1

(Asset Based Community Development: ABCD)

(Appreciative Inquiry)


3

1 John P. Kretzman John L. McKnight
(Assets Based Community Development: ABCD)
2 David Cooperrider, S Srivastra Diana Whitney
(Appreciative Inquiry: AI)
3
(Strategic Linkage Model: SLM)

1 .. 2552
2

2
3
4
7
11
19
51




(Asset Based Community Development: ABCD)

1) (Discovery: D1)









4



(Community assets)
2) (Dream:D2)






3) (Design: D3)

4) (Destiny:D4)






(Facilitator) (Advocate) (Mediator)
(Empower)


(Health Communicator For Social Change)



(Appreciative Inquiry Community Dialogue)
5

1)
2)
3)

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7. (Technology of Participation) (Community

Dialogue) (workshop)
8. (Appreciative Inquiry)

9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

7


1.

2.

40

1 ..
2
3 ..
4


32

1.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
2.


3.
(Formative & Summative
Evaluation)

(Formative Evaluation)
1)

2)
3)
9

4)
5)

6.
7
1.
2.

( Summative Evaluation)
(Oral Examination)

(Summative Evaluation)
(Certificate of Attendance)

28 ( 80)
4. 32
:

15

10

32
1 3
1.1
1.2
1.3

1
1
1

2 (Appreciative Inquiry)
(Social Change Leader) 6
2.1
2.2

2.3

2
3
1

3 (DISCOVERY:D1) 6

3.1 3
3.2
3
4 (Technology Of Participation: TOP1)4
4.1 (Community Dialogue)
2
4.2 (workshop)
2
5 4
5.1 (DREAM:D2)
5.2 (DESIGN:D3)

2
2
11

6 5
6.1 (DESTINY:D4)
6.2
(Participatory Action Planning)
7 4
7.1
(After Action Review & Knowledge Management)
7.2
(Participatory Evaluation on Empowerment)

2
3

1. (community empowerment) 32
1.1 3

12

1. 2 (Appreciative Inquiry)
(Social Change Leader) 6

1.3 (DISCOVERY) 6

1
2

13

1.4 (Technology Of Participation : TOP1) 4

1 (Community Dialogue)
2 (workshop)

(Community Dialogue)
(workshop) (Technology of Participation)

5 4

1
2

1.6 5

1
2

14

1.7 4

1
2
3

(Participatory Evaluation on Empowerment)

15


1. (community empowerment)
1.1

32
3

1. 2 (Appreciative Inquiry)
(Social Change Leader)
6

16

1.3 (DISCOVERY)

1
2

1.4

1
2

1.5 (Technology Of Participation : TOP1)

1 (Community Dialogue)
2 (workshop)

(Community Dialogue)
(workshop) (Technology of Participation)
17

1.6

1
2

1.7

1
2

(Participatory Evaluation on
Empowerment)

18

1.1

3
1

1.

1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4
2.
2.1
(Weakness Based Community Development)
2.2
(Strength Based Community Development)
2.3
(Concept and Principle of Wisdom Power in Learning)
2.4
(Problem Solving Approach vs. Wisdom Approach)
2.5
2.6 (Hard Optimism)

19

3.
3.1 PowerPoint

3.2

3.3

3.4
3.5

4.
4.1 PowerPoint
4.2 1 3x 5
4.3
5.
5.1 () 2
5.2
5.3
5.4 1

20

6.
6.1
6.2
6.3

1.2

1.

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4
2.
2.1
2.2

2.3

21

3.
3.1
3.2

3.3

3.4
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.
a. () 2
b. 1
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3

22

1.3

1.)

1.1

2.)
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

3.
3.1

3.2

3.3

23

3.4
3.5

4.
4.1 PowerPoint
4.2 3 3
5.
5.1 () 2 1
5.2
5.3
5.4 1 3x 5
5.5
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3

24

2 (Appreciative Inquiry)
(Social Change Leader)
6
2.1

1.)

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4
1.5
2.)
2.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
3.)
3.1
3.1.1
3.3.2 2
3.3.3
25

1.)
2)

3) 1
4) 2
5) 3
6) 4
7)
8)
3.3.4

3.3.5 8-12
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.3.9

3.3.10

3.3.11

3.3.12
4.)
4.1 PowerPoint
4.2

26

5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 () 2 1
c. 1 1
d.
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3

2.2 (2)

2.2.1

3
1

1.)

