‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬

www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬.‫ﺫ‬ 1

(.
pH
*(+,
-

Xf
()
.
‫ "
!


אم
א‬#‫
א‬$%&
:
‫

א


א‬


.
!/‫א‬0
‫(
א س‬+,
-‫و‬

(2005
‫( ن‬4

(!50

Réunion 2005)

‫
=
ها‬. C0 = 10,9 mol.L-
1
:
‫ @
א?!ل‬5+
‫ن‬A
BC(


>‫
و‬22 ° Bé
 ‫
א‬789‫)=
< 
;!ل
א

א‬



 ‫د
א‬C0 NH4+ :
‫
א
م‬D
(A‫ و‬NH3 ‫ 
ازن ا
   ا
ء  ا ك‬. ( S0 ) ‫ا
ل‬

NH3 (aq) + H2O (I)
HO – (aq) + NH4+ (aq)

=!

(‫
א‬0J‫
و א‬Qr,éq= 1,58.10–5




:
‫ج

א


א


אאزن‬H
،
25°C


:
D C


Ke = 1,00.10–14

(.
pH


‫=د‬0
‫ج
א‬H

()
:‫@
אول‬K‫א‬

-
50,0ml
+TU
VW
،.
pH
M‫א‬0
DM ‫
א‬N
7+8
O=CM‫
א‬-PQ4
R S
‫@א‬5+
( S0 )
‫
א?!ل
אم‬LC(


.11,62
C(
(S1)
‫
א?!ل‬pH
‫
< س‬.
C1 = C0 /10
Y@ 5+


(S1)
X
4!;
‫א?!ل
אم‬



‫
؟‬S1
‫
א?!ل‬$T`
( S0 )
-
O=CM‫


_^
א‬V0
Z[\
]A
(1


. S1:
$T)
-
-Pb
‫
و‬c.<‫(
א‬2
[HO–](S1)= 4,2.10-3 mol.L-1

:
>
‫
א?!ل‬N
 5‫ و‬d‫
א‬D
(A
@ 5+
‫ن‬A
e0
(3
V’1 =1,0 L
!‫
א‬f !g‫
א‬Z[\
‫ن‬A
0
‫

א‬/‫ول
א‬K‫
א‬ZbA
(4
h‫
א‬
‫אم‬ NH3 + H2O
HO– + NH4+
 ‫א‬ 0 n1 =

‫ل
א‬iH X
 ‫א‬ xf =
$k‫و‬
(j‫א‬ xmax =

.
 !
j?‫
א‬l!
i !C
f‫
א‬، τ1
‫


אم
א‬lM‫(

א‬5


(
DM ‫

א‬D0 9‫

א‬0
)
‫
\
אزن‬N
=m‫ن
א‬A
e0‫
א 

و‬h‫



א‬Qr,1
‫
א‬/\

^\‫(
א‬6
 ‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬.‫ﺫ‬ 2

.
!/‫א‬0
‫=د
א س‬0
!
‫
)(


אم
א‬:

J‫@
א‬K‫א‬




25°C


(‫! 
א 
א‬/‫
א‬C

λ°( HO–) = 19,9.10–3 S.m2.mol–1 λ°( NH4+) = 7,34.10–3 S.m2.mol–1

‫
א?!ل‬-
<i
‫
א‬VW
.
‫א‬q
#‫
!=`
א‬0
4p
*
4
σ = Σ λi [ Xi ]

‫! 
;!ل‬/

o /
‫&ن‬0
+5W

C2 = C1/100 = C0/1000

Y@ 5+
S2
"X
‫
;!ل‬+TU



r

S1


.
" #‫
א‬C0
$o
w
‫
א?!ل‬N
7q‫ =  
אא‬P‫
א
אع
א‬7‫
د‬D =5
‫ن‬A
‫ض‬.


:
 t+k

−
A



40

[NH3] (théo) ‫
ل‬0
‫אل‬y‫
א‬z

[HO–](S1)
40
[HO–](théo)
(+x‫ 

א‬5‫ و‬d‫
א‬D
(A
@ 5+
$C
q‫و‬A
(1

[NH4+] (S1)
40
[NH4+](théo) ‫[

و‬NH3] (S1)

