Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Guide to the Design of a Medium Voltage Distribution System in HM Surface Ships and Submarines
Category 2
AMENDMENTS ISSUED SINCE PUBLICATION AMD NO DATE OF ISSUE TEXT AFFECTED SIGNATURE & DATE
Revision Note This is the first Issue of this Standard. Historical Record This is the first Issue of this Standard.
DPA
MR J KNOTT STAN SPM 5 D/DStan/69/2/607/Def Stan 02-607 Issue 1
pdgst5@udawn.dpa.mod.uk or j.knott@dstan.mod.uk
INTERIM DEFENCE STANDARD (FORMER NES) - INVITATION TO COMMENT Defence Standard Number: 02-607 (NES 607) Issue 1 INTERIM Title: Guide to the Design of a Medium Voltage Distribution System in HM Ships and Submarines The above Defence Standard has been published as an INTERIM Standard. Interim Defence Standards are suitable to be called up in contracts and have the same legal status as full standards. In addition this standard is considered to be technically correct, but it is necessary to use it and get user feed back on its suitability before reissue as a full standard. Interim Standards are reviewed after a year and where necessary amended. They are then normally reissued as full standards. Users are therefore invited to forward any information or comment and experience on the application of this standard. These will be collated and forwarded to the sponsor to aid amendment and issue of a final version. The purpose of this form therefore is to solicit any beneficial and constructive comment that will assist the author and/or working group to review the INTERIM Standard prior to it being converted to a full Standard. Comments are to be entered below and any additional pertinent data which may also be of use in improving the Standard should be attached to this form and returned to the above address. No acknowledgement to comments received will normally be issued. NAME: J KNOTT SIGNATURE:
J Knott
b. the recommendation for correcting the deficiencies. 2. Is the Defence Standard restrictive: YES NO If yes state in what way under section 3.
3. Comments, general or any requirement considered too rigid: Page Clause Comments Proposed Solution
4. I/We agree that this Draft Standard, subject to my/our comments being taken into consideration, when published in final form will cover my/our requirements in full. Should you find my/our comments at variance with the majority, I/we shall be glad of the opportunity to enlarge upon them before final publication. Signature.................................................................Representing................................................. Telephone number: Submitted by (print or type name and address) Date: Our Ref:
GUIDE TO THE DESIGN OF A MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN HM SURFACE SHIPS AND SUBMARINES
ISSUE 1
This Defence Standard is authorized for use in MOD contracts by the Defence Procurement Agency and the Defence Logistics Organization
Published by: Defence Procurement Agency An Executive Agency of The Ministry of Defence Directorate of Standardization Kentigern House 65 Brown Street Glasgow G2 8EX (i)
(ii)
SCOPE
1. This Naval Engineering Standard (NES) provides guidance for the design and operation of Medium Voltage (MV) ac electrical power systems for HM Surface Ships and Submarines. . NOTE: MV is defined as any ac voltage between 1 kV and 15 kV 2. This NES covers similar requirements to those of NES 532. Detailed requirements which are the same as those for Low Voltage (LV) systems are not duplicated in this NES. Therefore this NES must be applied in conjunction with NES 532. This NES must also be applied in conjunction with the Statement of Technical Requirements (STR) for any given project. This NES will provide guidance and technical requirements and the STR will include additional technical requirements. Similarly, the STR will state the applicability of the various general standards and specifications such as DEF STAN 59 41 for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) limits and NES 1004 for environmental conditions.
3.
4.
(iii)
(iv)
FOREWORD Sponsorship
1. 2. This Naval Engineering Standard (NES) is sponsored by the Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO), Ministry of Defence (MOD). Any user of this NES either within MOD or in industry may propose an amendment to it. Proposals for amendments that are not directly applicable to a particular contract are to be made to the publishing authority identified on Page (i), and those directly applicable to a particular contract are to be dealt with using existing departmental procedures. If it is found to be unsuitable for any particular requirement, MOD is to be informed in writing of the circumstances. No alteration is to be made to this NES except by the issue of an authorized amendment. Unless otherwise stated, reference in this NES to approval, approved, authorized and similar terms means by the MOD in writing. Any significant amendments that may be made to this NES at a later date will be indicated by a vertical sideline. Deletions will be indicated by 000 appearing at the end of the line interval. This NES has been reissued at Issue 1, dated October 2000 to reflect changes in departmental nomenclature and the changes to technical requirements.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
9.
10.
12.
13.
(v)
Categories of NES
14. The Category of this NES has been determined using the following criteria: a. Category 1. If not applied may have a Critical affect on the following: Safety of the vessel, its complement or third parties. Operational performance of the vessel, its systems or equipment. b. Category 2. If not applied may have a Significant affect on the following: Safety of the vessel, its complement or third parties. Operational performance of the vessel, its systems or equipment. Through life costs and support. c. Category 3. If not applied may have a Minor affect on the following: MOD best practice and fleet commonality. Corporate Experience and Knowledge. Current support practice.
Related Documents
15. In the tender and procurement processes the related documents listed in each section and Annex A can be obtained as follows: a. British Standards British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL. Defence Procurement Agency, An Executive Agency of the Ministry of Defence, Directorate of Standardization, Kentigern House, 65 Brown Street, Glasgow, G2 8EX. Tender or Contract Sponsor to advise.
b.
c. 16.
Other documents
All applications to Ministry Establishments for related documents are to quote the relevant MOD Invitation to Tender or Contract number and date, together with the sponsoring Directorate and the Tender or Contract Sponsor. Prime Contractors are responsible for supplying their subcontractors with relevant documentation, including specifications, standards and drawings.
17.
19.
Additional Information
(There is no relevant information included)
(vi)
CONTENTS Page No TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (iii) FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (v) Sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (v)
Conditions of Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (v) Categories of NES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (v) Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vi) Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vi) Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vi) CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vii) SECTION 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.4 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.6.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.7.2 Table 1.1 1.8 Table 1.2 SECTION 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical System Schemes which may Require Medium Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of Medium Voltage Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compliance with DEF STAN 61-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contributors to Waveform Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting and Inrush Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susceptibility to Waveform Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spikes, Surges and Sags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage and Current LinetoLine Imbalances . . . . . . . . . . . Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage Ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulation (Flicker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Users Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Hardware Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Performance Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Users Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of Power Supply Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ac System Power Quality Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS . . . . . . . Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope and Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Responsibilities for Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statutory Safety Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variation of the Electrical Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vii) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 SECTION 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 Figure 3.1 3.4 Figure 3.2 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.12.1
Page No Safety by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Safety Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Authorised Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Authorised Person in Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Competent Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Authorising Engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Medium Voltage Warning Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Caution Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Danger Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Compartment Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 MILITARY STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Medium Voltage Electrical Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Medium Voltage Systems which do not Supply Electric Propuslion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Medium Voltage Systems which Feed Electric Propulsion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Load Chart for a Medium Voltage Electrical System which Feeds Propulsion Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Load Chart for Pulsed Loads on a Medium Voltage Electrical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Current Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Voltage Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Co-ordination of Inverse Time Over-current Relays . . . . . . 3.5 Parallel Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Parallel Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Protection Against Contact Above 1 kV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Direct Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Indirect Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Earthing Policy for Medium Voltage Systems in HM Surface Ships and Submarines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Considerations in Selecting Earthing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Preferred Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Factors Not Significant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Significant Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Flash Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Unearthed Neutral Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 High Impedance Neutral Earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 Maintenance Earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Further Earthing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Equipment Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 (viii)
3.13 3.13.1 3.13.2 3.13.3 3.14 3.14.1 3.14.2 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.20.1 3.20.2 3.21 Table 3.3 SECTION 4. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.6 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9.1 4.10 Table 4.3 4.11 4.12 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 4.13 4.13.1 4.13.2 Table 4.4
Page No Medium Voltage Cables and Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Cable Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Cable Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Bulkhead Penetrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Submarines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 HM Surface Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Switchboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Oil Filled Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Medium Voltage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Other Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 Commissioning/Special Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 Standard Insulation Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS GUIDANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Main ac Electrical Power Supply and Distribution . . . . . . . 4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Interfaces with the Low Voltage Distribution System . . . . . . 4.2 Instrumentation and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Safe Operating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Sensing Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Integrity of Medium Voltage Electrical Power Supplies . . . . 4.3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Generator Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Power System Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Integrity Parameter Requirement Format for Medium Voltage System Propulsion and Low Voltage Supplies . . . 4.6 Integrity Parameter Requirement Format for Medium Voltage System Miscellaneous Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Provision of Alternative Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Issues Specific to Medium Voltage Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Fault Level Assessment for Medium Voltage Systems . . . . . 4.7 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Levels of Over-voltages Experienced in a System . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Characteristics of System Over-voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Means of Reducing Over-voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Fault Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Typical Simple Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Equivalent Impedance Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Medium Voltage Creepage and Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Insulation Co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Creepage and Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 Minimum Creepage and Clearance Distances . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 (ix)
Page No SECTION ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX 5. A. B. C. D. Table D1 Table D2 Table D3 ANNEX ANNEX E. F. Table F1 Figure F1 Figure F2 Figure F3 Figure F4 CORPORATE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE . . . . . 5.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.1 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1 PROCUREMENT CHECK LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.1 STATEMENT OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS COMPLIANCE MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.1 Statement of Technical Requirements Compliancy Matrix Quality of Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.1 Statement of Technical Requirements Compliancy Matrix User Equipment Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.2 Statement of Technical Requirement Compliancy Matrix Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.3 SAFETY RULES FOR WORK ON OR NEAR MEDIUM VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT CONTENTS . . . . . . . E.1 SAFETY TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.1 Responsibilities for Medium Voltage Related Activities . . . . F.2 Medium Voltage Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.7 Limitation of Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.8 Permit for Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.9 Permit for Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.10
(x)
1.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION Related Documents: Lloyds Rules; IEE Regulations; IEEE Std 141; IEEE Std 242; IEEE Std 399; IEEE Std 519; IEC 60-2; DEF STAN 61-5 Part 4; NES 501; NES 532; see also Annex A. General
a. Increasing electrical ships services loads and the operational advantages of electrical propulsion systems in HM Surface Ships and Submarines will require vessels with both Low Voltage (LV) and Medium Voltage (MV) electrical distribution systems. MV will be necessary in a high power electrical system to achieve acceptable voltage drops, and to reduce conductor sizes and fault levels. MV distribution systems, which in this NES will be systems with an ac voltage between 1 kV and 15 kV should be considered if LV parameters are likley to , approach the following limits: (1) The prospective fault current exceeds 70 kA root mean saquare (rms) sustained at any point in the system (53.3 MVA at 440 V - IEE Regulations). The current rating requirement of any generator exceeds 4 kA (1.4 MW at 440 V - IEE Regulations). The system fault levels under normal operating conditions exceed 50 MVA (Lloyd's Rules). The capacity of individual generating sets exceeds 2.5 MW (Lloyd's Rules).
