The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions

The Goal
Capture what is going on in the real world
Convert into a useful electronic format
Analyze, Manipulate, Store, and Send
Return to the real world
2
The real world is NOT digital
3
Analog to Electronic signal processing
Sensor
(INPUT)
Digital Processor Amp Converter
Actuator
(OUTPUT)
Amp Converter
4
The Sensor
Sensor
(INPUT)
Digital Processor Amp Converter
Actuator
(OUTPUT)
Amp Converter
Analog, but
NOT
electronic
Analog
AND
electronic
5
Popular sensors
Sensor Type Output
Thermocouple Voltage
Photodiode Current
Strain Gauge Resistance
Microphone Capacitance
Touch Button Charge Output
Antenna Inductance
6
Thermocouple
Very low level (V/C)
Non-linear
Difficult to handle
Wires need insulation
Susceptible to noise
Fragile
7
Sensor Signal Conditioning
Sensor
Amp
Analog,
electronic,
but dirty
Analog,
electronic,
and clean
Amplify the signal to a noise-resistant level
Lower the source impedance
Linearize (sometimes but not always)
Filter
Protect
8
Types of Temperature Sensors

THERMOCOUPLE RTD THERMISTOR SEMICONDUCTOR
Widest Range:
184C to +2300C
Range:
200C to +850C
Range:
0C to +100C
Range:
55C to +150C
High Accuracy and
Repeatability
Fair Linearity Poor Linearity Linearity: 1C
Accuracy: 1C
Needs Cold Junction
Compensation
Requires
Excitation
Requires
Excitation
Requires Excitation
Low-Voltage Output Low Cost High Sensitivity 10mV/K, 20mV/K,
or 1A/K Typical
Output
9
Common Thermocouples

JUNCTION MATERIALS
TYPICAL
USEFUL
RANGE (C)
NOMINAL
SENSITIVITY
(V/C)
ANSI
DESIGNATION
Platinum (6%)/ Rhodium-
Platinum (30%)/Rhodium
38 to 1800 7.7 B
Tungsten (5%)/Rhenium -
Tungsten (26%)/Rhenium
0 to 2300 16 C
Chromel - Constantan 0 to 982 76 E
Iron - Constantan 0 to 760 55 J
Chromel - Alumel 184 to 1260 39 K
Platinum (13%)/Rhodium-
Platinum
0 to 1593 11.7 R
Platinum (10%)/Rhodium-
Platinum
0 to 1538 10.4 S
Copper-Constantan 184 to 400 45 T
10
Thermocouple Output Voltages
for Type J, K and S Thermocouples

-250 0 250 500 750
1000
1250 1500 1750
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
H
E
R
M
O
C
O
U
P
L
E

O
U
T
P
U
T

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
m
V
)
TEMPERATURE (C)
TYPE J
TYPE K
TYPE S
-250 0 250 500 750
1000
1250 1500 1750
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
H
E
R
M
O
C
O
U
P
L
E

O
U
T
P
U
T

V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
m
V
)
TEMPERATURE (C)
TYPE J
TYPE K
TYPE S
11
Thermocouple Seebeck Coefficient vs.
Temperature

-250 0 250 500 750
1000
1250 1500 1750
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
S
E
E
B
E
C
K

C
O
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
T

-

V
/

C
TEMPERATURE (C)
TYPE J
TYPE K
TYPE S
-250 0 250 500 750
1000
1250 1500 1750
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
S
E
E
B
E
C
K

C
O
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
T

-

V
/

C
TEMPERATURE (C)
TYPE J
TYPE K
TYPE S
12
Thermocouple Basics

T1
Metal A
Metal B
Thermoelectric
EMF
R Metal A Metal A
R = Total Circuit Resistance
I = (V1 V2) / R
V1 T1
V2
T2
V1 V2
Metal B
Metal A Metal A
V1
V1
T1
T1
T2
T2
V2
V2
V
Metal A Metal A
Copper Copper
Metal B Metal B
T3 T4
V = V1 V2, If T3 = T4
A. THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE
B. THERMOCOUPLE
C. THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENT
D. THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENT
I
V1 T1
Metal A
Metal B
Thermoelectric
EMF
R Metal A Metal A
R = Total Circuit Resistance
I = (V1 V2) / R
V1 T1
V2
T2
V1 V2
Metal B
Metal A Metal A
V1
V1
T1
T1
T2
T2
V2
V2
V
Metal A Metal A
Copper Copper
Metal B Metal B
T3 T4
V = V1 V2, If T3 = T4
A. THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE
B. THERMOCOUPLE
C. THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENT
D. THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENT
I
V1
13
Using a Temperature Sensor for Cold-
Junction Compensations
TEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION
CIRCUIT
TEMP
SENSOR
T2 V(T2) T1 V(T1)
V(OUT)
V(COMP)
SAME
TEMP
METAL A
METAL B
METAL A
COPPER COPPER
ISOTHERMAL BLOCK
V(COMP) = f(T2)
V(OUT) = V(T1) V(T2) + V(COMP)
IF V(COMP) = V(T2) V(0C), THEN
V(OUT) = V(T1) V(0C)
TEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION
CIRCUIT
TEMP
SENSOR
T2 V(T2) T1 V(T1)
V(OUT)
V(COMP)
SAME
TEMP
METAL A
METAL B
METAL A
COPPER COPPER
ISOTHERMAL BLOCK
V(COMP) = f(T2)
V(OUT) = V(T1) V(T2) + V(COMP)
IF V(COMP) = V(T2) V(0C), THEN
V(OUT) = V(T1) V(0C)
14
AD594/AD595 Monolithic Thermocouple
Amplifier with Cold-Junction Compensation