1.1 2
- 1
- 2
1.2 2
- 1
- 2
1.3
1.4
27

1.5

1.6

2.)
2.1 2
- 1
- 2
2.2 2
- 1
- 2
2.3
2.4
2.5

2.6
3.)
3.1
3.1.1
3. 1.2 ?
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6

3.1.7 2

3.1.8
1
28

3.1.9
4.)
4.1
4.2 PowerPoint
4.3
4.4

5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4 1
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2 1
5.6 PowerPoint
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3

29

2.2.2

1.)

1.1 2
1.2 3
1.4
2.)
2.1 2
2.2 3
2.2.1 (We work for them)
2.2.2 (We work with them)
2.2.3 (We support them)
2.3

2.4 (Hard Optimism)
3.)
3.1
3. 2 .
?
3.3 ?
3.3
3.4 ?
3.5
3.6 ?
3.7
30

4.)
4.1 (Power Point)
4.2
5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2 1
5.6 PowerPoint
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3

2.2.3

1.)

1.1
1.2
1.4
2.)
2.1
2.2
2.3
31

2.4
3.)
3.1

3.2
3. 3 ?
3.4

3.5 ?
3.6
3.7 ?
3.8
4.)
4.1 (Power Point)
4.2 (Walking Mapping)
5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
32

5.11
5.12 1 1
5.13
5.14 () 2
5.15 1

6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3

2.3

1.)

1.1
1.2
1.3

2.
2.1 (Social Change Leaders): (Social Innovators)
2.2
33

2.3 (Community Empowerment Network)

2.3
(Facilitator)
(Advocate)
(Mediator)
(Empower)
3.)
3.1

3.1.1
3
3.1.2
3.1.3 ?
3.2 PowerPoint

3. 3

3.4 3
3.5
4.)
4.1 PowerPoint

4.2

34

5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4 1
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2
5.6 1
5.7 PowerPoint
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3

3
6
( 1 : DISCOVERY/D1)
1.)

1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4

35

2.)
2.1
2.1.1

2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
3.)
3.1


3.2

3
3.3
3
3.4

4.)
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3

5).
36

5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8
5.9

6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

4.1
1
( 2 : DREAM / D2)
1.

1.1
1.2
37

2
2.1 (Empowering Questions)
2.2 (power of Imagination)
2.3 (value of community vision development)
2.4 (Law of Attraction)
2.5 (Participatory Vision on Community Health)
2.6

3.)
3.1
1. 4

2.
3
3. 5

4

3.2 PowerPoint
3.3
3.4

3.5
3.6
3.5
4.)
38

4.1

4.2 4
4.3 PowerPoint
4.4
5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2
5.6
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

.2
2
( 3 : DESIGN/D3)
1.

1.1
1.2
39

2
2.1 (Empowering Questions)

2.2 (Appreciative Inquiry for
Community Team Building)
2.3 (Participatory Positive Design)
2.4

3.)
3.1

1.

2.

3. ()
4

5

3.2 PowerPoint 5
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3 (Model)
40


3.4
4.)
4.1
(Participatory Positive Design)

4.2
4.3 PowerPoint
4.4

5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

41

5 (Technology Of Participation: TOP1)

5.1 (ORID)

1.

1.1 (Community Dialogue)

1.2
1.4.

2
2.1 (Community Dialogue) (Technology of
Participation) 2

2.2
2.3

3.)
3.1 ?
3.1.1 3
3.1.2
3.1.3
1
3.1.4

3.1.5
42

3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
4
3.2 ORID PowerPoint
4
1 (Objective: O)

2 (Reflective: R)

3 (Interpretative: I)

4 (Decisional: D)

3.3 .

3.4
4.)
4.1 (ORID)
4.2 ? PowerPoint
4.3

5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
43

5.4
5.5 () 2
5.6 1
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8
5.9
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

5.2 (Workshop)

1.

1.1 (workshop)
1.2
1.3

2
2.1 (workshop) (Technology of Participation)
5

2.2
44

3.)
3.1

1.
1
2.
3.

4

5

3.2
5
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3

3.4
4.)
45

4.1 (Workshop)
4.2
4.3 PowerPoint
4.4
5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2
5.6 1
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6
5
( 4 : DESTINY/D4)
1.