Qr,1/100
]‫

(و‬Qr,théo
‫
א‬/\
‫ن‬A
e0
(2


.
V0qA
!
‫=
؟‬m‫ذن
!
`

א‬p
" #‫
א‬$%&




‫אض
`*
؟‬.k4‫
>
א‬Qr,eq
‫
و‬Qr,théo
‫(
<ن‬3



!/‫א‬0
‫|
–
א س‬


σ = 0,114 mS.cm–1
:
]‫


وא}
و‬S2
‫! 
א?!ل‬/
‫ س‬0
‫*


م‬0‫אض
א‬.k4‫و


א‬A
5y

P
. D‫
!\א‬C‫م
א‬x‫
א‬N

σ

= <
fA
(1


[HO–](S2),
‫[
و‬NH4+] (S2)  !C‫ @
א‬5‫א‬.‫
א(

א 
و
א‬D !/‫
א‬40
S2
 !/
σ
-
L
(2


[HO–](S2),
lM‫
א‬-(+=‫
א‬D C‫

و‬/‫ول
א‬K‫=ل
א‬CM0

(3
h‫
א‬
‫אم‬ NH3 +














H2O















HO– + NH4+

 ‫א‬ 0 n1 =

‫ل
א‬iH X

 ‫א‬ xf =
‫و‬
xmax =
(j‫א‬

.
‫
א


א‬τ2 ‫\^
אم
א‬A
(4



‫*
ل‬0‫אض
א‬.k4‫ن
א‬P(

\
]A
~p
‫
!


م


א


א
؟‬+%y(
" #‫(
>
א‬5

<‫
א‬z

N
O!\
‫ون‬
 ‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬.‫ﺫ‬ 3

(.
pH


‫=د‬0
‫ج
א‬H

()
:‫@
אول‬K‫א‬

(1
S1 : ‫ا ل ا‬ S0 ( ‫ا ل ا م ) ا
آ‬

C1 = C0 /10 C0 = 10,9 mol.L–1

V1 = 50,0 mL V0 = …………….
C0



O‫و‬V1 C .V = ‫ذא‬p
C0.V0 = C1.V1 ⇔ n0 = n1
7‫= 
אد‬5
€`

" #‫ل
א‬iH
10 0 0

V1 50,0
V0 = ⇒ V0 = = 5,0 mL

10 10

: ‫( او‬2
1‫ر‬2  '$ 0 *‫" 
غ ا‬3 S0  V0= 5ml "#$ ‫ * )ر' ذات‬+,‫ا‬-‫س و‬/‫ آ‬0 S0 ‫
غ  !   ا ل‬
A‫
إ? ا‬+5‫ اء ا‬7‫ إ‬8*‫ ا‬9‫) ذ‬2- !  ‫< ;) ا'  و
ك‬1
5= "#‫ > ا‬3 ?‫
إ‬+5‫ و@ اء ا‬50.0ml "#$ 
‫ 'ها‬S1 ‫ن ا ل‬C1‫) و‬1)'  ‫ 
ك‬، ‫ري‬2‫ا‬

(3

Ke = [H3O+(aq)] . [HO–(aq)] et [H3O+(aq)] = 10–pH

Ke = 10–pH × [HO–(aq)]
Ke
[HO–(aq)] =
10− pH
1,00 × 10−14
[HO–(aq)](S1) = − 11, 62
= 4,17×10–3 mol.L–1
10
[HO (aq)](S1) = 4,2×10–3 mol.L–1
–

V’1= 1L ‫;< ل‬- 0*‫)ول ا‬#‫( ا‬4

‫ا‬ ‫)م‬5I‫ا‬ NH3(aq) + H2O(l) = HO–(aq) + NH4+(aq)
n1 = C1×V'1
J)<‫ا‬ 0 0 0
n1 = 1,09
8KI‫!ل ا‬L x 1,09 – x x x

‫و‬

xf = [HO (aq)](S1) × V'1

–
JM‫ا‬ xf = 4,2×10–3 1,09 – xf xf = 4,2×10–3
xf = 4,2×10–3
1N5‫ا‬ xmax = 1,09 1,09 – xmax = 0 xmax = 1,09 xmax = 1,09
 ‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬.‫ﺫ‬ 4
(5
: ‫ ن‬0 ‫
آ‬P 8KI‫ا‬
xf
τ1 =
xmax
4,2 × 10−3
τ1 = = 0,38 %
1,09
: 1) (6
[HO(−aq)](S1).[NH 4+(aq)](S1)
Qr,1 =
[NH 3(aq)](S1)
[HO(−aq)] f .[NH 4+(aq)] f
: R ‫ )و‬Qr,1 =
[NH3(aq)] f
: ‫ع‬.‫ت‬
xf xf
.
x2f V1' V1'
Qr,1 = V’1 =1 ,0 L ‫ض‬2 Qr,1 =
n1 − x f n1 − x f
V1'

: ‫ع‬.‫ت‬
(4,2 × 10−3)²
Qr,1 = = 1,6×10–5 ≈ Qr,éq
(1,09 − 4,2 × 10− 3)
0J‫ =ازن آ‬0 JC‫ ا‬K#‫ ا‬0I-‫ ( و‬-;$ M K 8N‫ ا‬5- ‫ض‬2 ) Qr,éq‫ =;وي‬Qr,1 ‫ إذا أن‬W$!

!/‫א‬0
‫=د
א س‬0
!
‫
)(


אم
א‬:

J‫@
א‬K‫א‬

C0
$o
w
‫
א?!ل‬N
7q‫ =  
אא‬P‫
א

אع
א‬7‫
د‬D =5
‫ن‬A
‫ض‬.