ICE
POINT
COMP
+
OVERLOAD
DETECT
V
OUT
10mV/C
+5V
BROKEN
THERMOCOUPLE
ALARM
4.7kO
G
+
TC

+TC
+
+A
THERMOCOUPLE
G
AD594/AD595
TYPE J: AD594
TYPE K: AD595
0.1F
ICE
POINT
COMP
+
OVERLOAD
DETECT
V
OUT
10mV/C
+5V
BROKEN
THERMOCOUPLE
ALARM
4.7kO
G
+
TC

+TC
+
+A
THERMOCOUPLE
G
AD594/AD595
TYPE J: AD594
TYPE K: AD595
0.1F
15
Thermocouple Amplifiers
AD849x Product Features and Description
Factory trimmed for type J and K thermocouples
Calibrated for high accuracy
Cold Junction Compensation (CJC)
IC temps of 25C and 60C
Output voltage of 5mV/C
Active pull down
Rail to Rail output swing
Wide Power supply range +2.7V to +/-15V
Low Power < 1mW typical
Package - Space saving MSOP-8, Lead Free
Low Cost < $1 in Volume
Can measure negative temperatures in single supply operation
Part
Number
Thermocouple
Type
Optimized Temp
Range
Measurement Temp
Range
Initial Accuracy
AD8494 J 0 to 50C Full J Type Range 1C & 3C
AD8495 K 0 to 50C Full K Type Range 1C & 3C
AD8496 J 25C to 100C Full J Type Range 1.5C & 3C
AD8497 K 25C to 100C Full K Type Range 1.5C & 3C
16
Basic Relationships For Semiconductor
Temperature Sensors
I
C
I
C
V
BE
V
N
AV
BE
V
BE
V
N
kT
q
N = = ln( )
V
BE
kT
q
I
C
I
S
=
|
\