1.1
1.2
46

2
2.1
(Partnership in Participatory Action Planning)

2.2
2.3
7
1)

2)

3)
4)

5)
6)
7)

2.2

3.)
3.1
1.
2.
1. 8-10 4

2. 4 4 (
)
4
3.
47

5.
6
1.
2.
3.
3.2
7
3.3

3.4
3.5
4.

4.)
4.1
4.2
4.3 PowerPoint
4.4
5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2
5.6 1
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8

48

6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.

1
2
2
21.
2.2 (Participatory Evaluation on Empowerment)

2.3

3.)
3.1

1.
2.

1. (
)
2. 1

3.
4.

49


6
3.2
3.3
3
3.4
3.5
5.

4.)
4.1
4.2
4.3 PowerPoint
4.4
5).
5.1 A4 80 2 4
5.2 2
5.3 1 1
5.4
5.5 () 2
5.6 1
5.7 PowerPoint
5.8
6.)
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
50


2538
, 190
2549

2551
: 2551 , 32
2538:
: 10
, 33

Brunner, I. and Guzman, A.1996. Participatory evaluation: A tool to assess projects and
Organization: Fostering stakeholder empowerment and utilization.
Burkey, S. 2003.People First: A guide to Self-Reliant, Participatory RuDevelopment.
London: Zed Books. 26. Ndekha, A. et al. Community Partic Process:
Experiences from a Shistosomiasis Control Project in Zimbabwe, Acta Trop85; 325-338. 84
Castelloe, P., Watson, T.,1999. Participatory education as a communitpractice method:
A case study example from a comprehensive.

Chambers, R. 1995. Participatory Workshops: a sourcebook of 21 sets of ideas & 8.

Fetterman, D. Empowerment Evaluation: Collaboration, Action Research, and a
9. Fetterman, D. The Foundation of Empowerment Evaluations 2000, Syracuse University Press.

Coghlan, A. T., Preskill, H., & Catsambas, T. T. (2003). An overview of appreciative inquiry in
evaluation. In, H. Preskill & A. Coghlan (Eds.), Appreciative inquiry and evaluation. New
Directions for Program Evaluation, 100, 5-22. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cooperrider, D. (1990). Positive image; positive action: The affirmative basis of organization.
In S. Srivastva & D. L. Cooperrider (Eds.), Appreciative management and leadership, 91125. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Cooperrider, D. L., Sorensen, P. F., Whitney, D., & Yaeger, T. F. (Eds.) (2000). Appreciative
inquiry: Rethinking human organization toward a positive theory of change. Champaign, IL:
Stipes Publishing.
Cooperrider, D. L. & Whitney, D. (1999). Appreciative inquiry. San Francisco: BerrettKoehler

51

Cooperrider, D. L., Whitney, D., & Stavros, J. M. (2003). Appreciative inquiry handbook.
Bedford Heights, OH: Lakeshore Publishers.
Chambers, R. 1997.Whose reality counts? Putting the first thing last. London:
Intermediate Technology Publications.
Crewe, E. and Harrison E., 2000.Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aids.
London, Involving People Evolving Behavior. New York

Elliott, C. (1999). Locating the energy for change: An introduction to appreciative inquiry.
Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
Fraser, C., Restrepo-Estrada, S 1998.Communicating for development: Human
Change for survival.

Hammond, S. A. (1996). The thin book of appreciative inquiry. Plano, TX: CSS Publishing Co.
Ludema, J. D., Whitney, D., Mohr, B. J., & Griffin, T. J. (2003). The appreciative inquiry
summit: A practitioners guide for leading large-group change. San Francisco, CA: BerrettKoehler.
Kretzmann, J., McKnight 1993. Building communities from the inside out.J.,Chicago,
IL: ACTA Publications.

