2
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Step 2: Calculate mass of Al2Cl6 expected based on limiting reactant Mass of Al2Cl6 = Mole of Al2Cl6 x molar mass of Al2Cl6 Mass of Al2Cl6:
0.0380 mol Al 2Cl 6 266.4 g Al 2Cl 6 = 10.1 g Al 2 Cl 6 mol

1 mol Al2Cl6 3 mol Cl2

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Problem: How much of which reactant will remain when reaction is complete? Cl2 was the limiting reactant. Therefore, Al was present in excess. But how much? First find how much Al was required. Then find how much Al is in excess. .
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Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2
0.200 mol
0.114 mol Cl2

products

0.114 mol = LR
2 mol Al = 0.0760 mol Al required 3 mol Cl2

Excess Al = Al available - Al required = 0.200 mol - 0.0760 mol = 0.124 mol Al in excess (convert to mass)
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Chemical Analysis

Chemical Analysis
An impure sample of the mineral thenardite contains Na2SO4. Mass of mineral sample = 0.123 g The Na2SO4 in the sample is converted to insoluble BaSO4 The mass of BaSO4 = 0.177 g What is the mass percent of Na2SO4 in the mineral?
Given molecular weight:
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BaSO4 = 233.4 g/mol, Na2SO4 = 142.0 g/mol

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Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s) Mole of BaSO4 = 0.177 g BaSO4 /(233.4 g mol-1) = 7.58 x 10-4 mol Using stoichiometric factor, Moles of Na2SO4 1 mol Na2SO4 -4 mol BaSO = 7.58 x 10 1 mol BaSO4 4 Moles of Na2SO4 = 7.58 x 10-4 mol
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Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s) Mass of Na2SO4 = 7.58 x 10-4 mol Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol) = 0.108 g Na2SO4 Mass percent of Na2SO4 in the mineral, = (0.108 g Na2SO4/0.123 g sample)100% = 87.6% Na2SO4
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Using Stoichiometry to Determine a Formula

Problem: Burn 0.115 g of a hydrocarbon, CxHy and produce 0.379 g of CO2 and 0.1035 g of H2O. CxHy + O2 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O What is the empirical formula of CxHy?
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CxHy + O2 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O First, recognize that all C in CO2 and all H in H2O is from CxHy. 1. Calculate amount of C in CO2 8.61 x 10-3 mol CO2 8.61 x 10-3 mol C 2. Calculate amount of H in H2O 5.744 x 10-3 mol H2O 1.149 x 10-2 mol H
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CxHy + O2 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O Now find ratio of [mol H : mol C] to find values of x and y in CxHy. Mole ratio [ mol H : mol C] = 1.149 x 10 -2 mol H : 8.61 x 10-3 mol C = 1.33 mol H : 1.00 mol C = 4 mol H : 3 mol C Empirical formula = C3H4
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Summary
After this lecture, you should be able to understand and calculate: The mole concept Molarity, parts per million & percentage Stoichiometry factor Theoretical yield, actual yield & % yield Limiting reactant & excess reactant

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