:
 t+k

−
A
.
" #‫א‬
(1
S2 : ‫ا ل ا ')ا‬ S1 (‫ا ل ا م )ا‬
C2 = C1 / 100 = C0 / 1000 C1 = C0/10

C1VS1 = C2VS2
:
" #‫<
א‬i
-

VS2
j(‫
و‬O#


S1
-
‫ذ‬H&‫
א‬Z[h‫
א‬VS1
-P 

VS 2 C C



100
>
" #‫
א‬C
VS1 =

l

O‫
و‬VS1 0 = V S 2 0
100 10 1000

:
‫ذن‬p
(‫ "
א‬T

" #‫
א‬N


)


$o4
f !g‫
א‬N
7q‫
א
אع
אא‬7‫
د‬D =5
‫ن‬A
0‫و‬
[HO–(aq)](théo ) = [HO–(aq)](S1) /100
[NH4+(aq)](théo) = [NH4+(aq)](S1) / 100
[NH3(aq)](théo) = [NH3(aq)](S1) /100



(2





 ‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬.‫ﺫ‬ 5

− +
[HO(−aq)](S1) [NH 4+(aq)](S1)
[ HO ] .[ NH ] . [HO(−aq)](S1).[NH 4+(aq)](S1)
Qrthéo =
( aq ) ( théo ) 4 ( aq ) ( théo )
= 100 100 =
[ NH 3( aq ) ](théo ) [NH 3(aq)](S1) 100.[NH 3(aq)](S1)
100

Qrthéo = Qr,1 /100 : O‫و‬

:
‫
ع‬.D
(3
1,6 × 10−5

Qr,théo = = 1,6×10–7









































100

NH4+
‫

و‬HO-
-
5
@ 5+
‫]
אزد(د‬A
‫
א‬/\
‫
אزد(د‬7‫
א‬N
 = P‫ 
אאزن
א‬M
0‫
و‬Qr,hyp < Qr,éq
‫ذن‬p


.
+8‫]
א`
א‬A

‫ @
א‬5+

‚<‫و‬

D =5:
‫אض‬.k4‫ض
א‬C(
‫ج‬M4‫א
א‬W>‫
א(
و‬iM‫
)`
א‬l‫ن
אא‬P
`
N
‫ 
אאزن‬M
"#‫^
א‬0


.
$o
4
  = P‫
א
אع
א‬7‫د‬

!/‫א‬0
‫|
–
א س‬

(1
σ = 0,114 mS.cm–1 = 0,114×10–3 S.cm–1 = 0,114×10–3×100 S.m–1

σ = 1,14×10–2 S.m–1



(2


σ = λ°(HO ).[HO ](S2) + λ°(NH4 ).[NH4 ](S2)
– – + +

: ‫[ أي‬HO–](S2) = [NH4+](S2
O‫


و‬X(HO-) = X (NH4+)
:
/‫ول
א‬K‫
א‬-
(3

σ
[HO–](S2) =

λ0(HO−) + λ0(NH 4+)
11,4 × 10−3
– 11,4
[HO ](S2) = = = 0,419 mol.m–3
(19,9 + 7,34) × 10− 3 27 , 24
[HO ](S2) = 0,419×10 mol.L–1 ≈ [HO–](S2) = 4,2×10–4 mol.L–1
– –3

V2=1,0 L S2 ‫ و
ال‬C2 = C0/1000 = 1,09×10–2 mol.L–1


0
(4

 ‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com
‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬.‫ﺫ‬ 6

h‫
א‬ en mol
‫אم‬ NH3(aq) + H2O(l) = HO–(aq) + NH4+(aq)

n1 = C2×V2
 ‫א‬ 0 0 0
n1 = 1,09×10–2
‫ل
א‬iH x 1,09×10–2 – x x x

$k‫و‬
xf = [HO–(aq)](S2) × V2
 ‫א‬ xf = 4,2×10–4 1,09×10–2 – xf xf = 4,2×10–4
xf = 4,2×10–4
1,09×10–2 – xmax
(j‫א‬ xmax = 1,09×10–2 xmax = 1,09×10–2 xmax = 1,09×10–2
=0


:
‫ج


אم
א‬M‫א‬
xf 4,2 × 10−4
τ2 = ⇔ τ2 = = 3,8 %
xmax 1,09 × 10− 2



<; ‫د‬1‫;<\ ازد‬- I‫ اء إذا ا‬Y ‫ ا ك‬8K= ‫)م‬5= <; ? K I‫
ا‬3Z1 ‫إذن‬ τ2 > τ1







:
‫ن‬A
€\i

(5


‫<ل‬5
P ‫
اض‬I]‫ س اا*  < أن ا‬51
+-‫ اء و 
ة ا^ و‬Y ‫ ا ك‬8K= ‫)م‬5=