1

A REPORT ON

SIX MONTH INDUTRIAL TRAINING

At HFCL INFOTEL Ltd. AMRITSAR

In partial fulfillment for the award of B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engg.

Deptt. Of Electronics & Communication Engineering Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar.

Submitted To:
ER. Ravinder sawhney

Submitted by:
Amar malhotra Roll no- 883311

BATCH 2008-2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is humble effort to express my sincere gratitude towards those who have guided and helped me to complete this project. A project is major milestone during the study period of a student. As such this project was a challenge to me and was an opportunity to prove my caliber. I am highly grateful and obliged to each and everyone making me help out of problems being faced by me. It would not have been possible to see through the undertaken project without the guidance of mr. dinesh mittal and Mr. vinay sharma. It was purely on the basis of their experience and knowledge that we able to clear all the theoretical and technical hurdles during the development phases of this project work. Last but not the least I am very thankful to our Department Head Dr. sukhleen bindra narang and all Members of Electronics Deptt. who gave us an opportunity to face real time problems while fulfilling need of an organization by making projects for them. The training I received here has helped me immensely in understating the practical concepts and structure of the communication industry.

TABLE OF CONTENT
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Topics Company Profile Introduction to Communication System Fiber Optic Communication Splicing Wireless communication WLL 5. CDMA to GSM Migration CDMA GSM 6. 7. Suggestions and Recommendation Bibliography 53 54 33-52 30-32 14-29 Page No. 4-7 8-13

COMPANY PROFILE
HFCL Group Profile (CONNECT)
HFCL's vision is to provide cost effective futuristic telecom solutions. HFCL is focused on developing the state-of-art technologies and intellectual property to maintain a competitive leadership and a sustained long-term growth. Established in the year 1987, Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd. has developed a vast base for indigenous telecom equipment manufacturing in India. It started with manufacturing transmission Equipment and soon expanded its product portfolio to manufacture Access Equipment, Optical Fiber Cable, Accessories and Terminal Equipment The Group companies and Associates companies of Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd.- HFCL Infotel Ltd., HFCL Satellite Communications Ltd. and Microwave Communications Ltd. which offer Basic Telephony and Internet services, Vsat Services and Paging services respectively have also made a name for themselves. HFCL Infotel Ltd. became the first basic service provider in Punjab HFCL Satellite Communications Ltd. is catering to a number of channels like Aaj Tak by providing customized DSNG vans. Himachal Futuristic Communications Lts.'s Pagelink, together with Pagepoint, is one of the leading players in field of paging services. HTL, a major telecom equipment supplier, which was recently acquired by HFCL is not only be an extension of the manufacturing aspect of HFCL but also synergizes and value adds to the already existing product range of HFCL.

HFCL Infotel Limited

HFCL Infotel Ltd. the first basic telephony services provider for Punjab launched it's basic telephony services on 16th October, 2000. Today CONNECT has added a milestone to the rich economy of Punjab by providing world-class telephony and data services in the state. CONNECT is a business venture of Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd., India's leading telecommunications giant. CONNECT is further supported by the expertise of Lucent Technologies USA, IIT Chennai, Compaq, Cisco, CGI, Bell Nexxia and Cincom. Lucent is a Fortune 40 company and the world leader in design, development and manufacture of communication systems. With an investment of over Rs.1200 Crores HFCL Infotel, has set up a state-ofthe-art network in over 66 towns and cities in Punjab. The average revenue per line (ARPL) for CONNECT subscribers is already amongst the highest in the country. With a clear focus on acquiring quality subscriber through targeted roll out and by using revenue oriented marketing plans we intend to maintain this trend in the future. The wide array of innovative products and services in the data and broadband segment has further allowed the Company in maximizing it's revenue drive. The service encompasses voice, data and video, via single connectivity, as also mobile telephony based on CDMA technology, to customers. CONNECT was the first operator in the country to provide a CDMA based pre-paid mobile service. Besides telephony and Internet access CONNECT services include an array of broadband, enhanced and data services like Internet Leased Lines, ISDN, VPN, Centrex, Web Hosting, DSL and server Co-location. Customized solutions specifically for corporate customers are devised and provisioned. Services like Video Conference, Audio Conference, Phone to mail and VMS form an important part of the CONNECT portfolio.

7 Exclusive world-class showrooms to provide high quality customer care to CONNECT subscribers at an exclusive one-stop shop have been set up to fulfill total communication needs of the subscribers. It provides a single window opportunity to address all customer queries, besides serving as an outlet for sale of all CONNECT products. These aesthetically beautiful outlets allow CONNECT subscribers to subscribe to any of CONNECT services while experiencing a demo of exclusive CONNECT services like Phone to mail, Audio Conference Bridge, Video Conference, DSL etc. At the Connect World, a customer can subscriber to a telephone connection, buy Phone cards, CDMA mobile handsets, and Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) and Internet products. One can also make bill payments, register a complaint and seek information on any of the company's products or services. Specially trained executives attend to the customer needs and ensure that they are met with speed and efficiency. An agreement has been signed between the Government of Punjab and HFCL Infotel Ltd. wherein CONNECT will provide free data connectivity for the government's e-governance & citizen services projects. This connectivity will facilitate communication between state headquarters, district headquarters, sub-divisions and blocks. The eGovernance project will help the government in improving revenue collection, delivery of citizen services, increase government accountability and transparency thereby increasing citizen trust in government besides providing effective MIS for government decisions. This will effectively involve stakeholders, including NGOs, business, and interested citizen in new ways of meeting public challenges. Indeed with a future-proof network, that connects every town and village in Punjab, along with an emphasis on service excellence and quality, HITL's CONNECT has gone much beyond customer expectations. "We deliver total Telecommunication Solutions by offering innovative products and services through superior technology ensuring customer delight. We aim to be the most admired Telecommunication Company through innovation and excellence." The development of Internet has enriched the life of people today. With the gradual maturing

8 of such services as high-speed Internet access, Video on Demand (VOD),E-business, remote education and remote medical treatment, the construction of the broadband network has been accelerated. From the traditional analog and digital low-speed access technologies to the diversified high-speed access technologies, for example xDSL, LAN and HFC, broadband networks are experiencing quick changes. On the other hand, traditional voice services have still found great market demand. Such well-developed networks as PSTN, ISDN, DDN, and FR bear a large amount of services. Telephones and digital terminals are still the equipment that can meet the most needs of users. Under such situation that the market is composed mostly of the narrowband services and the demand for broadband is ever increasing, how to construct economical broadband networks rapidly, how to share the resources with existing traditional narrowband networks, and how to manage networks efficiently, have become the important criteria for carriers to select network solutions. Due to the fact that the optical access network (AN) has abundant service interfaces, flexible networking ability, as well as good maintainability, it has now found wide use, and become the major traditional voice subscriber access equipment.