|
.
|
ln
V
N
kT
q
I
C
N I
S
=

|
\

|
.
|
ln
INDEPENDENT OF I
C
, I
S
ONE TRANSISTOR
N TRANSISTORS
17
Classic Bandgap Temperature Sensor
"BROKAW CELL"
R R
+
I
2
~ I
1
Q2
NA
Q1
A
R2
R1
V
N
V
BE
(Q1)
V
BANDGAP
= 1.205V
+V
IN
V
PTAT
= 2
R1
R2
kT
q
ln(N)
AV
BE
V
BE
V
N
kT
q
N = = ln( )
18
Current Output Sensors: AD590, AD592,
TMP17
1A/K Scale Factor
Nominal Output Current @ +25C: 298.2A
Operation from 4V to 30V
0.5C Max Error @ 25C, 1.0C Error Over
Temp,
0.1C Typical Nonlinearity (AD592CN)
2.5C Max Error @ 25C, 3.5C Error Over
Temp,
0.5C Typical Nonlinearity (TMP17F)
AD590 Specified from 55C to +150C
AD592 Specified from 25C to +105C
TMP17 Specified from 40C to +105C
V+
V
AD592: TO-92 PACKAGE
TMP17: SO-8 PACKAGE
19
Analog Temperature Sensors
Product Accuracy (Max) Max Accuracy
Range
Operating
Temp
Range
Supply
Range
Max
Current
Interface Package
AD590
0.5C
1.0C
25C
-25C to 105C
-55C to
150C
4 to 30V 298uA Current Out
TO-52,2-ld FP,
SOIC, Die
AD592
0.5C
1.0C
25C
-55C to 150C
-25C to
105C
4 to 30V
298uA
Current Out TO-92
TMP35 2.0C
0C to 85C
-25C to 100C
-55C to
150C
2.7 to 5.5V 50uA Voltage Out
TO-92, SOT23,
SOIC
TMP36 3.0C
-40C to 125C -55C to
150C
2.7V to 5.5V
50uA
Voltage Out
TO-92, SOT23,
SOIC
AD22100
2.0C -50C to 150C -50C to
150C
4 to 6.5V 650uA Voltage Out TO-92, SOIC, Die
AD22103
2.5C 0C to 100C
0C to
100C 2.7 to 3.6V 600uA Voltage Out TO-92, SOIC
20
Digital Temperature Sensors
Comprehensive Portfolio of Accuracy Options
Product Accuracy (Max) Max Accuracy
Range
Interface Package
ADT7420/7320
0.2C
0.25C
-10C to 85C
-20C to 105C
I2C/SPI LFCSP
ADT7410/7310 0.5C -40C to 105C I2C/SPI SOIC
ADT75
1C (B grade)
2C (A grade)
0C to 85C
-25C to 100C
I2C MSOP, SOIC
ADT7301
1C 0C to 70C
SPI SOT23, MSOP
TMP05/6
1C 0C to 70C
PWM SC70, SOT23
AD7414/5
1.5C -40C to 70C
I2C SOT23,MSOP
ADT7302 2C 0C to 70C SPI SOT23,MSOP
TMP03/4
4C
-20C to 100C PWM TO-92,SOIC,TSSOP
21
Position and Motion Sensors
Linear Position: Linear Variable Differential Transformers
(LVDT)
Hall Effect Sensors
Proximity Detectors
Linear Output (Magnetic Field Strength)
Rotational Position:
Optical Rotational Encoders
Synchros and Resolvers
Inductosyns (Linear and Rotational Position)
Motor Control Applications
Acceleration and Tilt: Accelerometers
Gyroscopes
22
LVDT Linear Variable Differential
Transformer
~
AC
SOURCE
V
OUT
= V
A
V
B
+
_
V
OUT
POSITION
+
_
V
OUT
POSITION
+
_
V
A
V
B
1.75"
THREADED
CORE
SCHAEVITZ
E100
23
A
B
AD698 LVDT Signal Conditioner
(Simplified)
AMP
~
+
_
FILTER AMP
V
B
V
OUT
AD698
EXCITATION
4-WIRE LVDT
OSCILLATOR
A
B
V
A
REFERENCE
A, B = ABSOLUTE VALUE + FILTER
24
Hall Effect Sensors
I I
T
B
V
H
CONDUCTOR
OR
SEMICONDUCTOR
I = CURRENT
B = MAGNETIC FIELD
T = THICKNESS
V
H
= HALL VOLTAGE
25
AD22151 Linear Output Magnetic
Field Sensor
_
+
CHOPPER
AMP
V
CC
/ 2
R1
R2
R3
OUTPUT
AMP
V
CC
= +5V
V
CC
/ 2
TEMP
REF
+
_
V
OUT
= 1 +
R3
R2
0.4mV Gauss NONLINEARITY = 0.1% FS
AD22151
V
OUT
26
Accelerometer Applications
Tilt or Inclination
Car Alarms
Patient Monitors
Cell phones
Video games
Inertial Forces
Laptop Computer Disc Drive Protection
Airbag Crash Sensors
Car Navigation systems
Elevator Controls
Shock or Vibration
Machine Monitoring
Control of Shaker Tables
ADI Accelerometer Fullscale g-Range: 2g to 100g
ADI Accelerometer Frequency Range: DC to 10kHz
27
ADXL-family Micro-machined
Accelerometers
FIXED
OUTER
PLATES
CS1 CS1
< CS2 = CS2
DENOTES ANCHOR
BEAM
TETHER
CS1 CS2
CENTER
PLATE
AT REST
APPLIED ACCELERATION
28
Using an Accelerometer to Measure Tilt

X
0
+90
u
1g
Acceleration
X
90
1g
0
+1g
+90
Acceleration = 1g sin u
u
0g
90
X
0
+90
u
1g
Acceleration
X
90
1g
0
+1g
+90
Acceleration = 1g sin u
u
0g
90
29
Gyro Axes of Rotational Sensitivity

30
Coriolis acceleration example.

31
Displacement due to the Coriolis Effect

32
Photograph of mechanical sensor.

33
High Impedance Sensors
Photodiodes
Piezoelectric Sensors
Accelerometers
Hydrophones
Humidity Monitors
pH Monitors
Chemical Sensors
Smoke Detectors
Charge Coupled Devices and
Contact Image Sensors for Imaging
34
Photodiode Applications
Optical: Light Meters, Auto-Focus, Flash Controls
Medical: CAT Scanners (X-Ray Detection), Blood
Particle Analyzers
Automotive: Headlight Dimmers, Twilight Detectors
Communications: Fiber Optic Receivers
Industrial: Bar Code Scanners, Position Sensors, Laser
Printers
35
Photodiode Equivalent Circuit
PHOTO
CURRENT
IDEAL
DIODE
INCIDENT
LIGHT
R
SH
(T)
100kO -
100GO
C
J
NOTE: R
SH
HALVES EVERY 10C TEMPERATURE RISE
36
Photodiode Modes Of Operation
PHOTOVOLTAIC
Zero Bias
No "Dark" Current
Linear
Low Noise (Johnson)
Precision Applications
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE
Reverse Bias
Has "Dark" Current
Nonlinear
Higher Noise (Johnson + Shot)
High Speed Applications
V
BIAS