Kretzmann, J.& McKnight, J. and Puntenney D.1996. A Guide to Mapping and

Mobilizing the Economic Capacities of Local Residents presents a model for exploring how
individuals make choices about heir purchases, and about how much they spend on specific
items.
Kretzmann, J.& McKnight, J. and Puntenney D.1996. A Guide to Mapping Local
Business Assets and Mobilizing Local BusinessCapacities outlines a plan
for learning about the businesses in a community and how they can be
mobilized in community development efforts.
Kretzmann, J.& McKnight, J. and Puntenney D.1996. A Guide to Mapping
Consumer Expenditures and Mobilizing Consumer Expenditure Capacities
provides instructions for identifying and mobilizing themarketable capacities
and skills of local residents.
Kanchanakamol, U., 2002 A Vaccine for Globalization: Presented at the final plenary
session of the Fulbright New Century Scholar Program, Challenges of Health in a Borderless
World. Held at Airlie House, Virginia,USA, Oct. 31-Nov. 2002.
Kretzmann, J.& McKnight, J. and Puntenney D. Sheehan, G.,Green M., Puntenney
D.1997. A Guide to Capacity Inventories: Mobilizing the Community Skills of Local
Residents provides clear examples of how eleven communities across the United States
developed and used capacity inventories for community building and offers valuable tips for
conducting and using capacity inventories in your community.

52

Kretzmann, J., McKnight J., Puntenney D.1998.A Guide to Creating a

Neighborhood Information Exchange: Building Communitiesby Connecting Local Skills and
Knowledge presents a simple method for sharinglocal resources among community members
through the operation of a capacitylisting-and-referral service operated by volunteers on a
minimal budget.
Mathie, A. and Cunningham, G., Occas 2002 from Clients to Citizens: Asset-Based
CoDriven Development as a strategy for Community Driven Development,
Paper Series The Coady International Institute, Nova Scotia: Canada.
Minkler, M. Rutgers 1999. Community Organizing & Community Building for Health.
University Press

Moore H., Puntenney D.1999. Leading by Stepping Back: A Guide for City Officials
on Building Neighborhood Capacity describes how Savannah created a citizen-centered
government that allows it to work with local residents to improve troubled neighborhoods and
build a stronger community.
OD Practitioner (2000). The entire issue, Volume 32, (1) is devoted to Appreciative Inquiry.
Single copies are available while supplies last. Contact: www.odnetwork.org.
Preskill, H. & Catsambas, T. T. (2006). Reframing evaluation through appreciative inquiry.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Preskill, H. & Coghlan, A. (Eds.) (2003). Appreciative inquiry and evaluation. New Directions
for Program Evaluation, 100. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Puntenney D., Moore H.1998.City-Sponsored Community Building: Savannah's
Grants for Blocks Story illustrates how a citys resident controlled small grants program
enabled citizens to design and implement projects to improve their neighborhoods.
Rans S.,Altman H. 2002.Asset-Based Strategies for Faith Communities reports the
stories of a variety of faith-based initiatives that have increased the well being of both
congregations and their communities.
Schwartz, J. M & Begley, S. (2003). The mind and the brain. NY: Regan Books.
Watkins, J. M., & Cooperrider, D. (2000). Appreciative inquiry: A transformative paradigm.

ODPractitioner,32(1),612.

Sheehan G.2003.Building the Mercado Central: Asset-Based Development and

Community Entrepreneurship describes how asset-focused and community organizing
approaches were combined to unleash the economic power of Minneapolis immigrant
Latinocommunity.
Singhal, A.2001 Facilitating Community Participation through Communication.
Submitted to GPP, Programme Division, UNICEF, New York.

Snow L, 2001. The Organization of Hope: A Workbook for Rural Asset-Based

Community Development shares a set of stories and lessons meant to spread the good news
that the asset-based approach is working in rural communities

53

Snow L., Ukaegb U.2001.Community Transformation: Turning Threats into

An opportunity presents the stories of eight communities that transformed
economic threats into opportunities by mobilizing local people to work together to overcome
obstacles and build stronger economies.
Thatchenkery, T. & Metzker, C. (2006). Appreciative intelligence. San Francisco: BerrettKoehler.
Tom Dewar 1997. A Guide to Evaluating Asset-Based Community Development:
Lessons, Challenges, and Opportunities explores the challenges involved in
evaluating community building activity and suggests some promising ways to
document the progress and draw out the lessons being learned

Turner, N., McKnight, J., and Kretzmann J.1999.A Community Building Workbook
2005 Asset-Based Community Development Institute-34A Guide to
Mapping and Mobilizing the Associations in Local.
Turner, N., McKnight, J., Kretzmann J.1999.Neighborhoods -outlines steps for
collecting and organizing information about neighborhood citizen associations
and for identifying and using their potential to build better communities.

54