1 MINSTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Final Examination for B.

Tech (2006) ( Civil Engineering ) CE 04016 Hydraulic Engineering Sample Answers

1 . What are the types of open channel flow?

Solution Types of Open-Channel Flow

(A) Steady flow (1) Uniform flow (2) Varied flow (i) Gradually varied (ii) Rapidly varied (B) Unsteady flow (1) Unsteady uniform flow (2) Unsteady varied flow (i) Gradually varied (ii) Rapidly varied

Steady flow The flow of the open-channel is steady, if the depth does not change with time interval under considerations.

Unsteady flow The flow of the open-channel is unsteady, if the depth changes with time interval under considerations.

Uniform flow The depth of the open-channel at every section is same, the flow of the openchannel is said to be uniform.

2 Steady uniform flow The depth of the open-channel at every section is same, and it also does not change with time interval under considerations.

Unsteady uniform flow The depth of the open-channel at every section is same, and it changes from time to time, water surface flocculates from time to time under considerations.

Varied flow The flow is said to be varied, if the depth changes in the direction of the channel.

Steady gradually varied flow The depth of the flow changes gradually along the length of the channel and it does not changers with time interval under consideration.

Steady rapidly varied flow The depth of the flow varies rapidly with corporately short distance and it does not change during time interval under consideration.

Unsteady gradually varied flow The depth of the flow varies gradually along its length of the channel and also it changes with its time.

Unsteady rapidly varied flow The depth of the flow varies rapidly over along short distance and also it changes with its time. -----------

2 . Water is flowing at a velocity of 12 ft/s and depth of 10 ft in a channel of rectangular section. Find the change in depth and absolute water level produced by (a) the smooth upward step of 0.5 ft, (b) the smooth downward step of 1 ft in the channel bed. Also (c) find the maximum allowable size of upward step for the upstream to be possible as specified. Solution

V1 = 12 ft/s y 1 = 10 ft = 0.5 ft y2 y 1 = ? , y2 y 1 = ? , E2 = Ec

(a) (b) (c)

z (upward)

y=? y=?

z (downward) = 1ft z (upward) = ?

(a)
V12 2g V22 2g

0 E1 = E2 + z + losses

V12 E 1 = y1 + 2g = 10 + 12 2 2 x 32.2

= 12.236 ft

E2= E1-

= 12.236 0.5 = 11.736

Q = b1y1V1 = b2 y2 V2 V2 = y1 V1/ y2 = 12 x10/ y2 = 120/ y2

E2 = y2 +

V22 2g

11.736 = y 2 +
By trial error,

120 2 2 x 32.2 x y 2 2

y 2 = 8.935 ft

or y 2 = 6.59 ft

possible depth is 8.935 ft

change in depth = y1 y 2 = 10- 8.935 = 1.065 ft Change in absolute water level y = 10 ( 8.935 + 0.5 ) = 0.565 ft

(b)
V12 2g V22 2g

0 E1 = E2 z + losses

V12 E 1 = y1 + 2g
= 12.236 ft

E2 = E1+ z = 12.236 + 1 = 13.236 ft

E2 = y2 +

V22 2g

13.236 = y 2 +

120 2 2 x 32.2 x y 2 2

By trial error, y 2 = 11.564 ft possible depth is 11.564 ft or y 2 = 5.31 ft

Change in depth = y2 y 1 = 11.564 10 = 1.564 ft Absolute water level y = 1.564 1 = 0.564 ft

(c)

for the u/s flow to be possible as specified E2 = E c ( or ) E min For the critical flow, q = Vy = 12 x 10 = 120 ft2 / s

q2 yc = = g
3

120 2 = 7.647 ft 32.2

Ec = 3/2 yc = 11.471 ft

E1 = Ec +

z = Ec - E1 = 12.236-11.471 ft z (upward) = 0.765 ft ------------

3 . A trapezoidal channel having bottom width 5 m and side slopes 1:1 carries a discharge of 12 m3/ s. Compute the critical depth and critical velocity. If the Mannings n = 0.02 determine the bottom slope required to maintain the critical depth.

Solution

T = b + 2zyc = 5 +2x1 yc = 5 +2yc A = (b + zyc) yc = (b + yc) yc

6 V 2g

=1

For critical flow, Q 2T =1 gA 3 12 2 (5 + 2y c ) =1 9.81((5 + zy c ) y c ) 3 By trial error, yc = 0.792 m A= ( 5 + 0.792 ) x 0.792 = 4.587 m2
Vc = Q = 2.616 m /s H

n = 0.02 s = ? P=b+2y R = 1 + z 2 = 5 + 2 x 2 y = 7.24 m

A = 0.634 m P

Using Mannings formula,

V=

R 3S 2

2.616 =

1 x 0.634 3 S 2 0.02 , yc = 0.792 m , Vc = 2.616 m/s --------------

S = 0.00503

4 . Design an economical earthen trapezoidal channel with velocity of 1 m/s and to discharge 3 m3/s having side slope 1 in 2. Take C = 55.