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication, the process of conveying information, and messages from one place to another. Communication requires a source of information, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and some form of transmission medium (connected path) between the transmitter and receiver. In 1876 Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent and produce a telephone. By the end of 1876 the first long distance two-way telephone conversation took place and in 1877 the first telephones were available for rental. Telephone systems were originally developed for conveying human speech information (voice), they are now also used extensively to transport data. This is accomplished using modems that operate within same frequency band as human voice. Any one who uses a telephone or a data modem on a telephone circuit is a part of a global communications network called the public telephone network (PTN). Because PTN interconnects subscribers through one or more switches, it is sometimes called public switched telephone network. The telephone system was born and grew fairly rapidly. Even today voice communication still forms the major part of the total volume of the communication traffic. Businesses are concerned with communication in several special ways. Some businesses build and install communication equipment, such as fax machines, video cameras, CD players, printing presses, personal computers, and telephones. Other companies create some of the messages or content that those technologies carry, such as movies, books, and software. These companies are part of the media or telecommunications industries. Organizational communication is important in every business. People in organizations need to communicate to coordinate their

10 work and to inform others outside the business about their products and services (these kinds of communication are called advertising or public relations). The telephone network has also provided the electronic network for new computer-based systems like the Internet (a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks), facsimile transmissions (copies sent electronically by fax machines through telephone lines), and the World Wide Web (library of resources stored on computers and accessed through the Internet). The memory and dataprocessing power of individual computers can be linked together and data transmitted over telephone lines, even internationally via satellite, by connecting computers to the telephone network through telephone like devices called modems (modulatordemodulators). The telephone network itself now relies extensively on computer-based switches and exchanges that have made all kinds of new telephone-related services possible, such as call waiting, call forwarding, call return, voice-mail services, and caller ID. The relationship today between computers and the telephone system is inseparable.

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Figure: Simplified block diagram of an electronic communication system Figure above shows a simplified block diagram of an electronic communication system that includes a transmitter, a transmission medium, a receiver, and system noise. A transmitter is a collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits that converts the original source information to a form more suitable for transmission over a particular transmission medium. The transmission medium or communications channel provides a means of transporting signals between a transmitter and a receiver and can be as simple as a pair of copper wires or as complex as sophisticated microwave, satellite, or optical fiber communication systems. System noise is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the information signal. A receiver is a collection of electronic devices and circuits that accept the transmitted signals from the transmission medium and then converts those signals back to their original form.

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How Communication Occurs:

The telephone network starts in your house. A pair of copper wires runs from a DP(Distribution panel) to a box (often called an entrance bridge) at your house. The wires from these DPs runs along the road as thick cable packed with 100 or more copper pairs. Depending on where you are located, this thick cable will run directly to the phone company's switch in your area or to the nodes. These copper wires terminate at the MDF (main distribution frame) and then enter the concentrator. The concentrator digitizes your voice at a sample rate of 8,000 samples per second and 8-bit resolution. It then combines your voice with dozens of others and sends them all down a single wire (usually a coax cable or a fiber-optic cable) to the phone company office. Either way, your line connects into a line card at the switch so you can hear the dial tone when you pick up your phone. If you are calling someone connected to the same office, then the switch simply creates a loop between your phone and the phone of the person you called. If it's a long-distance call, then your voice is digitized and combined with millions of other voices on the long-distance network. Your voice normally travels over a fiberoptic line to the office of the receiving party, but it may also be transmitted by satellite or by microwave towers. Similarly if you are using mobile phone, your mobile after every fixed interval of time sends hello packets in to the service provider or companys antenna which is nearer to you same as that in case of computers in a network. When you wish to call someone, your phone sent your message in form of radio waves to antenna. From that antenna the signal is converted into electrical form and enters in the ONU (Optical Network Unit), which converts this message into light form and transmit it through fiber cable to the switch room which the interconnect you to the person whom you are calling.

13 The copper cables used from DPs to exchange can be 5 pair, 10 pair, 20 pair, 50 pair, 100 pair, and 500 pair cable. As per our requirement we choose the appropriate one and it depends on the number of subscriber in that area. These cables come with special color-coding scheme as described below. 5 PAIR WIRE BLUE - WHITE ORANGE WHITE GREEN WHITE BROWN WHITE GREY WHITE 10 PAIR WIRE BLUE WHITE ORANGE WHITE GREEN WHITE BROWN WHITE GREY WHITE BLUE RED ORANGE RED GREEN RED BROWN RED GREY RED

Similarly for 20 pair cable the color scheme will be like above and have pairs which will have first white common, after that red common (as above for 10 pair), then yellow common, and then black common. The 50 pair cable contains two 20 pairs and one 10 pair. The 100 pair cable contains five 20 pairs. But for exchange-to-exchange i.e. for large distance communication we cant use these cables because it provides very low quality signal at other end. This is due to very high losses associated with it, which distorts or damages the signal quality.

14 So for long distance communication we prefer optical fiber cables. These cables provide backbone to exchange. It interconnects distant exchanges. These cables are bit costly, but they provide us with high quality signal transmission medium.