+
37
Photodiode Specifications
Silicon Detector Part Number SD-020-12-
001
Area: 0.2mm
2
Capacitance: 50pF
Shunt Resistance @ 25C: 1000MO
Maximum Linear Output Current:
40A
Response Time: 12ns
Photosensitivity: 0.03A / foot
candle (fc)
38
Short Circuit Current Versus Light Intensity
For Photodiode (Photovoltaic Mode)
ENVIRONMENT
Direct Sunlight
Overcast Day
Twilight
Full Moonlit Night
Clear Night / No Moon
ILLUMINATION (fc)
1000
100
1
0.1
0.001
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
30A
3A
0.03A
3000pA
30pA
39
Current-to-voltage Converter (Simplified)
I
SC
= 30pA
(0.001 fc)
+
_
R = 1000MO
V
OUT
= 30mV
Sensitivity: 1mV / pA
40
Low Bias Current Precision BiFET Op Amps
(Electrometer Grade)
PART #
ADA4665
AD8603
AD8661
V
OS
,
MAX*
1mV
50V
30V
I
B
,
MAX*
100fA
200fA
300fA
0.1Hz TO 10Hz
NOISE
3V p-p
2.5V p-p
2.5V p-p
PACKAGE
SOIC
TSOT
LFCSP
TC V
OS
,
MAX
3V/C
1V/C
3V/C
* 25C SPECIFICATION
41
Preamplifier DC Offset Errors
~
V
OS
I
B
I
B
R1
R2 1000MO
+
_
I
B
DOUBLES EVERY 10C TEMPERATURE RISE
R1 = 1000MO @ 25C (DIODE SHUNT RESISTANCE)
R1 HALVES EVERY 10C TEMPERATURE RISE
DC NOISE GAIN = 1 +
R2
R1
OFFSET
RTO
R3
R3 CANCELLATION RESISTOR NOT EFFECTIVE
42
Typical Photodiode Circuit
Performance Summary
Output Offset Error (0C to +70C) : 33mV
Output Sensitivity: 1mV / pA
Output Photosensitivity: 30V / foot-candle
Total Output Noise @ +25C : 28.5V RMS
Total Noise RTI @ +25C : 44fA RMS, or
26.4pA p-p
Range with R2 = 1000MO : 0.001 to 0.33 foot-
candles
Bandwidth: 16Hz
43
Sensor Resistances Used In Bridge
Circuits Span A Wide Dynamic Range
Strain Gages 120O, 350O, 3500O
Weigh-Scale Load Cells 350O - 3500O
Pressure Sensors 350O - 3500O
Relative Humidity 100kO - 10MO
Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs) 100O , 1000O
Thermistors 100O - 10MO
44
Wheatstone Bridge Produces An Output Null
When The Ratios Of Sidearm Resistances Match
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE:
V
O
R4
R1
R3
R2
V
B
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
R3 R2
R2
R4 R1
R1
V V
B O
AT BALANCE,
V
O
R3
R2
R4
R1
if 0 =
=
45
Output Voltage Sensitivity And Linearity Of Constant Current Drive
Bridge Configurations Differs According To The Number Of Active
Elements
R R
R R+AR
R+AR
R+AR R+AR R+AR
RAR R+AR RAR R R
R RAR
V
O
V
O
V
O
V
O
I
B
I
B
I
B
I
B
V
O
:
Linearity
Error:
0.25%/% 0 0 0
I
B
R
4
AR
AR
4
R +
I
B
2
AR
I
B
AR
I
B
2
AR
(A) Single-Element
Varying
(B) Two-Element
Varying (1)
(C) Two-Element
Varying (2)
(D) All-Element
Varying
R
46
R R
R
+

IN AMP
REF
V
OUT
R
G
+V
S
-V
S
* R+AR
* SEE TEXT REGARDING
SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION
OPTIONAL RATIOMETRIC OUTPUT
V
B
V
REF
= V
B
V
B
4
AR
AR
2
R +
V
OUT
= GAIN
A Generally Preferred Method Of Bridge Amplification Employs
An Instrumentation Amplifier For Stable Gain And High CMR
47
ADI4006 100 006
ADIchina.support@analog.com
ADIhttp://www.analog.com/zh/sample
48