1.1
b. c.
1.2
b.
c.
d.
1.1
(2)
(3)
1.3
1.3.1
NES 532, Lloyd's Rules, and IEE Regulations give additional guidance on power supply quality issues. Electrical systems consist of essentially nine main items: sources, distribution lines, circuit breakers, distribution panels, protection devices, converters, filters, loads and instrumentation. Most of these items contribute to the quality of the power supply and all of the items are susceptible to its quality to some degree. The tolerances applied to a particular electrical supply appertain to a specific point in the supply system, usually the user input terminals. This point may be called the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This may also be defined as the point beyond which the arrangement and cabling do not belong to the designers responsible for the electrical main supply and distribution system. The degree of supply degradation beyond this point is the responsibility of the user equipment designer. Early in the design process the supply, distribution and user authorities/designer are to agree the precise point at which the tolerances apply. DME/ME242 may arbitrate if necessary. The agreed point may or may not be the point of common coupling. To specify the quality of power supply requirements for a system, it is first necessary to define some of its attributes. The attributes describe its arrangement, its characteristics and how the system operates. They also help to identify factors that contribute to power quality.
d.
e.
1.2
1.4
1.5
b.
c.
d. 1.5.1
Rectifiers a. The worst effects on ac systems are caused by diode bridge rectifiers, which can result in large harmonic currents. In idealised cases, the rectifiers would produce only characteristic odd harmonics; in practice they also produce some amounts of non characteristic even harmonics. These harmonic currents cause voltage drops that distort the supply voltage waveform at the point of common coupling. The distortion reduces when the rectifier is a half controlled bridge circuit, and reduces still further with a fully controlled rectifier bridge. An active rectifier, which controls the current waveform using high speed switching devices, can reduce the harmonic component of the current to minimal levels. However, this benefit comes at increased complexity, size and cost. Harmonic current flows reduce the efficiencies in generating and delivering electricity. This occurs because of two reasons: Harmonics increase the rms value of the current; conductor resistance goes up from its dc value. Both factors cause higher voltage drops and hence extra power losses. Harmonic levels can also amplify owing to the excitation of parallel or series resonance. A parallel resonance circuit has a high impedance to a harmonic current. This harmonic current flowing into the impedance is low and the harmonic voltage across it is high. Conversely, a series resonance circuit has a low impedance and the current flowing into the impedance is high.
b.
c.
d.
1.3
1.5.2
b.
1.5.3
Load Balance a.
1.6
1.6.1
b.
c.
1.6.2
1.6.3
Harmonics a.
1.4
c.
d.
e. f.
g.
h.
i.
1.6.4
Notches a. The notches that rectifiers cut in the ac voltage waveform can affect other equipment that uses the waveform as a timing signal. These notches can potentially cause false zeros in the ac waveform. The actual notch depths depend upon the impedance between the rectifier and the point of common coupling. The high dv/dt of the notches can also create other problems: ringing between capacitance and inductance, which becomes a source of interference; leakage current, in capacitors and to earth.
b.
1.6.5
Voltage Ripple a. Harmonics in a dc voltage can cause difficulties for equipment connected to a dc system. The voltage ripple may pass through to the output of an inverter drive; an alternating voltage or current injected into a battery can cause increased gassing, and raise the battery temperature. It may also lead to shallow cycling of the battery, which can mask its true state of charge and may shorten its life.
1.5
1.6.6
Modulation (Flicker) a. Periodic changes of load can lead to voltage modulation or flicker. The effect gets its name from the visible flickering of lighting. It also occurs with a cyclic variation of frequency. Cyclic changes in frequency will also cause motors to accelerate and decelerate. This action may amplify generators' current and machinery vibrations if the modulating frequency is close to a resonant frequency. Generator governors and voltage regulators also respond to modulation effects and care is necessary to ensure that control systems cannot become unstable.
1.7
Users Constraints
a. All equipment connected to the electrical power system must operate within certain limits as defined in the power system design and any relevant standards. Constraints must be placed upon users to control the levels of disturbance injected into the electrical system. The constraints may also include equipment hardware design requirements in addition to equipment performance parameters. The requirements for equipment supplied from 440 V ac and 250 V dc power systems are well known and documented in NES 501. It is necessary to determine the requirements for equipment supplied from the MV system. It is possible that the constraints placed upon such equipment will be more relaxed than for equipment supplied from a lower voltage ship services busbar. Initial estimates for the constraints can be obtained in two ways. Firstly, if the system voltage and size is comparable with other, existing systems - such as offshore oil and gas platforms perhaps - then the constraints applied in those installations can be used as an initial guide. Secondly, computer simulations can be used to predict/confirm the effects of disturbances to the system. This latter approach is potentially very useful because the effects upon the system of relaxing users' contraints can be freely explored - for example, it is possible to determine which parts of the distribution system will require strengthening to tolerate a more disruptive (and cheaper) piece of equipment. The simulation model must then be refined as the system design progresses.
b.
c.
d.
1.7.1
Equipment Hardware Constraints a. There will be some physical aspects of the equipment that will be defined for power system quality reasons. These may include connection and cable glanding arrangements, cable entry routes and equipment internal layout. For multi megawatt equipment the size, cost and weight penalties of such constraints must be balanced against the likely risks. Equipment may contain energy storage elements: inductors, capacitors, batteries, flywheels, etc. To maintain system quality it may be necessary to limit either the amount of energy that can be discharged into the system or the rate at which it can be discharged. This may be applied for a limited range of conditions. Power systems quality must remain within the prescribed limits during system or equipment faults. This will impose performance requirements for some fault conditions. Similarly, equipment that contains inbuilt fault protection facilities must co ordinate with the rest of the electrical system.
b.
c.
1.6
1.7.2
Equipment Performance Constraints a. Table 1.1 lists users' constraints. User Equipment Constraint Switch ON/Start up current transient limitation. Duty cycle and period of pulsed loads. Harmonic ac current/ripple current maximum amplitudes for rectifier loads: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) (current). Commutation notch depth and duration restrictions: Notch depth; THD (voltage); Notch area. Permitted out of balance load on a 3 Phase supply. Earth leakage currents. Conducted and radiated EMC limits. Equipment short circuit fault current rating.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
1.7
1.8
Average of three line to line voltages for 3 Phase systems. Line voltage unbalance tolerance for 3 Phase systems. Maximum deviation of any one line to line voltage including average of three line to line and unbalance tolerances. Voltage modulation. Voltage sag: Voltage surge: depth recovery time depth recovery time depth recovery time depth recovery time
Nominal frequency and steady state tolerance. Frequency sag: Frequency surge: Frequency modulation. dc offset. Waveform harmonic content: Individual Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Deviation factor peak value waveshape energy content
Voltage spike:
1.8
2.
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS Related Documents: Lloyds Rules; IEE Regulations; Electricity at Work Regulations; Health and Safety at Work Act 1974; BS 2929; BS 5378; see also Annex A. Safety
Scope and Allocation a. This Section provides guidance on the safe working practices applicable to electrical distribution systems on board HM Surface Ships and Submarines above 1 kV ac and not exceeding 15 kV The guidance provided within this . Section, when applied, should cover the relevant mandatory/statutory requirements. In the case of conflict between this guidance document and statutory/mandatory regulations, or omissions from this guidance document, the statutory/mandatory regulations shall take precedence. This Section should be used as the basis for ship specific/class specific MV safety rules as required. These rules are to be used in conjunction with all current MOD(N) safety documentation. It is the responsibility of all persons working on, or in the vicinity of, electrical distribution systems and associated plant, equipment and apparatus, to report to their immediate superior any malfunction or situation which could pose a danger in terms of risk to health or bodily injury. No person may enter a MV compartment, open a link box or distribution panel, touch the insulation covering or supporting any conductor, disturb a cable or interfere with any other item of electrical equipment unless he holds a written instruction permitting him to carry out these duties, or until or unless instructed to do so by the person in charge of the work who is authorised by the Authorised Person in Control (APC). No person is to commence work until he fully understands the instructions he has received from an AP In no circumstances shall those instructions be . exceeded. Should any person consider that the instructions given cannot be carried out safely, he is to refer the matter to a higher authority for a decision before proceeding. No person is to interfere with earth connections, locks, danger and caution notices, safety barriers, or other safety devices. These are only to be moved or operated on the instructions of an AP who is to be responsible for them. , In addition, no work may be carried out outside the working zone defined by danger and caution notices, roping, barriers or other access limiting devices. No person is to enter a confined space that has previously contained oil or other flammable or toxic substance until instructed to do so by an AP The AP will . ensure that the necessary safety precautions have been taken and, if he thinks it necessary, he is to ensure that a person is stationed outside the compartment to maintain constant contact with those persons inside. No person is to smoke or use an exposed flame in any unventilated compartment or other similar enclosure until it has been declared safe to do so by the AP in charge of the work. Smoking is prohibited at all times in the vicinity of any open tank which contains, or has contained, oil or other flammable substances. Precautions are to be taken, by suitable ventilation or other means, to prevent fire or explosion.
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
2.1
i.
2.1.3
2.1.4
Variation of the Electrical Safety Rules a. In exceptional or special circumstances, the Senior AP where authorised in , writing to do so by the Authorising Engineer (AE), is to have the authority to vary the MV safety rules. The variations are to be issued in writing and distributed to all controlled copy holders of these rules. Any variations must comply with the law and ensure that safety requirements are satisfied. Effective procedures will be instituted to allow objections, by any person carrying out instructions covered by these rules, to be reported by him to the person issuing the instructions. All objections will be investigated and if necessary referred to a higher authority for a decision. Any person instructed to carry out work in accordance with these rules are to ensure that they fully understand the instructions given and shall seek clarification when necessary.
2.1.6
Objections a.
2.2
2.2.1
Safety by Design
Description a. All MV systems and equipment must be designed and manufactured such that as far as is reasonably practicable, they will be safe and without risks to health at all times when they are being set, used for their intended purpose, cleaned and maintained.
2.2
c. d.
e.