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FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION
Fiber Optics, a branch of optics dealing with the transmission of light through hair-thin, transparent fibers. Light signals that enter at one end of a fiber travel through the fiber with very low loss of light, even if the fiber is curved. A basic fiber-optic system consists of a transmitting device (which generates the light signal), an optical-fiber cable (which carries the light), and a receiver (which accepts the transmitted light signal and converts it to an electrical signal). Use of fiber optics in communications is growing. Fiber-optic communications systems have key advantages over older types of communication. They offer vastly increased bandwidths, allowing tremendous amounts of information to be carried quickly from place to place. They also allow signals to travel for long distances without repeaters, which are needed to compensate for reductions in signal strength. Fiber-optic repeaters are currently about 100 km (about 62 mi) apart, compared to about 1.5 km (about 1 mi) for electrical systems. Many long-distance fiber-optic communications networks for both

transcontinental connections and undersea fiber cables for international connections are in operation. Companies such as HFCL, Reliance Infocom, and Tata Indicom have virtually replaced their long-distance copper lines with optical-fiber cables. Local telephone service providers use fiber-optic cables between central office switches and sometimes extend it into neighborhoods and even individual homes. Cable television companies transmit high-bandwidth TV signals to subscribers via fiber-optic cable. Local area networks (LANs) are another growing application for fiber optics. Unlike long-distance communications, LANs connect many local computers to shared equipment such as printers and servers. LANs readily expand to accommodate

16 additional equipment and users. Private companies also use fiber optics and its inherent security to send and receive data. Such firms and institutions as Railways, banks, and universities transfer computer and monetary information between buildings and around the world via optical fibers. One of the fastest growing fiber-optic markets is transmitting information for socalled intelligent transportation systems: smart highways and streets with traffic lights that respond to changing traffic patterns, automated toll booths, and changeable message signs that give motorists information about delays and emergencies.

FIBER OPTIC DATALINK

Consider the simple fiber optic data link for the premises environment. This is the basic building block for a fiber optic based network. A model of this simple link is shown in Figure below.

Figure: Model of "simple" fiber optic data link The illustration indicates the Source-User pair, Transmitter and Receiver. It also clearly shows the fiber optic cable constituting the Transmission Medium as well as the connectors that provide the interface of the Transmitter to the Transmission Medium and the Transmission Medium to the Receiver.

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FIBER OPTIC CABLE

We begin by asking just what is a fiber optic cable? A fiber optic cable is a cylindrical pipe. It may be made out of glass or plastic or a combination of glass and plastic. It is fabricated in such a way that this pipe can guide light from one end of it to the other. Basically, a fiber optic cable is composed of two concentric layers termed the core and the cladding. The core and cladding have different indices of refraction with the core having n1 and the cladding n2. Light is piped through the core. A fiber optic cable has an additional coating around the cladding called the jacket. Core, cladding and jacket are all shown in the three dimensional view in Figure below. The jacket usually consists of one or more layers of polymer. Its role is to protect the core and cladding from shocks that might affect their optical or physical properties. It acts as a shock absorber. The jacket also provides protection from abrasions, solvents and other contaminants. The jacket does not have any optical properties that might affect the propagation of light within the fiber optic cable.

Figure: Parts of a single optical fiber

The optical fiber cable can be 4 fiber, 6 fibers, 12 fibers, 24 fibers, and 48-fiber cable according to our requirement i.e. as per the density or traffic of data. These fiber cables contain 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 fibers respectively and are assigned with special type of color coding as described below:

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4 FIBRE CABLE BLUE ORANGE GREEN NATURAL

6 FIBRE CABLE BLUE ORANGE GREEN BROWN GREY NATURAL

12 FIBRE CABLE BLUE ORANGE GREEN BROWN GREY WHITE RED BLACK YELLOW PINK VIOLET NATURAL

Similarly the color coding for 24 fiber cable will be from blue to natural (12 fiber cable) then again from blue to natural (12 fiber cable). Similarly for 48 fibers cable the color-coding will be repeated 4 times of 12-fiber cable.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER

When it comes to size, fiber optic cables have exceedingly small diameters. Figure below illustrates the cross sections of the core and cladding diameters of four commonly used fiber optic cables. The diameter sizes shown are in microns, 10-6 m. To get some feeling for how small these sizes actually are, understand that a human hair has a diameter of 100 microns. Fiber optic cable sizes are usually expressed by first giving the core size followed by the cladding size. Consequently, 50/125 indicates a core diameter of 50 microns and a cladding diameter of 125 microns; 100/140 indicates a core diameter of 100 microns and a cladding diameter of 140 microns. The larger the core the more light can be coupled into it from external acceptance angle cone. However, larger diameter cores may actually allow too much light in and too much light may cause Receiver saturation problems. The left most cable shown in Figure 4, the 125/8 cable, is often found when a fiber optic data link operates with single-mode

19 propagation. The cable that is second from the right in Figure 4, the 62.5/125 cable, is often found in a fiber optic data link that operates with multi-mode propagation.

Figure: Typical core and cladding diameters -Sizes are in microns When it comes to composition or material makeup fiber optic cables are of three types: glass, plastic and Plastic Clad Silica (PCS). These three candidate types differ with respect to attenuation and cost. We will describe these in detail. Attenuation and cost will first be mentioned only qualitatively. Later, toward the end of this sub-chapter the candidate will be compared quantitatively. By the way, attenuation is principally caused by two physical effects, absorption and scattering. Absorption removes signal energy in the interaction between the propagating light (photons) and molecules in the core. Scattering redirects light out of the core to the cladding. When attenuation for a fiber optic cable is dealt with quantitatively it is referenced for operation at a particular optical wavelength, a window where it is minimized. Glass fiber optic cable has the lowest attenuation and comes at the highest cost. A pure glass fiber optic cable has a glass core and a glass cladding. This candidate has, by far, the most wide spread use. It has been the most popular with link installers and it is the candidate with which installers have the most experience. The glass employed in a fiber optic cable is ultra pure, ultra transparent, silicon dioxide or fused quartz. One reference put this in perspective by noting that "if seawater were as clear as this type of fiber optic cable then you would be able to see to the bottom of the deepest trench in the Pacific Ocean." During the glass fiber optic cable fabrication process impurities are purposely added to the pure glass so as to obtain the desired indices of

20 refraction needed to guide light. Germanium or phosphorous are added to increase the index of refraction. Boron or fluorine is added to decrease the index of refraction. Other impurities may somehow remain in the glass cable after fabrication. These residual impurities may increase the attenuation by either scattering or absorbing light. Plastic fiber optic cable has the highest attenuation, but comes at the lowest cost. Plastic fiber optic cable has a plastic core and plastic cladding. This fiber optic cable is quite thick. Typical dimensions are 480/500, 735/750 and 980/1000. The core generally consists of PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) coated with a fluropolymer. Plastic fiber optic cable was pioneered in Japan principally for use in the automotive industry. It is just beginning to gain attention in the premises data communications market in the United States. The increased interest is due to two reasons. First, the higher attenuation relative to glass may not be a serious obstacle with the short cable runs often required in premise networks. Secondly, the cost advantage sparks interest when network architects are faced with budget decisions. Plastic fiber optic cable does have a problem with flammability. Because of this, it may not be appropriate for certain environments and care has to be given when it is run through a plenum. Otherwise, plastic fiber is considered extremely rugged with a tight bend radius and the ability to Withstand abuse. Plastic Clad Silica (PCS) fiber optic cable has an attenuation that lies between glass and plastic and a cost that lies between their cost as well. Plastic Clad Silica (PCS) fiber optic cable has a glass core which is often vitreous silica while the cladding is plastic - usually a silicone elastomer with a lower refractive index. In 1984 the IEC standardized PCS fiber optic cable to have the following dimensions: core 200 microns, silicone elastomer cladding 380 microns, jacket 600 microns. PCS fabricated with a silicone elastomer cladding suffers from three major defects. It has considerable plasticity. This makes connector application difficult. Adhesive bonding is not possible and it is practically insoluble in organic solvents. All of this makes this type of fiber optic cable not particularly popular with link installers. However, there have been some improvements in it in recent years.

