IRIGASI CURAH (SPRINKLER IRRIGATION)

Dr.Ir. Dr.Ir. Sugeng Prijono, MS Prijono,

Definition
Pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers Sprinklers are usually located on pipes called laterals Water is discharged into the air and hopefully infiltrates near where it lands

Kesesuaian Pemakaian
Tanaman
Cocok hampir semua tanaman (pohon, semak, hamparan), dapat disiramkan di atas atau di bawah kanopi Tidak cocok untuk beberapa jenis sayuran yang mudah rusak karena tetesan air

Kemiringan lahan
Cocok untuk lahan datar maupun bergelombang

Tanah
Paling cocok untuk tanah pasiran, tapi cocok untuk hampir semua tipe tekstur

Air irigasi
Cocok untuk air yang bersih dan bebas sedimen

Fixed sprinkler

Traveling Volume Gun Sprinkler Irrigating

Travelling gun sprinkler

Permanent Lateral
Laterals are permanently placed (enough to irrigate the entire area) Laterals are usually buried, with risers or pop-up sprinklers popEasily automated and popular for some agriculture/hort applications agriculture/hort Capital investment can be high

Solidset sprinkler

Periodically Moved Lateral

Single lateral is moved and used in multiple locations Examples:
HandHand-move Tow-line/skidTow-line/skid-tow (lateral is pulled across the field) SideSide-roll (lateral mounted on wheels that roll to move the lateral)

Fairly high labor requirement

Portable Solid-Set Sprinkler System Solid-

SideSide-roll wheel-move sprinkler wheel-

SideSide-Roll Sprinkler Lateral

Moving Lateral
Single lateral moves automatically (mounted on wheeled towers) Examples:
Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle) Linear or lateral move systems (lateral moves in a straight line)

Fairly high capital investment

Center Pivot System with Spray Pad Sprinklers

Komponen Irigasi Curah

pompa mainline

sumber lateral

sprinkler

Contoh untuk sprinkler tak bergerak

System Components (5)

Laterals
Pipelines that provide water to the sprinklers May be below, on, or above the ground

Risers
Smaller diameter pipes used to bring water from the lateral to the sprinkler Purposes Raises the sprinkler so that the plants won't interfere with the water jet Reduces turbulence of the water stream as it reaches the sprinkler

Mainlines and submains

Pipelines that supply water to the laterals May serve several laterals simultaneously

Impact Sprinklers
Sprinklers
Devices (usually brass or plastic) with one or more small diameter nozzles

Impact sprinklers
Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws water out farther) Spreader nozzle (optional; Applies more water close to the sprinkler) Trajectory angles PartPart-circle sprinklers Used in all types of irrigation, but especially agricultural crops

Impact Sprinklers

RainBird 30

RainBird 14

RainBird 70

Impact Sprinklers
TwoTwo-nozzle, bronze impact sprinkler Range (Drive) Nozzle

Impact Arm Trajectory Angle

Spreader Nozzle

Bearing

System Components (2)

GearGear-driven rotors (rotary heads)
Energy in the water turns a turbine that rotates the nozzle through a gear train Typically used in large, open landscape areas

TurbineTurbine-driven rotor w/ adjustable spray angle

System Components (3)

Spray Pad devices
Water jet strikes a plate or pad Pad spreads the water and may be smooth or serrated Popular on center pivot and linear move systems

Spray Pad Sprinklers

ozzle

Smooth Deflector Pad

Serrated Deflector Pad

PopPop-Up Spray Head

FullFull-circle, 4-inch, Pop-up spray head w/ Funny Pipe Riser 4Pop-

Pipe Thread-Barb Adapters Thread-

Funny Pipe Riser

System Components (4)

Spray heads
Heads do not rotate Nozzle is shaped to irrigate a certain angle of coverage Typically used for small or irregularly shaped areas PopPop-up heads are installed flush with ground and rise when pressurized

PopPop-up spray head with adjustable coverage angle from 1 - 360

PopPop-up, turbine rotor with riser extended

PopPop-Up Turbine Rotor Sprinklers in Operation

Kinerja sprinkler
Debit sprinkler Jarak lemparan Pola distribusi RataRata-rata aplikasi Ukuran tetesan (droplets)

Sprinkler Performance (1)

Discharge
Depends on type of sprinkler, nozzle size, and operating pressure

q s = 29.82Cd D

qs = discharge (gpm) Cd = discharge coefficient for the nozzle and sprinkler 0.96 D = inside diameter of the nozzle (inches) P = water pressure at the nozzle (psi)

Sprinkler Performance (2)

Diameter of Coverage
Maximum diameter wetted by the sprinkler at a rate that is significant for the intended use Depends on operating pressure and sprinkler and nozzle design (including trajectory angle)

Single Sprinkler

Pengaruh Tekanan Air

No wind

Elongated parallel pattern

Distribusi air dari sprinkler

Overlapped Sprinklers

Dry zone

Overlapped Sprinklers
Uniform Application: Overlap 50% of sprinkler wetted diameter

NonNon-uniform Application: Overlap << 50% of sprinkler wetted diameter

Pengaruh Angin thd Jarak Sprinkler

Application Rate
d q Ar = = t a
Rectangular sprinkler layout

96 .3 q s Ar = SlSm
Ar = water application rate (inches/hour) qs = sprinkler discharge rate (gpm) Sl = sprinkler spacing along the lateral (feet) Sm = lateral spacing along the mainline (feet)

Equilateral triangular layout

1112qs . Ar = 2 S
S = spacing between sprinklers (feet)

Depth of water applied

Ig = Ar To Ig = gross depth of water applied per irrigation (inches) To = actual time of operation (hours)

Maximum Spacing of Sprinklers

Efficiencies
Application efficiency (Ea) dn Ea = dg
dn = net irrigation depth dg = gross irrigation depth fraction or percentage

Water losses
Evaporation Drift Runoff Deep percolation

Distribution Uniformity
Distribution uniformity (DU)

d LQ DU = 100 dz
dLQ = average low-quarter depth of water lowreceived dz = average depth applied

Popular parameter for surface irrigation systems in particular

Application Uniformity
Christiansens Coefficient of Uniformity (CU)
n dz di CU = 100 1 nd z i =1

n = number of observations (each representing the same size area) dz = average depth for all observations di = depth for observation i

Popular parameter for sprinkler and microirrigation systems in particular For relatively high uniformities (CU > 70%) 70%)

Sprinkler Uniformity Test

(catch cans placed on a 5 ft x 5 ft grid)

Adequacy
Because of nonuniformity, there is a tradeoff nonuniformity, between excessive deep percolation and plant water stress Adequacy: the percent of the irrigated area that receives the desired depth of water or more Figure 5.3 (a d)
Plotting the percentage of area in the field that receives a given depth of irrigation water or more gives a distribution uniformity curve Irrigating for a longer or shorter time moves the curve up or down System modifications may be required to change the shape of the curve

Figure 5.3a

SWD

Fig 5.3b

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Figure 5.3c

SWD

Figure 5.3d

SWD