2.2.2
Safety Rules a. To ensure that all statutory regulations are met, all work connected with the control, operation and maintenance of MV distribution systems are to be undertaken strictly in accordance with a set of written electrical safety rules. Annex F provides guidance on the format and contents of such rules and should be used as the basis for any locally derived and authorised rules. Safety rules for individual vessels shall be produced on an individual/class basis, depending on the equipment fitted in each case. A copy of the authorised rules is to be issued to everyone who is called upon to work on, or operate MV distribution equipment. Each person must sign a receipt for his copy of the rules and is required to be conversant with the content. For details of Safety Rules, see Annex E.
b.
c. d. e. 2.2.3
Review a. These rules are to be reviewed, by the AE, annually or when a change in Statutory Regulations takes place.
2.3
Safety Terminology
a. Safety Terminology is detailed in Annex F.
2.4
2.4.1
Training
Authorised Person a. An Authorised Person must; (1) have undergone a period of local training to become fully acquainted with the MV safety rules and any authorised variations, applicable Statutory Regulations and Naval requirements; have undergone a period of training on the particular system, equipment and installation with which they are concerned;
(2)
2.3
(4) 2.4.2
Authorised Person in Control a. Training requirements are as for an AP with the addition of; (1) a period of training and supervision sufficient to safely control the operation of the MV distribution system safely.
2.4.3
Competent Person a. A Competent Person must; (1) have undergone a period of local training sufficient to provide an adequate knowledge of the MV safety rules and any authorised variations, applicable statutory regulations and Naval requirements; have undergone a period of training on the particular system, equipment and installation with which they are concerned; have technical training sufficient to avoid any danger presented by the work to be undertaken; have satisfactorily completed first aid training for the treatment of electric shock.
Authorising Engineer a. Must have undergone a period of training to become intimately acquainted with the MV safety rules, applicable Statutory Regulations and Naval requirements. This training is to be sufficient to allow the interpretation of the safety rules and other statutory requirements and also allow the formulation of local variations.
2.4.5
General a. Additionally, APC is to carry out periodic touch drills to maintain an acceptable level of competency. All levels of staff will also be subject to periodic refresher training at defined intervals. First aid training will be carried out at regular intervals not exceeding three years.
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
Danger Notice a. A notice in approved form attached to apparatus or its control equipment when live, calling attention to the danger of approaching or interfering with such
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.
MILITARY STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS Related Documents: Lloyds Rules; IEC 331; IEC 787:1983; IEE Regulations; BS 2692 Part 2; BS 4999 Parts 143 and 144; BS 6360; BS 6883; BS EN 60071; BS EN 60282-1; BS EN 60298; BS EN 60644; BS EN 60694(1997); DEF STAN 61-12 (Part 31); NES 501; NES 502; NES 530; NES 532; BR 3021 Volume 1 and 2; BR 8470; BR 8471; BR 8472; BR 8473; see also Annex A. Medium Voltage Electrical Power Requirements
Medium Voltage Systems which do not Supply Electric Propuslion Systems a. The Load Chart method of estimating system loads detailed in NES 532 is applicable to MV systems. However, various factors e.g. diversity and utilisation, will require to be determined for the MV system loads. Typical growth margins for LV systems will apply to these MV systems. Minimum load situations on the LV system may demand a LV generator to achieve acceptable generator loading.
3.1
3.1.1
b. c. 3.1.2
Medium Voltage Systems which Feed Electric Propulsion Systems This clause refers out to NES 532 with the following exceptions. Clauses a, b, c, d, e and f should replace NES 532 Clause 3.1.1a . a. To assist in the determination of generator capacity, the determination of generator operating schedules and planning of the layout of the electrical supply systems for new or modified designs; the total load is to be assessed at various vessel speeds and the assessment calculation is to be presented on a load chart. Table 3.1 shows a suggested load chart format. It requires that propulsion loads and ship's services loads are calculated for a range of vessel speeds, where the vessel speeds considered should reflect the platform and its required operating profile. It may be useful to consider various vessel operating activities at some of the vessel speeds. For example, zero knots in harbour may have a significantly different load from zero knots in an action situation. Similarly, 18 knots in tropical conditions may present a different load to 18 knots in arctic conditions. These weather conditions may then require further sub divisions to enable peace time cruising, drills and action conditions to be assessed. The loads of the LV Systems which interface with the MV System being considered should be calculated using the methods detailed NES 532. The continuous rating of any pulsed loads should be entered in Table 3.1. Here it is assumed that the pulsed load will be fitted with its own pulse generator/power supply which will present a continuous load to the vessel's power distribution system. If pulsed loads require pulses to be supplied from the main power system the data should be entered in Table 3.2. One page of the table will be required for each pulsed load. This table will provide an indication of the transient capability required from the power system. The designer will then need to determine whether the transient capability needs to be local to the pulsed load, or global to the MV system. These pulsed loads may be periodic or aperiodic, and may include pulsed weapons, sonar and large direct on line started electric motors.
b.
c.
d. e.
f.
3.1
Load State
Vessel Vessel Propn 1,2 Propn 1,2 Propn 1,2 Speed Operating Drive 1 Drive 2 Drive n (knots) Activity MW MW MW 0 3 8 15 19 23 25 27 30 31 Load State Vessel Vessel Speed Operating (knots) Activity 0 3 8 15 19 23 25 27 30 31 Pulsed Weapons 2 (Continuous Rating) Min Max Likely
Electrical Power Requirement Miscellaneous MV Equipment 2 Min Max Likely Total2 (for Tables 3.1 and 3.2) Min Max Likely
NOTE: 1. Load requirement should include motor, converter, transformer and filter inefficiencies. 2. The units for the load are MW if dc, or MVA if ac. 3. Load requirement should include transformer and converter inefficiencies.
Table 3.1 Load Chart for a Medium Voltage Electrical System Which Feeds Propulsion
Motors
3.2
Load State
Vessel Vessel Pulsed Load Name: Speed Operating (knots) Activity Power1,2 Pulse Cycle Duration 3 Duration 3 0 3 8 15 19 23 25 27 30 31
Number of Cycles
Operating Period3
Equipment Location
NOTE: 1. The units for the load is MW if dc or MVA if ac. 2. Load requirement should include pulsed equipment inefficiencies. 3. The time unit should be suitable for the application.
Table 3.2 Load Chart for Pulsed Loads on a Medium Voltage Electrical System 3.2
3.2.1
Protection
General a. Various protection devices are available for protecting generators, feeders and power consuming equipment having rated voltages greater than 1 kV The . purpose of the devices is to detect and rapidly isolate all system faults. To maintain the high integrity of supply required for HM Surface Ships and Submarines, isolation must be selective, isolating only those parts of the system affected by the fault.
3.2.2
Current Protection a. Correct current relay protection requires knowledge of the fault current that can flow in each part of the power system network. The protection relay settings are determined to give the shortest operating times at maximum fault levels and then checked to see if operation will be satisfactory at the minimum fault current expected. Among the methods to achieve correct relay co ordination are those using either time, over current, or a combination of both. The common aim of these methods is to provide correct discrimination and thereby isolate only the faulty section of the network. The basic rule is whenever possible, to use relays with the same operating characteristics in series with each other. (1) Discrimination by time alone may mean that more severe fault currents are not cleared in the shortest possible operating time.
b.
3.3
(3)
c.
When protecting the motor supply cable with fuse links, attention must be paid to the motor starting currents and starting time. High frequency of starting will not allow the fuses to cool down between starts. When protecting transformer supply cables, the main criteria for the selection of fuse links is covered in IEC 787:1983. NES 532 contains fuse rupture characteristics up to 16 kA. Current Limiting Reactors are reactances employed to limit short circuit currents. They are used to reduce short circuit currents to a value which is `acceptable' with regards to the short circuit withstand capability of equipment or the breaking capacity of circuit breakers. Effects of Fault Currents (1) To ensure over current protection devices can safely deal with fault currents, knowledge of any prospective fault current is necessary. If the fault level at the fault is in excess of the rupturing capacity of the device, damage to the installation and the protective device can result before the current is completely interrupted. In such cases the protective device must be backed up by another breaker or by fuses capable of interrupting the fault.
d.
e.
f.
g.
3.3
Voltage Protection
a. Power Frequency Over voltages. (1) Over voltages should not occur on a machine fitted with an AVR. However, they may be caused under the following conditions: (a) (b) b. c. Defective operation of the AVR; Operation under manual control.
Means of reducing over voltage are discussed in Clause 4.11. Under voltage is covered in Clause 1.6.1.
3.4
1000
100
Time 10 (seconds)
D C
1 Fuse Fuse
X
D
MV Feeder
X X X
C
X
A Motor
X X
D C
Fuse
Relay Examples: A Thermal relay combining Motor Thermal Protection Unit (MTPU) with high set instantaneous over current elements for short circuit protection. B Composite triple pole relay, comprising a combination of inverse time over current and high set instantaneous over current elements. C Independent definite minimum time over current relay. D Voltage controlled inverse time over current relay
Figure 3.1 Co-ordination of Inverse Time Over-current Relays 3.4 Parallel Feeders
a. When fault current can flow in both directions through the relay location (see Figure 3.2), it may be necessary to make the response of the relay directional by the introduction of directional control.
3.5
X X
Load
Source
X
Directional
Non-Directional NOTE
The directional elements look into the protected line and their time and over current settings are set lower than the non directional relays.
b.
c. 3.5.2
Indirect Contact a. In the event of a system fault to earth, the earth path carries at least part of the short circuit current.
3.6
Earthing Policy for Medium Voltage Systems in HM Surface Ships and Submarines
a. The neutral earthing policies considered appropriate to MV systems in HM Surface Ships and Submarines are: (1) (2) Unearthed neutral; High impedance neutral earthing.
3.6
c.
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
(2)
(3)
3.7.3
Significant Factors a. The following factors are significant when selecting a method of neutral earthing: (1) Earth Faults (a) Earth faults are the most common fault; the majority occur in miscellaneous electrical equipment. In 3 Phase circuits, single phase to earth faults are likely to escalate into phase to phase faults unless measures are taken to reduce this likelihood. A solid earth fault on a high impedance or unearthed neutral system will increase the phase to earth voltage stress on the two healthy phases for the duration of the fault. Continuity of supply following a single earth fault is an important argument in favour of the unearthed and high impedance methods but, for the argument to be valid, the earth fault must have caused the loss of an essential supply.