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When it comes to mode of propagation fiber optic cable can be one of two types, multi-mode or single-mode. These provide different performance with respect to both attenuation and time dispersion. The single-mode fiber optic cable provides the better performance at, of course, a higher cost.

Step Index Multi-mode Propagation

Consider the top illustration in Figure 2. This diagram corresponds to multi-mode propagation with a refractive index profile that is called step index. As can be seen the diameter of the core is fairly large relative to the cladding. There is also a sharp discontinuity in the index of refraction as you go from core to cladding. As a result, when light enters the fiber optic cable on the right it propagates down toward the left in multiple rays or multiple modes. This yields the designation multi-mode. As indicated the lowest order mode travels straight down the center. It travels along the cylindrical axis of the core. The higher modes represented by rays, bounce back and forth, going down the cable to the left. The higher the mode the more bounces per unit distance down to the left.

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Figure: Types of mode propagation in fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable that exhibits multi-mode propagation with a step index profile is thereby characterized as having higher attenuation and more time dispersion than the other propagation candidates have. However, it is also the least costly and in the premises environment the most widely used. It is especially attractive for link lengths up to 5 km. Usually, it has a core diameter that ranges from 100 microns to 970 microns. It can be fabricated either from glass, plastic or PCS.

Step Index Single-mode Propagation

Consider the middle illustration in Figure. This diagram corresponds to singlemode propagation with a refractive index profile that is called step index. As can be seen the diameter of the core is fairly small relative to the cladding. Typically, the cladding is ten times thicker than the core. Because of this when light enters the fiber optic cable on the right it propagates down toward the left in just a single ray, a single-

23 mode, and the lowest order mode. In extremely simple terms this lowest order mode is confined to a thin cylinder around the axis of the core. (In actuality it is a little more complex). The higher order modes are absent. Consequently, there is no energy lost to heat by having these modes leak into the cladding. They simply are not present. All energy is confined to this single, lowest order, mode. Since the higher order mode energy is not lost, attenuation is not significant. Also, since the input signal is confined to a single ray path, that of the lowest order mode, there is little time dispersion, only that due to propagation through the non-zero diameter, single mode cylinder. Single mode propagation exists only above a certain specific wavelength called the cutoff wavelength. Fiber optic cable that exhibits single-mode propagation is thereby characterized as having lower attenuation and less time dispersion than the other propagation candidates have. However, single mode fiber optic cable is also the most costly in the premises environment. It is attractive more for link lengths go all the way up to 100 km. The core diameter for this type of fiber optic cable is exceedingly small ranging from 5 microns to 10 microns. The standard cladding diameter is 125 microns.

Graded Index Multi-mode Propagation

Consider the bottom illustration in Figure 5. This corresponds to multi-mode propagation with a refractive index profile that is called graded index. Here the variation of the index of refraction is gradual as it extends out from the axis of the core through the core to the cladding. There is no sharp discontinuity in the indices of refraction between core and cladding. The core here is much larger than in the single-mode step index case discussed above. Multi-mode propagation exists with a graded index. However, as illustrated the paths of the higher order modes are somewhat confined. They appear to follow a series of ellipses. Because the higher mode paths are confined the attenuation through them due to leakage is more limited than with a step index. The time dispersion is more limited than with a step index, therefore, attenuation and time

24 dispersion are present, just limited. Popular graded index fiber optic cables have core diameters of 50, 62.5 and 85 microns. They have a cladding diameter of 125 microns the same as single-mode fiber optic cables. This type of fiber optic cable is extremely popular in premise data communications applications.

Advantages
Capacity
Optical fibers carry signals with much less energy loss than copper cable and with a much higher bandwidth. This means that fibers can carry more channels of information over longer distances and with fewer repeaters required.

Size and Weight

Optical fiber cables are much lighter and thinner than copper cables with the same bandwidth. This means that much less space is required in underground cabling ducts. Also they are easier for installation engineers to handle.

Security
Optical fibers are much more difficult to tap information from undetected; a great advantage for banks and security installations. They are immune to Electromagnetic interference from radio signals, car ignition systems, lightning etc. They can be routed safely through explosive or flammable atmospheres, for example, in the petrochemical industries or munitions sites, without any risk of ignition.

Running Costs
The main consideration in choosing fiber when installing domestic cable TV networks is the electric bill. Although copper coaxial cable can handle the bandwidth requirement over the short distances of a housing scheme, a copper system consumes far more electrical power than fiber, simply to carry the signals.

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Disadvantages
Price
In spite of the fact that the raw material for making optical fibers, sand, is abundant and cheap, optical fibers are still more expensive per meter than copper. Having said this, one fiber can carry many more signals than a single copper cable and the large transmission distances mean that fewer expensive repeaters are required.

Special Skills
Optical fibers cannot be joined (spliced) together as a easily as copper cable and requires additional training of personnel and expensive precision splicing and measurement equipment.

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SPLICING
A splicing is to connect one fiber optic cable to another permanently. Splices are "permanent" connections between two fibers. It is the attribute of permanence that distinguishes a splice from connectors. Splicing is only needed if the cable runs are too long for one straight pull or you need to mix a number of different types of cables. And of course, we use splices for restoration, after the number one problem of outside plant cables, a dig-up and cut of a buried cable. Fiber optic cables may have to be spliced together for any of a number of reasons. Splices may be required at building entrances, wiring closets, couplers and literally any intermediary point between Transmitter and Receiver. Two copper connectors can be joined by solder or by connectors that have been crimped or soldered to the wires. The purpose is to create an intimate contact between the mated halves in order to have a low resistance path across a junction. On the other hand, connecting two fiber optic cables requires precise alignment of the mated fiber cores or spots in a single-mode fiber optic cable. This is demanded so that nearly all of the light is coupled from one fiber optic cable across a junction to the other fiber optic cable. Actual contact between the fiber optic cables is not even mandatory. The need for precise alignment creates a challenge to a designer of a splice.