Solution

V = 1 m/s Q = 3 m3/s Z = ? C = 55
A = Q 3 = = V 1 3 m2

For economical section, b + 2zy = y 1+ z 2

b + 2 z y = 2y x 5 b + 4y = 4.472 y b = 4.472 y 4y = 0.472 y A = ( b + zy ) y = (0.472 y + 2 y ) y = 2.472 y2 P = b + 2y 1 + z 2 = 0.472 + 4.472 y = 4.944 y R = A P
2

A = 2.472 y2 = 3 y = 1.102 m , b = 0.52 m P = 4.944 x 1.102 = 5.448 m

8
R = A 3 = = 0.551 m P 5.448
RS
1 2 1 2

Q = CA

3 = 55 x 3 x 0.551 x S

S = 0.0006 y = 1.102 m , b = 0.52 m , S = 0.006 -------------

5 . A trapezoidal channel carrying 400 cfs is built with non-erodible bed having a slope of 0.0016 and n= 0.015. Proportion the section dimension.

Solution n = 0.015 , S = 0.016 , Q = 400 ft 3 / s Assume b = 20 ft , z = 2 A = ( b + zy ) y = ( 20 + 2 y) y

P = b + 2y 1 + z 2 = 20 + 4.472 y By Mannings formula,

Q=

AR3 S2
5 3 1

1.49 A Q= 2 n P3

S2
5 3

1.49 (( 20 + 2 y) y) 400 = x 2 0.015 (20 + 4.472 y) 3

x 0.0016

1 2

9 y = 2.519 ft

A = ( 20 + 2 x 2.519) x 2.519 = 63.071 ft

Check permissible velocity,

V = Q 400 = = A 63.071 6.342 m/s > V min = 2.3 m/s

O.K

The velocity should prevent sedimentation and vegetation growth.

Fr=

V gD

D=

A T

T = b + 2 z y = 20 + 4 x 2.519 = 30.076 ft

Fr =

6.342 32.2 x 2.097

D=

A = 2.097 ft T

= 0.772 < 1 Sub critical flow.

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6 . A wide rectangular channel with n = 0.025 is laid with change in slope from 0.09 to 0.002. The depth of uniform flow in the mild channel is 2 m. Determine the location of the jump. Use direct step method.

Solution

10 For wide rectangular channel, R y Using Mannings formula,

1 Q= AR3 S2 n

1 Q= A y3 S 2 n

q=

1 3 2 y S n

1 q= (2) 3 (0 .002 ) 0 .025 5.68 m2/s

1 2

Let sequent depth y2 = yn2 = 2 m

Fr2

V22 q2 5.68 2 = = = = 0.411 gy 2 gy 3 9.81 x 2 3 2

y =

y2 2

[ 1 + 8 F - 1]
2 r2

22 2

[ 1 + 8 x 0.411 - 1]

1.07 m

Uniform flow depth in steep channel 5.68 = 1 ( y n1 ) 3 (0.09) 2 0.025

5 1

11
5

( y n1 ) 3 = 0.473
( y n1 ) = 0.6384 m < ( yn1 )

Hydraulic jump will occur in mild channel

To find

x,

Let y1 = y n1 = 0.6384 m y2 = y1 = 1.07 m

V1 =

q 5.68 = = 8.897 m/s y1 0.6384

V2 =

q 5.68 = = 5.31 m/s y2 1.07

(8.897) 2 V12 E 1 = y1 + = 0.6384 + = 4.473 m 2g 2 x 9.81

(5.31) 2 V22 = 1.07 + E 2 = y2 + 2g 2 x 9.81

= 2.506 m

z = 0.002

q=

1 3 1 y SF 2 n

12

SF =

n 2q 2
10

y3 S F1 = (0.002) 2 x (5.68) 2 (0.6384)

10 3

= 0.08999

S F2 =

(0.002) 2 x (5.68) 2 (1.07)

10 3

= 0.0161

SF =

S F1 + S F2 2

0.0899 + 0.0161 = 0.053 2

x=

E 2 E1 2.506 - 4.673 = = 42.62 m S 0 SF 0.002 - 0.053

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7 . Determine the crest elevation and the shape of an overflow spillway section if the upstream face has a slope of 3 on 2 , and a crest length of 250 ft. The design discharge is 75,000 cfs. The upstream water surface at design discharge is at EL 1000 and the average channel floor is at EL 880. Take K = 1.939, n = 1.81.

13 Solution
3

Q = cd L H e2 75000 = 4.03 x 250 x H H = 74.44 He = 17.8 ft

3 2 e 3 2 e

Va = =

Q (P + H d )L

75000 120 x 250

= 2.5 ft / s

Va2 2.5 2 = 2g 2 x 32.2

= 0.1 ft / s

Hd = 17.8 - 0.1 = 17.7 ft

n xn = K H d 1 y

x x

1.81

= 1.939 x 17.7 = 19.88 y

1 x 19.88
1.81

0.81

1.81

y =

dy 1 = x1.81 x x 1.81 dx 19.88

Assume

dy 1 = dx 0 .6 = 0.091 x 0.81

1 0 .6

x 0.81 = 18.32

14

= 36.23 ft

= 33.38 ft

(x) ft (y) ft

0 0

5 10.9

10 3.3

15 6.8

20 11.4

25 17.1

30 23.7

36.23 33.4

(or) Assume
dy 1 = dx 0 .7

1 0 .7

= 0.091 x 0.81

x 0.81 = 15.699

= 29.95 ft

= 23.65 ft

(x) ft (y) ft

0 0

5 0.93

10 3.25

15 6.8

20 11.4

25

29.95

17.06 23.65

(or)

Assume

dy 1 = dx 0 .8

1 = 0.091 x 0.81 0 .8 x 0.81 = 13.736

= 25.41 ft

15

= 17.56 ft

(x) ft (y) ft

0 0

3 0.37

6 1.29

9 2.68

12 4.52

15 6.77

18 9.41

21

24

25.41

12.44 15.84 17.56

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