(2)
3.7
(5)
(6)
3.7.4
Flash Hazard a. A flash hazard arises when a fault occurs close to people. The risk dependencies are the same as those for fire.
3.8
(3) b.
(2)
3.8
(c) (d)
3.9
The disadvantages offered by the method are: (1) (2) (3) (4)
c.
(2)
3.9
(4) (5)
3.10
Maintenance Earthing
a. It is vital to ensure that no conductive parts of equipment can accumulate dangerous voltages when undergoing maintenance tasks. Circuits must be isolated and safely discharged before commencing work. Provision must be made for temporary earth connections to be made to MV equipment conductors which may become charged through leakage from MV circuits. Refer to Lloyd's Rules for further MV earthing requirements.
b.
3.11 3.12
3.12.1
Equipment Selection
General a. In general, the requirements for equipment selection are similar to those given in NES 501 and NES 532. Equipment for MV systems is subject to further requirements, particularly with regard to legal requirements for such equipment. Equipment for MV systems is to be designed, as far as practicable, such that the safety requirements of Clause 2.1 are observed (safety by design).
3.13
3.13.1
(3)
(4)
3.10
3.13.2
System Considerations a. b. c. d. MV cables must be readily identifiable and must be segregated from LV cables. LV cables must not be run in the same duct as MV cables; Cable sheathing and armour must be bonded to the ship's earth; MV cables must be provided with a cable support system; The system is to be designed as far as possible, to avoid the requirement for MV bulkhead penetrations. Cable ratings are to be calculated as for LV system cables, except that the heating effects of harmonic currents must be considered.
3.13.3
Cable Ratings a.
3.14
3.14.1
Bulkhead Penetrators
Submarines a. Bulkhead penetrators for MV cables are not available and it is not anticipated that they will be developed . Therefore, MV cables must not be run through the Reactor Compartment of submarines. MV cables passing through watertight decks or bulkheads must be provided with bulkhead or deck transits such as decktubes, watertight glands or multi transit assemblies. Standard, non MOD(N) transits are acceptable.
3.14.2
HM Surface Ships a.
3.15
Circuit Breakers
a. The preferred type of breaker for MV systems in HM Surface Ships and Submarines is the Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB). (1) External Shock Requirements (a) The design of circuit breakers and their mountings are to withstand externally generated shock levels appropriate to the equipment location within the vessel. Refer to BR 8470, BR 8471, BR 8472 and BR 8473. Where the series of BR is incomplete, guidance may be obtained from BR 3021 Volumes 1 and 2; Consideration is to be given to the catastrophic failure modes of current interrupting devices. Equipment enclosures are to be sufficiently robust to contain material expelled in the event of a catastrophic failure; An integral means is to be provided to earth isolated circuits so that cables, etc., are discharged.
(2)
(3)
3.11
3.16
Switchboards
a. Unless superseded by MV requirements, switchboards are to be designed to meet the requirements of NES 501, NES 530 and NES 532. The following standards must also be consulted: BS EN 60298 (1996) and BS EN 60694 (1997). Switchboards should be arranged with supply cables and duplicated services in completely segregated sections to allow continued operation of healthy circuits in the event of a single fault. Transformers which provide isolation between LV and MV systems are to be provided with a screen between primary and secondary windings, connected to the ship's hull. Integral means are to be provided to earth the isolated circuits for maintenance purposes. The very high voltages which can be generated when fault current is interrupted by a circuit fuse, require special consideration to ensure that the component is adequately rated. MV fusegear enclosures are to be designed to provide containment in the event of fire or fuse cartridge failure. The following references are applicable: (1) BS 2692 Part 2 Fuses for Voltages Exceeding 1000 V ac: Expulsion Fuses; Specification for HV Fuse links for Motor Circuit Applications.
b.
3.17
Transformers
a.
b.
3.18
Fuses
a.
b. c.
3.19
3.20
3.20.1
b.
3.12
(2)
3.20.2
Other Equipment a. Other equipment is to be tested in accordance with the appropriate British Standard for that equipment. Where there is no relevant standard, a power frequency high voltage test is to be performed at the value given in Table 3.1. Refer to BS EN 60071. Highest Voltage for Equipment (kV rms) 3.6 7.2 12.0 17.5 Standard Short Duration Power Frequency Withstand Voltage (kV rms) 10 20 28 38
b.
c.
d.
3.13
3.14
4.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS/GUIDANCE Related Documents: DEF STAN 61-5 Part 4; NES 501; NES 516; NES 532; YM3889/82; see also Annex A.
4.1
4.1.1
b.
c. d.
4.1.2
System Configuration a. MV distribution systems may be configured as `ring' or `tree' networks dependent on individual ship requirements. Systems shall provide maximum equipment availability by provision of the capability of operation with all available generators connected in parallel, with facilities to operate in `split' sections in the event of faults or action damage. Generators are to be connected to the distribution system via `pole linked' circuit breakers contained within associated switchboards. Switchboards must be located as close as is practicable to associated generators. To meet the requirements of MV safety, all MV equipment is to be located such that it is not possible to access the equipment without correct authorisation. Access to all compartments containing MV equipment must be limited to persons competent to enter such compartments. All persons required to enter compartments containing MV equipment are to be qualified as Competent Persons (CP), as defined in Clause 2.1. All persons required to carry out switching operations are to be qualified as Authorised Person(s) (AP), also as defined in Clause 2.1. MV cables must be run separately from LV and signal cables. Separation between MV and other cables are to be at least 300 mm. (1) (2) f. Cables run on cable trays are to be provided with individual overall metallic screens, regardless of any requirements for armoured cables; Cables are to be run in trunking if further physical protection is required. Such trunking shall be used for MV cables only.
b.
c.
d.
e.
MV equipment and cable runs must not be accessible in compartments such as accommodation spaces, which are routinely occupied by persons not competent to access such equipment.
4.1
4.2
b. c. d.
e.
4.3
4.3.1
The above aims will be achieved by centralised control of the MV supply system from a Primary Electrical Control Panel, providing control and instrumentation for: (1) (2) (3) (4) Generator start and stop; Supply voltage control; Supply frequency control; At least two methods of synchronisation of any two supply sources, one method being manual;
4.2
c.
Reversionary control of main supply generators and switchgear is to be provided by Secondary Electrical Control Panels, sited within or near to the main MV switchboards.
4.4
4.4.1
Special Considerations
Safe Operating Procedures a. The design of the control scheme must provide safeguards as far as practicable, to avoid potentially hazardous operating conditions arising. In the case where the LV system derives power from the MV system, particular attention must be paid to maintaining the continuity of essential LV supplies.
4.4.2
Sensing Circuits a. Monitoring the MV system requires sensors to interface between LV and MV circuits. This will normally be accomplished by the use of current and voltage transformers. Precautions are to be observed to prevent leakage from the MV system charging the LV system. Instrumentation transformers are to be fitted with earthed screens between primary and secondary windings. The principles of segregating MV and LV circuits must be maintained in the sensor circuits.
4.5
4.5.1
c.
4.5.2
Generator Configuration a. HM Surface Ships and Submarines utilising MV systems will tend to operate with a wide power band. In a FEP system, the maximum speed will require a much greater power than the normal speed. In an IFEP system, propulsion load demands will dominate the load requirement at high vessel speeds whereas at low vessel speeds, the ship's services requirement will dominate the load. Thus, an IFEP system will have a slightly narrower power band requirement than a FEP system. In electric cruise or MV ship's services systems, the power range will be lower than for either FEP or IFEP .
4.3
The generators may be arranged in a number of schemes, some of which are discussed below. A split generation scheme has been traditionally employed in the ship's services distribution systems of HM Surface Ships and Submarines. But with the predicted increasing loads of future vessels, split generation appears to have been superseded in concept studies by variants of parallel generation. However, split generation may still be appropriate for propulsion to maximum vessel speeds in order to reduce distribution and fault currents. Parallel Generator Operation (PGO) has become the standard method of generation in commercial vessels with MV systems. Here a power management system can automatically run up and shut down generators, and start and stop loads to ensure that the generation system operates efficiently within its capacity. Minimum Generator Operation (MGO) operates the generators in PGO mode until the load can be supplied by one generator. Then the system operates in Single Generator Operation (SGO) mode. An energy storage system may be required to support the load on failure of the single running generator and until a standby generator can be brought to load. Energy storage specifications would depend on the availability requirements of the various power system loads. NOTE It may be possible to run a FEP system in MGO without energy storage.
e.
f.
g.
It may be cost effective, or otherwise desirable, to be able to re configure the generation configuration for different operational activities and vessel speeds. Here re configuration could be automatic or manual.
4.6
b.
4.4
NOTE d.
The integrity of the LV supplies will inevitably depend on the A&R of the MV/LV converters, the number and rating of the MV/LV converters and the A&R of the supplies to the MV/LV converters. Therefore, the design of the MV system, its method of operation and the number and specification of the MV/LV converters, will be depend on the LV system A&R requirements stated in the STR. The prime contractor should determine A&R figures for the MV/LV system interface to apply at the point of common coupling or some other agreed point (or points). DME/ME242 will arbitrate if necessary for both the A&R figures and the agreed points. Where the MV system provides power for propulsion, the STR will state A&R figures for propulsion capability. This may be in terms of the A&R for a given shaft power or a given vessel speed and should include different A&R for different vessel speeds and operational activities. If the MV system supplier does not provide the propulsion plant required, the various contractors must agree A&R requirements and the points in the MV system at which they apply, e.g. at the input terminals of the propulsion plant. Again, DME/ME242 will arbitrate if necessary. The A&R requirements placed on the MV system sub prime contractor will influence MV generation and distribution system design and operation. In summary, the STR will state the availability and reliability requirements for various loads, vessel speeds and operational activities. Measurement points, i.e. points where the A&R figures will be applicable, will also be stated. The STR may present its requirements in a form similar to Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
e.
f.
g.
h. i.
4.5
Load State Vessel Speed S eed (knots) Vessel O erating Operating Activity Propulsion
Availability Reliability Measurement Comment Availability Reliability Measurement Comment Point1 Point1
0 3 8 15 19 23 25 27 30 31
NOTE The measurement point is the agreed location at which the availability and reliability of the MV supply to the given load must apply.