There are two principal types of splices: fusion and mechanical.

Fusion Splices are made by "welding" the two fibers together usually by an electric
arc. Fusion splicing uses an electric arc to ionize the space between prepared fibers to eliminate air and to heat the fibers to proper temperature. The fibers are then fed in as semi-liquids, and meld together. The previously removed plastic coating is replaced with a plastic sleeve or other protective device. The perfect fusion splice results in a single fiber rather than two fibers having been joined. One drawback to fusion splicing is that it

27 most generally must be performed in a controlled environment, such as a splicing van or trailer, and should not be done in open spaces because of dust and other contamination.

Fusion Splice

Mechanical Splices are alignment gadgets that hold the ends of two fibers together
with some index matching gel or glue between them. There are a number of types of mechanical splices, like little glass tubes or V-shaped metal clamps. The tools to make mechanical splices are cheap, but the splices themselves are expensive. Many mechanical splices are used for restoration, but they can work well with both single mode and multimode fiber, with practice. Mechanical-splices all share common elements. It does not require a controlled environment other than a reasonable level of dust control. A mechanical splice is stronger than most connectors, although fusion splices are stronger.

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Fusion Splicer

Completed splices, whether fusion or mechanical, are placed into splicing trays that are designed to accommodate the particular type of splice in use. Splicing trays then fit into splice organizers and in turn into a splice closure.

CONNECTOR AND SPLICE LOSS MECHANISMS

Connector and splice loss is caused by a number of factors. Loss is minimized when the two fiber cores are identical and perfectly aligned, the connectors or splices

29 are properly finished and no dirt is present. Only the light that is coupled into the receiving fiber's core will propagate, so all the rest of the light becomes the connector or splice loss. End gaps cause two problems, insertion loss and return loss. The emerging cone of light from the connector will spill over the core of the receiving fiber and be lost. In addition, the air gap between the fibers causes a reflection when the light encounters the change n refractive index from the glass fiber to the air in the gap. This reflection (called fresnel reflection) amounts to about 5% in typical flat polished connectors, and means that no connector with an air gap can have less than 0.3 dB loss. This reflection is also referred to as back reflection or optical return loss, which can be a problem in laser-based systems. Connectors use a number of polishing techniques to insure physical contact of the fiber ends to minimize back reflection. On mechanical splices, it is possible to reduce back reflection by using non-perpendicular cleaves, which cause back reflections to be absorbed in the cladding of the fiber. The end finish of the fiber must be properly polished to minimize loss. A rough surface will scatter light and dirt can scatter and absorb light. Since the optical fiber is so small, typical airborne dirt can be a major source of loss. Whenever connectors are not terminated, they should be covered to protect the end of the ferrule from dirt. One should never touch the end of the ferrule, since the oils on one's skin causes the fiber to attract dirt. Before connection and testing, it is advisable to clean connectors with lintfree wipes moistened with isopropyl alcohol. Two sources of loss are directional; numerical aperture (NA) and core diameter. Differences in these two will create connections that have different losses depending on the direction of light propagation. Light from a fiber with a larger NA will be more sensitive to angularity and end gap, so transmission from a fiber of larger NA to one of smaller NA will be higher loss than the reverse. Likewise, light from a larger fiber will have high loss coupled to a fiber of smaller diameter, while one can couple a small diameter fiber to a large diameter fiber with minimal loss, since it is much less sensitive to end gap or lateral offset. These fiber mismatches occur for two reasons. The occasional need to interconnect two dissimilar fibers and production variances in fibers

30 of the same nominal dimensions. With two multimode fibers in usage today and two others which have been used occasionally in the past and several types of single mode fiber in use, it is possible to sometimes have to connect dissimilar fibers or use systems designed for one fiber on another. Some system manufacturers provide guidelines on using various fibers, some don't. If you connect a smaller fiber to a larger one, the coupling losses will be minimal, often only the fresnel loss (about 0.3 dB). But connecting larger fibers to smaller ones results in substantial losses, not only due to the smaller cores size, but also the smaller NA of most small core fibers.

Lateral Misalignment

Angular Misalignment

Axial Poor End Finish

Misalignment

Wireless Communications
In the early '90s, analog cellular (AMPS) was beginning to take off in the U.S. (Analog usage rates eventually grew to be the highest in the U.S. before digital wireless arrived.)

31 In Europe, a patchwork of analog systems (TACS and ETACS) was hitting the capacity and interoperability wall, and wireless network operators were preparing for full commercial deployment of GSM. Even though wireless standards bodies were discussing something called 3G (third generation) wireless, the general public was unaware of the term. Consider the attributes of analog phones and services, at least in North America, during that time period. Phones were large, often weighing 200-300 grams or more. They had single-line LED or LCD monochrome displays and operated on lead acid or NiCad batteries that exhibited undesirable memory characteristics (i.e. the battery life was poor because the battery was prone to remember your typical usage and consider itself drained long before the life specified by the manufacturer). Wireless service, due to the fact that analog was very spectrally inefficient (in hindsight), was very costly. Coverage was spotty but improving. People did not leave their phones on because they feared that someone would actually call them. Receiving an unnecessary call was not good, since service was often in the $0.70/min. range on phones that operated on fast-dying batteries. Cloning stealing someones cell phone number was rampant, with massive fraud losses for wireless operators. Even with these constraints, the freedom, flexibility and convenience of having a wireless phone drove adoption rates. By the mid 90s, analog cellular was growing rapidly in North, Central and South America the U.S. wireless market alone was dominated by analog cellular (AMPS), with tens of millions of users. Digital systems arrived in the U.S. in the early 90s, with the first U.S. TDMA system launching in 1993 and the first U.S. GSM systems in 1995. In 1996, the first cdmaOne systems were launched. To consumers, a digital phone meant: Smaller phones Better battery life Better user interfaces The beginning of wireless Internet access Excellent voice quality Fewer dropped calls Lower tariffs for voice calls Short Message Services (SMS) More extensive selections of devices and service plans Data access in North America at 9.6 Kbps (GSM networks) or 14.4 Kbps (cdmaOne networks) Data access in Europe at 20-40 Kbps (GPRS networks) on black & white display

Wireless Local Loop Vs. Mobile Wireless Access System

32 Today, there is little doubt that wireless access systems should provide digital and not analog access. Wireless connectivity to subscribers today is provided by mobile communication systems as well as wireless local loop systems. These two appear to be similar and are often confused with each other. However, the requirements for the two systems are significantly different.

Mobile Telephone System

Mobile telephone systems, often called cellular systems, are meant to provide telephony for people on the move. The handset is primarily meant to keep the subscriber connected while he/she is away from the home or office. The key here is total coverage of the city/state/country. The mobile telephone must be reachable wherever the subscriber is in the car, on the street, or in a shopping mall. Other requirements are secondary. Modest voice quality is acceptable as the user may often be speaking from a location with high ambient noise, such as a street or a car. Data communication is not very important. Fax communication is highly unlikely to be used. Internet access will be provided on the next generation systems. The important applications will normally be email and web browsing with small displays. The data rate needed is much less than for accessing the Internet from a desktop PC. Finally, the traffic per subscriber will not be high: typically, it will be only 0.02 E traffic per subscriber. Additional air-time charges for such value-added services are generally acceptable to users.

Wireless Local Loop System

33 A Wireless Local Loop (WLL) system, on the other hand, is meant to serve subscribers at homes or offices. The telephone provided must be at least as good as a wired phone. Voice quality must be good a subscriber carrying on a long conversation must feel comfortable. One must be able to use speakerphones, cordless phones and parallel phones. The telephone must support fax and modem communications and should be usable as a Public Call Office (PCO). The ability to support at least medium-speed (about 64 kbps) Internet access is a must. Further, the traffic supported should be reasonably high at least 0.1 E per subscriber. Besides, the ability to support a large number of subscribers in an urban area (high teledensity) with a limited frequency spectrum is required. Finally, for the system to be viable, the cost of providing this wireless access should be less than that of a wired telephone connection. Air-time charges are totally unacceptable. Therefore, even though mobile communication systems and WLL systems appear to be similar and are sometimes even referred to interchangeably, the requirements in the two applications are quite distinct.

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Project Description

CDMA TO GSM MIGRATION:

The Relationship between CDMA vs. GSM
It is surprising to see where the conflict between CDMA and GSM sometimes appears and who is telling the tale. At a meeting as recently as the summer of 2003, a worldleading technology industry analyst firm shared its view of the wireless landscape. The firms forecasts, covering 2003 through 2007, were simply divided into two technologies:

CDMA and GSM.

When pressed with questions such as, CDMA2000 has been deployed on dozens of networks globally where are your CDMA2000 numbers? and WCDMA is being deployed around the world where are your WCDMA numbers? the analyst went into a spirited defense of his companys forecasting methodology, which, for the reasons we will soon discuss, is fundamentally flawed in a manner that many following the wireless industry clearly recognize.

Who would benefit from this perspective? Companies that have invested heavily in GSM technology Companies that are trying to catch up in developing their own WCDMA products Companies that have the most to lose if CDMA continues to grow
GSM/GPRS, CDMA One (IS-95). Each of these systems is extremely complex, but can be summarized into three major components: radio-equipped handsets, cell sites for those handsets to transmit to/from and a fabric of communications switches that handle the calls. To make the systems work, companies and standards bodies devised a set of standards which would allow the equipment of many different makers to operate together so subscribers could actually use the phones. To develop the standards, the vendor community developed, analyzed and agreed upon different technologies to adopt for various parts of the systems

35

Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA, for Code Division Multiple Access, is different than those traditional ways in that it does not allocate frequency or time in user slots but gives the right to use both to all users simultaneously. To do this, it uses a technique known as Spread Spectrum. In effect, each user is assigned a code which spreads its signal bandwidth in such a way that only the same code can recover it at the receiver end. This method has the property that the unwanted signals with different codes get spread even more by the process, making them like noise to the receiver.

In CDMA, each phone's data has a unique code.

Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum is a mean of transmission where the data occupies a larger bandwidth than necessary. Bandwidth spreading is accomplished before the transmission through the use of a code which is independent of the transmitted data. The same code is used to demodulate the data at the receiving end. The following

36 figure illustrate the spreading done on the data signal x(t) by the spreading signal c(t) resulting in the message signal to be transmitted, m(t).

Originally for military use to avoid jamming (interference created on purpose to make a communication channel unusable), spread spectrum modulation is now used in personal communication systems for its superior performance in an interference dominated environment.

The Near-Far Problem

Users may be received with very different powers: Users near the base station are received with high power Users far from the base station are received with low power Nearby users will completely swamp far away users

Solution: Power Control

37 CDMA Issues So far, CDMA looks like a step backwards: Tight synchronization is required to use orthogonal codes, which then break in a multipath channel anyway Quasi-orthogonal codes cause self-interference, which dominates the performance in most CDMA systems Near-far problem is a serious hindrance, requiring fast and accurate power control (that uses up bits we could otherwise send information with) And for all this, the required bandwidth is now J times larger than it was before, so there doesnt appear to be a capacity gain

CDMA Microcell

38 Figure: Network View of CDMA Microcell The MSC is composed of the following elements: A 5ESS Digital Cellular Switch (DCS), which provides interface with the land lines An Executive Cellular Processor (ECP), which controls the wireless network An Operation Management Platform (OMP), which performs interface functions

for the ECP Microcells are connected via E1 (2.048 Mbps) transmission line to the DCS (Digital Cellular Switch). Control information to the Microcell comes from a Radio Cluster Server (RCS) through signaling a time slot in the E1 with a gross transmission rate of 64 Kbps.

Two components are essential to the operation of a Microcell: Radio Cluster Server- located at the MSC Cell Site - the combination of a Microcell and antenna subsystem

CDMA Microcell
The CDMA Microcell provides radio functionality for a geographical area, which can be served by an omni directional antenna system or a multisector antenna system. One Microcell serves one sector or one omni antenna system. In the forward direction, the Microcell performs the following functions in this order: 1. Channel coding 2. Modulation 3. Radio Frequency (RF) up conversion 4. RF amplification 5. Transmission of the traffic over-the-air to the Mobile Terminal according to the parameters sent down from the RCS

39 In the reverse direction, the Microcell performs the following functions in this order: 1. Receives the traffic from the Mobile terminal 2. Demodulates the traffic signal 3. Decodes the traffic signal 4. Sends the traffic signal to the Digital Cellular Switch

Microcell Configurations Options

Microcells can be configured either as single-sector/single-carrier microcells, or as several Microcells connected in a daisy-chain configuration. The Microcell is designed to support different topologies, frequencies, power, antenna, and environment configurations.