Table 4.1 Integrity Parameter Requirement Format for Medium Voltage System Propulsion and Low Voltage Supplies
Vessel Name of Load 1: Name of Load n: O erating Operating Activity Availability Reliability Measurement Comment Availability Reliability Measurement Comment Point2 Point2
0 3 8 15 19 23 25 27 30 31
NOTE 1. Miscellaneous loads include pulsed loads. 2. The measurement point is the agreed location at which the availability and reliability of the MV supply to the given load must apply.
Table 4.2 Integrity Parameter Requirement Format for Medium Voltage System Miscellaneous Loads
4.6
4.7
b.
4.8
(2) (3)
(4)
4.9
4.9.1
4.10
c.
d.
4.7
The methods of deriving the levels of over voltage created by the above phenomena are detailed in Table 4.3. (Reference YARD Memo, YM3889/82). Cause Derivation
2U 3 3)
Frequency Power frequency Power frequency kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz
Generator AVR fault Solid earth fault1 Intermittent earth fault2 Fuse current chopping Interrupter current chopping Pre strike Multiple re ignition Where: U Z I K = = = =
U
5( 2U
BS 2692 : Pt 1
3) Z1)( 2U 5.3( 2U 3)0.75 8( 2U 3)
Line Volts (rms) Load Surge Impedance Chopping Current Ratio of over voltage (peak) to phase voltage (peak)
NOTE: 1. Only applicable to unearthed neutral and high resistance earth neutral systems. 2. Only applicable to unearthed neutral systems.
4.12
Fault Level
a. An explanation of the pu base system along with a fault level example and procedure can be found in NES 532.
4.8
Other parameters such as cable resistances are often given as ohmic values. These can be converted to pu values as follows:
Rpu + R W MVA(base) V2(base)
c.
Calculations: The fault levels at points A, B and C (Figure 4.1) have been calculated using a 20 MVA, 6.6 kV base. The values in brackets are the converted pu values after using the above formulae and base values.
d.
Calculation for a fault at point A: ZA = 0.000066 + j0.0509 NOTE In many cases, where resistance is negligible compared to reactance, the circuit resistance may be omitted to simplify the calculations.
e.
= 392.95 MVA f. The rms symmetrical fault current at point A is calculated as follows: VA = 3 V LIL Thus I L + VA
3 VL
6 + 392.95 10 3 6.6 10 3
= 34.37 kA g. The peak asymmetrical fault current at point A: Isc = 2 2I rms symmetrical = 2 2 x 34.373 x 103 = 97.22 kA h. Calculation of Impedance at point B: ZB = Impedance at point A + Cabling Impedance = 0.00066 + j0.0509 + 0.0192 + j0.0155 = 0.01986 + j0.0664 pu
4.9
= 25.246 kA k. The peak asymmetrical fault current at point B: I = 2 2 x 25.246 kA = 71.408 kA l. Impedance at point C: Zc = Impedance at point B + Impedance of Equivalent Transformer = 0.01986 + j0.0664 + 0.6 = j0.4 = 0.61986 + j0.4664 pu
+ 0.77536.95
m.
= 6.385 kA
4.10
R X
= =
X R X
= =
1 MVA Transformer R = 3% X = 2%
Ships Services C
4.11
0.000137
0.000137 j 3.31
j 0.10355
j 0.10355
j 0.0155
4.12
4.13.2
Creepage and Clearance a. The minimum creepage and clearance distances provided for all connections, terminals and similar bare `live' parts are to be determined in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 60071 1 and BS EN 60071 2. Normally, pollution level IV will apply, however, suitable enclosures may reduce the pollution level category. Designers must also take account of the most unfavourable combination of manufacturing tolerances and any movement or deformation which may occur when the equipment is subjected to ageing, temperature, mechanical shock, vibration and system fault conditions. Where the information required to perform the calculations of BS EN 60071 is not available, the values given in Table 4.4 may be used as minimum values. Nominal System Voltage (volts) 1100 2400 3300 4160 6600 11000 13800 15000 Minimum Clearances Between Phases and to Earth (mm) 25 40 50 60 65 80 85 95 Minimum Creepage Between Phases and to Earth (mm) 25 40 50 70 90 125 140 150
b.
c.
Taken from IEE Recommendations for the Electrical and Electronic Equipment of Mobile and Fixed Offshore Installations.
4.13
4.14
5.
5.1
5.2
BS 5378 BS 5486 BS 6360 BS 6469 BS 6724 BS 6883 BS EN 60071 BS EN 60282 1 BS EN 60298 BS EN 60644
A.1
ANNEX A
Common Specifications for High Voltage Switchgear and Control Gear Standards Insulating and Sheathing Materials of Electric Cables. Common Test Methods Ship Safety Management System Handbook: Volume 1 Policy and Guidance on MOD Ship Equipment Safety Management Electromagnetic Compatibility Electrical Power Supply Systems below 650 Volts: Part 4: Power supplies in HM Ships Wires, Cords and Cables, Electrical - Metric Units: Part 31: Limited Fire Hazard General Requirements for the Design of Electrotechnical and Naval Weapon Equipment (Restricted) Requirements for Electrical Installations Guide to Cables, Electrical and Associated Items Guide to Lightning Protection in Surface Ships (Restricted-Commercial) Requirements for Cables, Electric: Part 1: Pressure Tight Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) or Silicone Rubber Insulated, Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSP), Limited Fire Hazard (LFH) Sheathed Requirements for Electric Cables, Thin Wall Insulated, Limited Fire Hazard Requirements for Cables, Electric, Fire Survival, High Temperature Zones and Limited Fire Hazard Sheathed Requirements for Main and Distribution Switchgear Guide to the Design of Electrical Supply and Distribution Systems in Surface Ships (Restricted) Requirements for Design and Testing of Equipment to Meet Environmental Conditions (UK Restricted) Shock Manual (Metric) Volume 1 Volume 2 Shock and Vibration Manual Mounting System Design Installation and Maintenance Naval Standard Range Mounts for Equipment Installation (to Attenuate Mechanical Shock or Vibration) Miscellaneous Mounts for Equipment Installation (to Attenuate Mechanical Shock or Vibration) YARD Memo Neutral Earthing of Marine Electrical Power Systems 1982
DEF STAN 59-41 DEF STAN 61-5 DEF STAN 61-12 NES 501 NES 502 NES 512 NES 516 NES 517
NES 525 NES 527 NES 530 NES 532 NES 1004 BR 3021
ANNEX A
A.2
B.1
ANNEX B
Parallel Generator Operation Root Mean Square Royal Navy Single Generator Operation Statement of Technical Requirements Total Harmonic Distortion Unit Production Cost Vacuum Circuit Breaker Voltage Transformer Zero Halogen
For the purpose of the NES the following definitions apply: Medium Voltage I2R Any ac voltage between 1 kV and 15 kV Heating losses referred to current
ANNEX B
B.2
Check No.
1 2 3
Check
Quality of MV power supplies Compliance with DEF STAN 61-5 Contribution to waveform quality: a. b. c. Rectifiers Starting and inrush currents Local balance Spikes, surges and sags Voltage and current line to line imbalance Harmonics Notches Voltage ripple Modulation flicker
Clause No.
1.3 1.4 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.6.6 2.1 and Annex E 3.1 3.2, 3.3 and 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.13
or NA
5 6 7 8 9
Safety and rules for working with MV equipment MV electrical power requirements Voltage, Current and Contact Protection Parallel feeders Earthing Policy for MV systems in HM Surface Ships and Submarines: a. b. c. d. Considerations in selecting earthing methods Unearthed neutral systems High imbalance neutral earthing Maintenance earthing
10
C.1
ANNEX C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Bulkhead penetrators Circuit breakers Switchboards Transformers Fuses MV Testing Commissioning/Special Test Equipment Mains ac electrical power supply and distribution Interfaces with LV distribution systems Instrumentation and control Integrity of MV electrical power supplies Power system integrity Levels of over voltage in systems and methods of reducing Fault Level MV creepage and clearances
3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.20 3.21 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.10 and 4.11 4.12 4.13
ANNEX C
C.2
D.1
ANNEX D
Topic or parameter User Equipment Constraints Switch ON/start up current transient limitation Duty cycle and period of pulsed loads Harmonic distortion limits Commutation notch depth and duration restrictions Permitted out of balance load on a 3 Phase supply Earth leakage currents Conducted and radiated EMC limits Equipment short circuit fault current rating NOTES: 1. 2. 3. 4. Requirement for this topic is stated in the STR.
A requirement for this topic is not applicable for this project. This aspect of the design, or value of the parameter, is left to the discretion of the contractor. The requirement for this topic is stated in another section of the STR (or in another STR).
ANNEX D
D.2
Topic or parameter Availability and Reliability A&R requirements for LV supplies A&R requirements for propulsion A&R requirements for MV supplies to miscellaneous loads including pulsed loads Applicability of Standards EMC DEF STAN 59-41 Environmental NES 1004 Hazards ARM Noise and Vibration Shock General Method of earthing Specific alternative supply arrangements Specific requirements for parallel and back-up supplies Specific protection requirements such as reverse power protection Specific testing requirements Tests for machines with vacuum impregnation NOTES: 1. 2. 3. 4. Requirement for this topic is stated in the STR.
A requirement for this topic is not applicable for this project. This aspect of the design, or value of the parameter, is left to the discretion of the contractor. The requirement for this topic is stated in another section of the STR (or in another STR).
D.3
ANNEX D
ANNEX D
D.4
ANNEX E. SAFETY RULES FOR WORK ON OR NEAR MEDIUM VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT CONTENTS
Rule E1. E2. E3. E4. E5. E6. E7. E8. E9. RULE 1 RULE 2 RULE 3 RULE 4 RULE 5 RULE 6 RULE 7 RULE 8 RULE 9 Access to MV Compartments and Equipment Access to Confined Spaces Key Arrangements Duplicate Keys MV Switching Indicating and Recording of MV Switching Safety Locks Caution and Danger Notices Precautions to be Taken Before Working on MV Systems Page E.2 E.2 E.2 E.3 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.4 E.5 E.5 E.6 E.9 E.9 E.9 E.9 E.11 E.12 E.13 E.13 E.14
E10. RULE 10 Earthing E11. RULE 11 Permits for Work and Test and Limitations of Access E12. RULE 12 On Completion of Work E13. RULE 13 Testing MV Equipment E14. RULE 14 Remotely and Automatically Controlled Equipment E15. RULE 15 Work on MV Metal Clad Switchgear E16. RULE 16 Work on MV Distribution Transformers E17. RULE 17 Work in MV Compartments Containing Exposed Live MV Conductors E18. RULE 18 Work on Ancillary Equipment E19. RULE 20 Fire Protection Equipment E20. RULE 21 Work on MV Cables
E.1
ANNEX E
b.
c.
(2).
d.
All spout shutters not required for immediate work or operation must, if not otherwise made inaccessible, be locked shut.
E2. RULE 2 - ACCESS TO CONFINED SPACES a. No person is to enter, and exposed flames or smoking are prohibited in, any confined space unless adequate precautions have been taken (e.g. use of suitable natural or forced ventilation) and the consent of an AP obtained. When dangerous fumes are liable to be present, these precautions are to include testing for gas, or absence of oxygen by means of an approved detector. Where one or more persons are required to work in a confined space, an extra person is to be kept on duty outside the confined space and that person is to keep in touch with the worker(s) inside the confined space. The extra person must not enter the confined space at any time, and should any incident occur the alarm is to be immediately raised. All entry to, and work within, a confined space must conform to the requirements of MOD safety rules covering confined spaces.
b.
E3. RULE 3 - KEY ARRANGEMENTS a. b. All unmanned compartments containing MV equipment are to be fitted with a unique lock. All locks are to belong to a single suite for which a master key is available. Master keys held for the system are to be issued by the AE to specific persons. Details of each master, its number, service, to whom it is issued and reason for its issue must be entered in a separate register kept by the AE who must also muster the keys regularly. The recipients of the issue are to sign a receipt for each key. No key is to be removed from the vessel, and when not in use, keys must be kept in a locked security cupboard or safe. All MV compartment and switchgear keys are to be uniquely numbered and all key numbers listed in the MV Key Register, each key being kept on a key ring with a tally attached giving the key number and the name of the compartment or switch to which it applies. When not issued to an AP or CP all keys are to be kept in a locked key press , under the control of the APC, the key to the press being in the possession of the APC at all times.
c.
ANNEX E
E.2
After the entry has been completed, the APC will countersign the entry and issue the necessary keys to the AP . On completion of the work, the keys are to be returned to the APC, the date and time being recorded in the register and countersigned by the APC. Security arrangements for safety locks and keys issued to an AP are covered in detail in Rule 11. If duplicate keys for any MV equipment or compartment are held for emergency use, they are to be kept in a separate locked key press in the office of the Senior AP or other defined location. Details of the issue of duplicate keys must be kept in accordance with Rule 3, by the authorised key holder. When a requirement exists to hold duplicate or master interlock keys, these should be held by the AE in a separate locked key press and only used under his direct supervision with the sanction of the APC. No MV switching is to be carried out without the prior sanction of the APC except for agreed routine switching or in case of emergency. When the APC gives instructions for MV switching to be carried out he is to communicate with the AP who is to carry out the switching. The AP is to report back the instruction prior to taking the action, to confirm his understanding of the instruction. Before any switching is carried out on any system which may affect other systems, the APC authorising the switching is to communicate with the Control Engineer of the systems concerned, the switching being recorded by all concerned. When switching or other work is being arranged between the APC and AP(s), any objections must be referred to the AE for a decision before the operations are commenced. Switching to the instructions of the APC or with his consent is to be carried out without undue delay. All switching whether to instructions or with consent, or when there is a danger to life or any other case of emergency, is to be reported to the APC as soon as possible after each operation. The circumstances of an occurrence necessitating any emergency switching are to be reported at the same time in accordance with Rule 6. When switchgear shows any sign of distress, its condition must be reported immediately to the APC and it must be examined before further operation. Any circuit breaker opening under fault conditions should if practicable, be checked for signs of distress. Making live or dead by signal or pre arranged understanding after an agreed interval of time, is forbidden. Direct communication is required at all times during remote switching operations.
b. c.
c.
d.
e.
f. g. h.
E.3
ANNEX E
b.
c. d.
e.
E7. RULE 7 - SAFETY LOCKS a. Safety locks are to be used when making a system or equipment safe prior to the issue or PTW, e.g. for locking off shutters, selector switches, operating handles, etc. where the circuit on which work is to be carried out could be energised. They may be the normal equipment locks or additional locks specifically provided for the purpose. Each safety lock is to have only one key which is different from all other safety lock keys in use. The keys for normal equipment locks are to be kept in the key press required by Rule 3. When not in use, additional safety locks and their keys must be kept in a key safe, or other safe place, in the possession of an AP or the APC. When the circuit on which the work is to be carried out is controlled only by fuses, or links, the fuses, links and carriers are to be removed and kept in custody of the AP in charge of the work or the APC. Such custody is to be equivalent to that provided by a key safe.
b.
c.
E8. RULE 8 - CAUTION AND DANGER NOTICES a. Caution Notices must be fixed, preferably using a safety lock, on all switchgear controlling the equipment which has been made dead and upon which work is to be carried out. Danger Notices must be attached (where applicable) on or adjacent to live equipment at the limits of the zone in which the work is to proceed. Where necessary to physically define and/or restrict access to the working area, additional temporary Barriers/Screens are to be erected. Caution Notices, Danger Notices, Barriers and Screens must only be fixed or moved under the immediate supervision of an AP .
b. c. d.
ANNEX E
E.4
Only the approved pattern of link stick is to be used for discharging and earthing a conductor. When a temporary earthing arrangement is required, the link stick temporarily earthing a conductor is to be kept in position until earthing cables have been securely attached. No person is to touch, work on, or in any way interfere with MV equipment such as busbar connections, transformer connections, machine windings, or cable trays containing MV cables unless and until personally instructed by, and under the supervision of, an AP . No person is to touch the electrical insulation of MV busbars, windings or conductors unless and until the equipment has been discharged to earth and connected to earth. Circuit Main Earth When MV equipment is to be discharged and earthed in accordance with Rule 9c, it is to be done: (1). Where practicable, by the use of a circuit breaker or specially provided earth switch to make the earth connection. When the circuit breaker is used, the trip feature must be rendered inoperative before closing, unless this is impracticable. After closing, the circuit breaker or earth switch must be locked in the earthed position, while it is in Circuit Main Earth (CME); Where (1). is not practicable, the MV equipment is to be tested to ensure that it is dead and may then be discharged and earthed by an earthing lead applied by an approved means in accordance the Rule above. NOTE The approved pattern link stick is one fitted with a porcelain or similar insulator between the brass hook and the handle. The earthing cable, connected to the hook is to be of not less than 70 mm2 conductor cross section. The free end earthing clamp shall be of an approved type and able to carry a current to earth equivalent to the cable capacity.
d.
e.
(2).
E10.2. a.
Operation No MV earthing switch must be operated or CME connection attached or removed except with the consent of the APC, and then only by an AP accompanied by another person who has adequate knowledge or experience to avoid danger, and who has been instructed in the action to be taken in the event of an accident.
E.5
ANNEX E
Procedure for the use of Earthing Leads The procedure to be followed when using earthing leads is: (1). Verify that the circuit is not live, and where practicable, test by means of a potential detector of an approved type, the indicator itself being tested immediately before and after the verification; Earthing leads are to be connected to the earth system before being secured to the phases. They must only be secured to the phases by an approved means. Care must be taken to ensure that a good contact is made; All phases are to be earthed, even if work is to be carried out on one phase only; Earthing leads must not be applied in any cell or compartment in which there is any exposed metal live at MV; When earthing leads are being removed, they are to be disconnected from the phases first and the earth system last; For the purpose of earthing on spout contacts of metal clad switchgear, only approved appliances are to be used. The insertion of the hand or any tool into contact spouts for this purpose is forbidden; Earthing leads are to be properly maintained, always examined for defects immediately prior to use, and inspected and approved for use annually by an AP . NOTE Additional earths applied after the issue of a PFW or PFT may be attached or removed by a CP The status of these earths should be given to the APC . at each change.
(2).
(7).
E11. RULE 11 - PERMITS FOR WORK AND TEST AND LIMITATIONS OF ACCESS E11.1. a. b. Authority for Issue A PFW or a PFT may only be issued with the sanction of the APC who must retain in his custody a written record of the issue of each Permit and its cancellation. A PFW or PFT may only be issued by the AP under whose supervision the work is initiated and is to be issued before any work is carried out on any equipment forming part of, or which may be energised from a MV system. A LOA is to be issued by an AP when verbal instructions are not considered sufficient and a PFW is not relevant. For work in the vicinity of live MV or control equipment, an LOA is to only be issued with the sanction of the APC. Procedure for Issue and Receipt For all programmed work or tests on MV equipment, the AP under whose supervision the work is initiated must first prepare and agree with the APC a Safety Programme detailing the activities considered necessary to make the equipment safe. There is to be no more than one extant master document for a switching sequence.
c.
E11.2. a.
ANNEX E
E.6
The agreed Safety Programme is to be signed by the AP and sanctioned by the APC, who must retain the copy and issue the keys in accordance with Rule 3. Having drawn the relevant keys the AP is to proceed to the MV equipment upon which the work is pending and cause the equipment to be made safe in accordance with the Safety Programme, the original of which he has retained, and Rule 9. Once the equipment is made safe to work upon, the AP initiating the work must create a PFW or PFT from the appropriate Permit Book. (The Permit Book shall be kept in close custody by the APC). Before issuing the Permit, the AP is to: (1). (2). (3). (4). Physically identify to the CP in charge of the work; the equipment on which the work or test is to be undertaken; Show the CP the specific points of isolation and earthing, and for a PFT, the earth(s) which may be removed for testing purposes; Draw the attention of the CP to any special instructions or safety measures noted on the Permit; Demonstrate to the satisfaction of the CP that the equipment is dead and safe to work on or test.
e.
f.
g.
The Permit must be signed by the AP initiating the work, sanctioned by the APC and issued to the CP in charge of the work who, after reading and confirming that he understands its contents, is to initial any special instructions or safety measures noted on the Permit and sign its receipt and the duplicate. The original of the Permit is to be issued to, and retained by, the CP throughout the work process. The duplicate must be retained by the APC. The keys of the equipment and safety locks are to be placed in a LOB by the AP The LOB . must be secured by three individual locks, each having a unique key. The APC and CP should each retain a LOB key throughout the work process. The secured LOB must be placed in key safe in the custody of the APC. Any other person or persons required to assist in the performance of the work are to do so only when the AP or the CP in charge is present. A LOA is to be issued to the CP in charge of the work who, after reading and confirming its contents are understood, is to initial any special instructions or safety measures noted on the LOA and sign its receipt and the duplicate. The person issuing the LOA should inform the APC of any fire protection or security system inhibits he has initiated. The person in charge to whom the LOA is issued is to be a CP who is to retain the LOA in his possession at all times while the work is in progress.
h. i.
j. k. l.
m. n.