CDMA Clock Detection

The CRC is responsible for monitoring the CDMA clocks generated by the TFU and for reporting an alarm to the RCS when a failure is detected.

CDMA Channel Units (CCU-20s)

The Microcell supports up to two CDMA Channel Units (CCU-20s), each of which contains 20 Channel Elements (CEs). The CE-20s provide the channel coding and decoding functions for a total of up to 40 channels. These channels consist of a mix of 38 traffic channels (18 if there is only one CCU-20 in the Microcell), and two overhead channels (pilot/synchronization/ access and paging).

40

CCU-20s

Channel Elements
A CE contains the circuitry necessary to support a full duplex CDMA channel; that is, the support to perform forward link and reverse link CDMA processing. Each CE supports one CDMA channel. A CE is capable of performing the modulation/demodulation of one CDMA channel or, in some cases, more than one channel. Each CE can be assigned to perform one or more of the following functions: Pilot Channel functions, which enable the CDMA mobile to establish communication with the Microcell Sync Channel functions, which are used by the mobile to acquire initial time synchronization Paging Channel functions, which are used by the Microcell to transmit system overhead information and pages to the mobile Access Channel functions, reverse of the Paging Channel, which are used to receive various types of messages from the mobile Traffic (User) Channel functions, which carry voice communication

41

The pilot, sync, and access functions can be combined with other functions into a single CE. This combination defines the personality of a CE.

Transmit Path
Once within the CBR, the transmit stream is digitally filtered and converted to analog. This analog signal is then modulated onto an Intermediate Frequency (IF) carrier for further filtering, gain, and frequency up conversion.

Receive Path
In the receive direction, there are two identical diversity receive units within the CBR. These units downconvert, filter, and perform Automatic Gain Control (AGC) on the two receive signals. These receive signals are passed to the CCU-20 cluster for decoding.

Transmit Amplifier
The transmit path of the CDMA Microcell contains an RF power amplifier. This amplifier increases the RF output power from the CBR to the output power called for by cell site specifications.

42

Antennas
The Microcell uses two (one duplex Rx/Tx and one diversity Rx) or three (one Tx and two Rx) RF antennas and one GPS antenna. In the two-antenna configuration, one RF antenna is a duplex antenna for combination transmit and receive; the other is a simplex receive antenna for diversity reception. These antennas may be mounted directly to the Microcell, mounted remotely and cabled to the Microcell, or the CDMA antennas may be integrated within the front panel of the Microcell. The antenna leads are surge-protected to prevent damage to internal components from lightning strikes. All antennas have 50-ohm impedance.

CDMA Test Radio Module

The CDMA Test Radio Module (CTRM) acts as a mobile station that can be controlled by the cell to test and verify cell operation. Testing with the CTRM is accomplished by instructing the CTRM to place test calls to the Microcell. RF switches within the CTRM control which cell RF path the CTRM is connected to.

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GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

It is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport viaGPRS. Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM standard is succeeded by the third generation (or "3G") UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (or "4G") LTE Advancedstandards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the world's population, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks. GSM is a cellular network, which means that cell phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico, femtoand umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred metres to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, [7] where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance. Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call

44 capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacentchannel interference).

GSM carrier frequencies

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900

45

The structure of a GSM network

Architecture of the GSM Network: The GSM mobile telephony service is based on a series of contiguous radio cells which provide complete coverage of the service area and allow the subscriber operation anywhere within it. Prior to this cellular concept, radiophones were limited to just the one transmitter covering the whole service area. Cellular telephony differs from the radiophone service because instead of one large transmitter, many small ones are used to cover the same area. The basic problem is to handle the situation where a person using the phone in one cell moves out of range of that cell. In the radiophone service there was no solution and the call was lost, which is why the service area was so large. In cellular telephony, handing the call over to the next cell solves the problem. This process is totally automatic and requires no special intervention by the user, but it is a complex technical function requiring significant processing power to achieve a quick reaction. The functional architecture of a GSM system can be broadly divided into the Mobile Station, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Subsystem.Each subsystem is comprised of functional entities that communicate through the various interfaces using specified protocols. The subscriber carries the mobile station; the base station subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The network subsystem, which is the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center, performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well as management of mobile services, such as authentication.

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Fig 1: GSM Network Overview.

47
o

Mobile Station:

The Mobile Station (MS) represents the only equipment the GSM user ever sees from the whole system. It actually consists of two distinct entities. The actual hardware is the Mobile Equipment (ME), which is anonymous and consists of the physical equipment, such as the radio transceiver, display and digital signal processors. The subscriber information is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), implemented as a Smart Card. The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), identifying the subscriber, a secret key for authentication, and other user information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby providing personal mobility. Thus the SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to all subscribed services irrespective of both the location of the terminal and the use of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM cellular phone, the user is able to receive calls at that phone, make calls from that phone, or receive other subscribed services. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.

This can be summed-up equation, MS = ME + SIM.

with

the

basic

GSM

architectural

The ME provides generic radio and processing functions to access the network through the radio interface as well as an interface to the user (microphone loudspeaker, display and keyboard) together with an interface to some other terminal equipment (fax machine, PC). The SIM contain all the subscriber-related information stored on the user's side of the radio interface.

48 The MS is operational only when a valid SIM is placed in a ME.

Base Station Subsystem:

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and transmits and receives signals on the cells' allocated frequencies with the mobile station. A BSC operates with a group of BTSs and manages the radio resources for one or more of them. The BSC is the connection between the MS and the Network Subsystem. It manages the radiochannel (setup, tear down, frequency hopping, etc.) as well as handovers and the transmission power levels and frequency translations of the voice channel used over the radio link to the standard channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network or ISDN.