E.7
ANNEX E
p. q.
E11.3. a. b.
E11.4. a.
(2). b. E11.5. a.
Transfer of responsibility for LOA is not to be authorised and any change of AP or CP should require the cancellation of original and re issue of a new LOA. Procedure for Clearance and Cancellation When work on equipment for which a PFW or PFT has been issued is suspended or completed, the CP in charge of the work is to return the Permit to the AP for cancellation and sign the clearance portion of the duplicate. Before cancellation of the Permit for completed work, the AP is to check that the work or test has been completed and that the equipment is safe. The cancellation of the Permit will be signed by the AP and noted by the APC. Before suspended work is resumed, a new PFW or PFT must be issued. When cancelling a PFT to allow a PFW to be raised, the cancellation section of the PFT should contain a declaration by the AP that all the CME have been reapplied to allow the PFW reissue. Upon cancellation of the Permit for completed work, the AP is to return all keys immediately to the APC, clearing the MV key register, and inform him of the return to, or availability for service, of the equipment as may have been agreed.
b. c. d.
e.
ANNEX E
E.8
g.
b.
b.
c.
d.
b.
E.9
ANNEX E
(3).
(4).
E15.2. a. b. c. d.
Feed Spouts Voltage Transformer Spouts and Single Panel Busbar Spouts The spouts on which the work is to be carried out are to be isolated from all points of supply from which they can be made live. The isolating arrangements are to be locked so that they cannot be operated and the shutters of live spouts shall be locked shut. The spout contacts are to be checked by means of an approved voltage indicator to verify that they are not live, the indicator itself being tested before and after such verification. The circuit must be earthed with approved earthing equipment at the point of work and where practicable at all points of isolation of the supply. For the purpose of earthing metal clad switchgear, only approved appliances shall be used. The insertion of the hand or any tool into the contact spouts is forbidden. Caution Notices must be attached at all points where the circuit can be made live. A PFW must be issued. Work on spouts must then be done under the immediate supervision of an AP Removal . of earths at the point of work and proof that each spout is dead will be done by means of an approved voltage indicator, before it is worked on, the indicator itself being tested before and after each verification. If the only earths that can be applied to the circuit are those applied to the spouts and are the CME, then whilst this work is in progress, no other work shall be carried out on the circuit connected to these spouts. The spouts must only be worked on one at a time and that phase's earth replaced prior to working on the next phase. Notwithstanding that work may only be required on one phase spout, all phases are to be earthed prior to commencement of work. Where the spouts are connected to an overhead circuit on which there is a likelihood of dangerous induced voltages, additional earths shall be efficiently connected at the nearest point to the point of work where access to the conductors can safely be obtained.
e. f. g.
h. i.
ANNEX E
E.10
E15.3. a.
E15.4. a.
Auxiliary Equipment When work is to be carried out on auxiliary equipment such as a circuit breaker truck, voltage transformer relay, control or other equipment associated with live MV metal clad switchgear and there is a need to specify restriction of the access to be granted, a LOA must be used.
E16. RULE 16 - WORK ON MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS a. When working on the connections to, or the windings of a transformer, the following operations are to be carried out: (1). The circuit breaker supplying the transformer is to be isolated. For transformers supplied from a switchfuse, the switches are to be isolated and additionally the fuses are to be removed; CME is to be applied preferably at the circuit breaker or switchfuse supplying the transformer. The earthing is to be achieved with approved earthing equipment; To prevent feedback from the output side of the transformer, the output circuit breaker or switchfuse is to be isolated and any output fuses removed; CME is to also be applied preferably at the transformer side of the output circuit breaker or switchfuse. The earthing is to be achieved with approved earthing equipment; Additionally, all fuses or links associated with voltage and auxiliary transformers must be withdrawn and where practicable, the voltage and auxiliary transformers isolated; Where remote tap changing facilities are part of the equipment, the remote control must be made inoperative; Caution Notices must be attached at all points where the transformer can be made live;
(5).
(6). (7).
E.11
ANNEX E
(9).
E16.1. a.
Auxiliary Equipment Where work is to be carried out on auxiliary equipment associated with a live MV transformer and there is a need to specify restriction of the access to be granted, a LOA is to be issued.
E17. RULE 17 - WORK IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING EXPOSED LIVE MEDIUM VOLTAGE CONDUCTORS E17.1. a. Safety Clearance to Live Conductors When work is to be carried out in MV compartments in which there are exposed live MV conductors then, unless the whole equipment is dead, the section which is made dead for work to be carried out is to be defined, as far as possible, by the use of barriers or roping arranged so that the minimum clearance from the nearest exposed conductor to ground level, or platform, or access way which may be required to be used when the conductor is live is to be: Rated Voltage Not exceeding 6.6 kV Exceeding 6.6 kV but not exceeding 11 kV Exceeding 11 kV but not exceeding 22 kV Clearance 2.57 m 2.59 m 2.64 m
NOTE Further guidance to the minimum clearance from an exposed live conductor can be obtained from BS 5486. b. Ropes or barriers must be so arranged that there is a properly defined access way into the area in which it is safety to work. No person is permitted to climb over or under any rope or barrier. The placement of the ropes or barriers is to be under the immediate supervision of the AP initiating the work, ropes and barriers are only to be re located or removed with the personal sanction and under the immediate supervision of an AP . If work cannot be carried out without leaving ground level or fixed platform or access ways, the minimum clearances already quoted must also be obtained from the nearest exposed live MV conductor to the points from which work is carried out. If the work is such that these clearances are not sufficient to avoid danger, other suitable arrangements are to be made to provide the requisite degree of safety. The ropes or barriers are to be clearly visible and their meaning understood. The ropes or barriers must not be supported by any structure carrying electrical equipment or conductors, and must not carry any notice. Danger notices must be attached to adjoining live MV equipment.
c.
d.
e. f.
ANNEX E
E.12
b.
c. d.
(2). E18.2. a.
Operating Adjustments Operating adjustments on equipment operated by or containing compressed air which require the normal air supply, are to be carried out only under the immediate supervision of an AP . Automatic Control Before work or inspections are carried out in any enclosure protected by automatic fire extinguishing equipment: (1). The automatic control is to be rendered inoperative and the equipment inhibited from operation or left on hand control. A Caution Notice must be attached; Precautions taken to render the automatic control inoperative is to be noted on any Permit to Work, or other written instruction issued for the work in the protected enclosure. This is equally applicable to a LOA to such a protected enclosure; The automatic control is to be restored immediately after the persons engaged on the work or inspections have withdrawn from the protected enclosure; The actions to render the automatic control inoperative and to restore to service is to be carried out by an AP or a CP only;
(2).
(3).
(4).
E.13
ANNEX E
Equipment-Chemical Hazard Contact with chemicals used in fire protection equipment may be dangerous and in such cases, notices to that effect are to be displayed adjacent to the fire protection equipment. Portable Extinguishers Only approved portable extinguishers are to be used in the vicinity of live electrical equipment provided that in the handling of the extinguishers safety clearances are maintained. Direct discharge onto electrical equipment is prohibited unless the equipment is known to be disconnected from all sources of supply. General After discharge of portable or fixed fire extinguishers in an enclosed space, the space is to be thoroughly ventilated before entry, or breathing apparatus shall be worn if entry is necessary before the gases have cleared and the enclosed space declared to be safe.
b. E19.4. a.
E20. RULE 21 - WORK ON MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLES a. The physical movement of MV cables whilst energised should be avoided. When exceptionally it is necessary, the actions to be taken are to be specifically defined permission is to be obtained from a AE, and the APC is to give permission for the commencement of the movement. On completion, the AP immediately supervising the movement is to inform the APC. No person is to remove the outer protective sheathing on MV cables so as to expose the insulation which covers or supports any conductor subject to high voltage, unless the conductors are dead and earthed. Before issuing a PFW for work on a high voltage cable, the AP in addition to the procedure of Rule E9. is to identify the cable to be worked upon. The cable at the point of work must then be spiked in an approved manner. This process should not normally be carried out at sea. NOTES: 1. 2. d. The steel spike should be of a remotely operated power type, earthed with a cable of not less than 70 mm2 cross section. Prior to the spiking action and immediately after the action, the AP is to inform the APC of his action.
b.
c.
When work is to be carried out on any cables which may be subjected to induced voltages from other live circuits in their proximity, special precautions are to be taken to prevent danger from any voltage which might appear.
ANNEX E
E.14
F2. Approved a.
See Table F1 for general duties. F6. Bus Section Switch a. A switch connecting two sections of a common busbar, to control distributions and fault levels. All AP are to be issued with a card of authorisation. These are normally persons of the rank of Chief Petty Officer and above, who are over 21 years of age and have formally demonstrated that; (1). they are fully acquainted with the electrical safety rules and any authorised variations or agreed local versions and with all applicable Statutory Regulations and Naval Requirements; they are fully conversant with ship's electrical distribution system and equipment;
(2).
F.1
ANNEX F
All AP will surrender for renewal and revalidation their Card of Authorisation once a year or on leaving the post which required them to be authorised. A register will be kept of Authorisation. Authorising Engineer (AE) the issue, renewal and cancellation of all Cards of Competent Person II (CP II) p p p p Competent Person III (CP III) p p
Authorised Authorised Competent Person in Person Person I Control (AP) (CP I) (APC) p p p p p p p p p p
Enter MV Compartments Receive Limitation of Access (LOA) Routine Switching MV Work: Receive Permit for Work (PFW), Permit for Test (PFT) Issue/Cancel LOA MV Switching Isolating and Earthing Apply/Remove MV (Circuit Main Earth (CME) Receive, Issue and Cancel PFW Overall Control of MV System Resolve Operational disagreements between APS and assume control as APC if required
p p p p
p p p
p p p
p p p
p p p
p p
F9. Competent a.