Network Subsystem:

The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the normal telephones of the land lines and in addition provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, including registration, authentication, location updating and inter-MSC handovers. These services are provided in conjunction with several functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem. The MSC provides the connection to the public fixed network (PSTN or ISDN) and is the interface between the GSM and the PSTN networks for both telephony and data. Thus the MSC is primarily responsible for: Traffic management Call set-up Call Routing to a roaming subscriber Termination Charging and accounting information Services Provided by GSM:

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Telecommunication services can be divided into Bearer Services, Teleservices, and Supplementary Services. Call diversion, caller identification, encrypted speech, fax and error protected data are a few examples of current and new services provided by the GSM. Supplementary services are provided on top of teleservices or bearer services, and include features such as caller identification, call forwarding, call waiting, multiparty conversations, and barring of outgoing (international) calls, among others.

1. Teleservices:

A Teleservice utilises the capabilities of a Bearer Service to transport data, defining which capabilities are required and how they should be set up. The most basic Teleservice supported by GSM is telephony. There is an emergency service, where the nearest emergency service provider is notified by dialing three digits (similar to 911). The Telephony Teleservice and Emergency Teleservice cover normal speech calls. These are both the fundamental services for making ordinary telephone calls, but they are separated because of a special need for Emergency calls. When a call is made from a GSM Mobile Station, the type of service requested is indicated in the set-up message. This means that the GSM operator has the option to treat emergency calls differently by allowing mobile equipment without a SIM card to make them. The ISDN, on which GSM is based, has a great deal of potential for other information and data services. These are the videotext, teletex, and electronic mail services. The Videotex, Teletex and Advanced Message Handling Teleservices provide these for in GSM. The last of these covers the electronic mail requirements. This Advanced Message Handling Teleservice (or the Electronic Mail Teleservice) is designed to allow quite long messages. GSM has one more Teleservice that is designed for short, paging type messages. This Teleservice,

50 called Short Message Service (SMS), is by far the most widely used and flexible. The SMS Teleservice was originally defined to utilise some spare signalling capacity in GSM. However, it soon became apparent that SMS would become a key service in differentiating GSM from any other cellular service. SMS is effectively an international paging service, overlaid on top of the GSM network, with the capability to send, as well as receive, messages. SMS is a bidirectional service for sending short alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes) messages in a store and forward fashion. For point to point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the service, and an acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender. SMS can also be used in a cell broadcast mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates. Messages can be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval.

2. Supplementary Services:
The supplementary services basically consist of call forwarding and call barring. 2.1 Call Forwarding: The Call Forwarding Supplementary Service is used to divert calls from the original recipient to another number, and is normally set up by the subscriber himself. It can be used by the subscriber to divert calls from the Mobile Station when the subscriber is not available, and so to ensure that calls are not lost. A typical scenario would be a salesperson turns off his mobile phone during a meeting with customers, but does not with to lose potential sales leads while he is unavailable. 2.2 Call Barring: The concept of barring certain types of calls might seem to be a supplementary disservice rather than service. However, there are times when the subscriber is not the actual user of the Mobile Station, and as a consequence may wish to limit its functionality, so as to limit the charges incurred. Alternatively, if the subscriber and user are one and the same, the Call Barring may be useful to stop calls being routed to international destinations when they are routed. The reason for this is because it is expected that the roaming subscriber will pay the charges incurred for international re-routing of calls. So, GSM devised some flexible services that enable the subscriber to conditionally bar calls. Newer GSM Services:

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The newer GSM services were not all generally available by the GSM operators at the time of writing and comprise:

1. Number Identification:

Calling Line Identification Presentation: This service deals with the

presentation of the calling party's telephone number. The concept is for this number to be presented, at the start of the phone ringing, so that the called person can determine who is ringing prior to answering. The person subscribing to the service receives the telephone number of the calling party. Calling Line Identification Restriction: A person not wishing their number to be presented to others subscribes to this service. In the normal course of event, the restriction service overrides the presentation service. Connected Line Identification Presentation: This service is provided to give the calling party the telephone number of the person to whom they are connected. This may seem strange since the person making the call should know the number they dialled, but there are situations (such as forwardings) where the number connected is not the number dialled. The person subscribing to the service is the calling party. Connected Line Identification Restriction: There are times when the person called does not wish to have their number presented and so they would subscribe to this person. Normally, this overrides the presentation service. Malicious Call Identification: The malicious call identification service was provided to combat the spread of obscene or annoying calls. The victim should subscribe to this service, and then they could cause known malicious calls to be identified in the GSM network, using a simple command. This identified number could then be passed to the appropriate authority for action. The definition for this service is not stable.

2. Multi-Party:

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Multi-Party Service: This service is similar to a conference type service, in

that several calls may be connected with all parties talking to each other. However, there are enough differences, caused by its application in the mobile environment, for it to be known by a different name.

3. Communication of Interest:

Closer User Group: This service is provided on GSM to enable groups of

subscribers to only call each other. In this way, intrusions can be limited only to those members who wish to talk to each other.

4. Charging:

Advice of Charge: This service was designed to give the subscriber an

indication of the cost of the services as they are used. Furthermore, those Service Providers who wish to offer rental services to subscribers without their own Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) can also utilize this service in a slightly different form.

5. Additional Information Transfer:

User-to-User Signalling: This service allows the subscriber to send and receive information to and from the person with whom they have an active call. The amount of information is limited, but may include text (such as names and addresses), and numbers (such as telephone numbers).

6. Call Offering:

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Call Tranfer: The call transfer service allows the subscriber to transfer or

forward a call to another party. This party can be either another GSM Mobile Station or indeed, a person on a different network. One of the difficulties with this service is the billing ramifications. If A calls B, and B asks to be transferred to C, then it is not clear who should be charged for the rest of the call (A, who initiated the call but is no longer a participant, or B, who asked for the call transfer. To charge B is technically difficult.)

Conclusion:

Thus it seems that probably the potential of GSM is not fully realized till date. The real power of its capabilities is yet to be harnessed and will influence the human life in a big way in the future. The future has a lot to see in terms of the new generation state-of-the -art cellular phones and other devices being used in common.

Advantages of GSM:

GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers. International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular European destinations. GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network. GSM's maturity means engineers cut their teeth on the technology, creating an unconscious preference. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide secure data encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.

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Suggestions and Recommendation

HFCL is really behind in mobile communication comparing to other mobile companies. HFCL should provide data services as soon as possible and their network is bad in remote areas.

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Bibliography
Electronic Communication System (Wayne Tomasi) www.huawei.com