All certificates of competency are to be reviewed at least once every three years and are to be surrendered when leaving the post which required the certificate to be issued. A register will be kept of the issue, renewal and cancellation of all certificates. An earth normally applied by locking the main breaker, in either the circuit or busbar earth position integral to the breaker. The application of a circuit main earth is to be carried out before a PFW is issued on the instruction of the APC. Members of Ship's Staff and/or contractors personnel who are competent to carry out, under the supervision of an AP specific tasks in connection with the electrical system , and equipment. The three grades of CP are: (1). Grade I A person assessed and certified as competent to enter an MV compartment, receive a PFT/PFW or LOA, and carry out work on or near MV equipment safely; Grade II A person assessed and certified as competent to enter an MV compartment, receive a LOA, perform routine switching and carry out work near MV equipment safely; Grade III A person assessed and certified as competent to enter an MV compartment, receive a LOA and carry out work near MV equipment safely.
(2).
(3).
F13. Danger Notice a. A notice in approved form attached to apparatus or its control equipment when live, calling attention to the danger of approaching or interfering with, such apparatus. The notice carries the words `DANGER - LIVE EQUIPMENT' with the words in red on a white background (as defined in BS 2929).
F.3
ANNEX F
F15. Earthed a. Connected by a suitable means to the main body or structure of the ship in such a manner as will ensure at all times, an immediate discharge of electrical energy without danger.
F16. Emergency Switching a. The opening only (Switching OFF) of switchgear by any person to prevent damage or danger to life or plant.
F17. Medium Voltage Safety Programme a. A MV safety programme specifies the agreed sequence of operation and any special safety measures necessary to make MV equipment safe for work or test prior to the issue of a PFW or PFT. The programme is to be signed by an AP and be countersigned by the APC. An example on the format of the MV Switching Programme is given at Figure F1.
F18. Isolated a. Equipment is isolated when it is disconnected and separated from every source of electrical energy in such a way that this disconnection and separation is secure. Isolation may be achieved by; (1). the operation of controlling switchgear to, and locking in, the OFF position or, in the case of withdrawable switchgear, by moving the controlling switchgear from the `service' position to, and locking in, the `Isolated' position; the removal and secure placement of fuses, links or jumper connections.
A key press is a locked keyboard for the secure retention and display of the keys of all MV equipment.
F20. Key Safe a. A key safe is a locked cupboard for the secure retention of safety locks and `in use' portable Lock Out Boxes (LOB).
F21. Limitation of Access a. A LOA defines the limits and specifies the work to be performed in the vicinity of live equipment and any special instructions or safety measures required. An LOA is to be issued when a PFW is not applicable but verbal instruction is not considered sufficient. The LOA is to be signed by an AP An example on the format of the LOA is given at . Figure F2.
F22. Live a. Live means connected to a source of electrical energy or otherwise electrically charged.
F23. Lock Out Box a. A LOB is an approved device, either portable or fixed, for the secure retention of the keys of all safety locks in use for a particular task.
ANNEX F
F.4
F25. Permissive Interlocks a. A system of mechanical interlocks such as castell keys or fortress keys designed to inhibit the simultaneous operation of two or more breakers.
F26. Permit for Test on Medium Voltage Equipment a. A PFT specifies the tests to be carried out on any MV equipment and is given to the CP in charge of these tests. The PFT is issued to make known to the CP exactly which equipment is; (1). (2). (3). (4). dead; isolated from all live conductors; discharged; connected to earth and made safe to test.
The PFT will also detail which earths will be removed during the tests and any special instructions or safety measures. The permit shall be signed by an AP and countersigned by the APC. An example on the format of the PFT is given at Figure F3. F27. Permit for Work on Medium Voltage Equipment a. A PFW specifies the work to be carried out on any MV equipment and is issued to the CP in charge of that work. The PFW is issued for the purpose of making known to the CP exactly which equipment is; (1). (2). (3). (4). dead; isolated from all live conductors; has been discharged; is connected to earth and safe to work on.
The PFW will also detail any special instructions or safety measures. The permit is to be signed by an AP and countersigned by the APC. An example on the format of the PFW is given at Figure F4. F28. Potential Detector a. A potential detector is an approved instrument for proving that an isolated MV circuit is dead. The detector shall be tested immediately before and after use.
WARNING
ROUTINE SWITCHING DOES NOT COVER THE OPERATION OF BUS-SECTION SWITCHES. THESE ARE TO BE OPERATED ONLY WITH THE SPECIFIC PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORISED PERSON IN CONTROL. F.5 ANNEX F
b.
F30. Safety Locks a. These are padlocks used to lock off any means of isolation, earthing or other safety devices. Each safety lock will have only one key which is to be tallied and kept in the LOB applicable to the PFW or PFT under which it has been applied.
F31. Supervision a. b. c. Immediate Supervision - requires an AP or a CP to be standing immediately beside the Person(s) performing the work. Direct Supervision - requires an AP or a CP to be visible or within hailing distance at all times during the progress of the work. Indirect Supervision - may be achieved by the use of a high integrity communication system between the AP or CP and the person performing the work.
F32. Switching a. Switching is the operation of switchgear, fuses or other methods of making or breaking a circuit and thereby connecting or disconnecting an electrical source.
F33. Working Party a. b. A working party is the person or persons working under the supervision of an AP or a CP and may include the AP or CP working by himself. For Safety Rules on or near Medium Voltage equipment, see Annex E.
ANNEX F
F.6
MEDIUM VOLTAGE
MV
MV
MV
MV
MV
A
Authorised Person in Control: E.14; F.2 Authorised Person: 2.3; 4.1; F.2 Authorising Engineer: F.1; F.2 Availability: 4.1; 4.4; E.8 Availability and Reliability: 4.4 Automatic Voltage Regulator: 3.4; 4.7; 4.8
E
Earth: 3.7, 3.8; F.3 Additional Earth: F.3 Earth Fault: 3.7; F.3 Generator: 3.7 High Impedance: 3.7; 4.1; F.3 Low Impedance: 3.8; F.3 Solid: 3.7; F.3 Earth Leakage Currents: D.2 Earthing: F.6 High Impedance Neutral: 3.9; F.6 Maintenance: 3.10, 3.11; F.6 Unearthed Neutral: 3.6; F.6 Electromagnetic Compatibility: 1.2; D.2 Energy Storage: 4.4
B
Bulkhead Penetrators: 3.11 Busbar: 1.6; E.5, E.9, E.10
C
Cables: 1.5; 3.4, 3.11; 4.1; E.5, E.9, E.14 High Voltage: 2.3; 3.11; 4.1; E.5 Earthing: E.5 Limited Fire Hazard: E.14 Capacitance: 1.5; 3.8, 3.13 Circuit Breaker: 1.2; 2.3; 3.4, 3.11; 4.1, 4.7; E.5 Clearance: 4.12; E.12 Competent Person: 4.1; F.2 Constraints Hardware: 1.3, 1.6 User: 1.6, 1.7; D.2 Control: 3.4; 4.2 Conversion equipment: 4.2 Creepage: 3.6 Current, rating: 1.1
F
Fault: 1.1, 1.2; 3.8, 3.12; F.1 Asymmetrical: F.1 Current: 1.1, 1.2; 3.8, 3.12; F.1 Earth Fault: 3.8; F.1 Level: 1.1; 3.3; F.1 Rating: F.1 Short Circuit: 3.4; F.1 Symmetrical: 3.8; F.1 System: 1.1 Fault, current: 4.2, 4.4 FEP - see propulsion: 4.3 Fire Risk: 3.8 Fuse: 3.4, 3.12; F.4
G
Generator: 1.1; 4.1; 4.4; F.6 Configuration: 4.3; F.6 Minimum Operation: 4.4 Single Operation: 4.4 Low Voltage: 3.1 Output Voltage: 3.13 Parallel Operation: 4.4 Start And Stop: 4.2
D
Discrimination: 3.3 Distortion: D.2
INDEX 1
INDEX
H
Harmonics: 1.3, 1.5
N
Notches: 1.4, 1.5; D.2 Notice: 2.4; E.13 Caution Notice: 2.4; E.13 Danger Notice: 2.4; E.13
I
I2R losses: 1.5 IEE Regulations: 1.1, 1.2 Inductance : 1.5, 1.7 Inductive: 4.8 Instrumentation: 4.3 Insulation: 1.4, 1.5; 2.1; 3.10, 3.12, 3.13; 4.12 System: 3.12 Integrity: 3.3; 4.4; F.6 Interlock: F.5 Inverse Time Over-Current relay: 3.4
O
Oil Filled Components: 3.12
P
Padlock: 2.3 Panel: 2.1; 4.2; E.9, E.10 Panel Electronic Circuit (PEC): 2.1 Peak: 3.13 Permit for Test (PFT): F.2 Permit for Work (PFW): E.14; F.2 Point of Common Coupling: 1.2; 4.5 Prime Movers: 4.2; 4.4 Propulsion: 1.1, 1.2; 3.1; 4.1 Cruise: 4.3 Full Electric: 1.1 Integrated Full Electric: 1.2; 4.3 System: 1.2; 3.2 Vessel Speed: 4.5 Protection: 3.11; 4.1; E.1, E.13, E.14 Fire: E.7, E.9 Protection, Circuit: 3.5 Pulsed Loads: 3.1; 4.4; D.2
K
Key Safe: F.4
L
Lightning: 1.3; 4.7 Limitation of Access (LOA): F.2 Lloyd's Register of Shipping: 2.2 Lloyd's Regulations: 1.1, 1.2 Load chart : 3.1 Lock-out box : E.7
Q M
Metallic screens: 4.1 Modulation: 1.6; D.1 Motor: 1.1, 1.4; 3.12; F.6 Electric Propulsion: 1.1 Supply Cable: 3.4 Motor Thermal Protection Unit: 3.5 Quality: 1.2
R
Rated current: 1.7 Relay: 3.5 Reliability: D.3 rms: 1.1; 3.12 Routine Tests: 3.13
INDEX
INDEX 2
S
Safety: 2.3, 2.4; 3.10; 4.2 Sags: 1.4; D.1 Sensing Circuits: 4.3 Separation: 4.1 Ships Services System: 1.1 Shore Supplies: 3.13; 4.1 Short Circuit: 3.6; D.2 Spikes: 1.4; D.1 Split Generation: 1.1; 4.2; 4.4 Statement of Technical Requirements : 4.5 Supplies, alternative: 4.7 Surges: 1.4; 3.7, 3.13
T
Total Harmonic Distortion: 1.8 Transformers: 1.2, 1.3; 3.4, 3.12, 3.13; 4.3 Transient: 3.1 Trunking: 4.1 Type Tests: 3.12
V
Vacuum: 3.12 Voltage drops: 1.1
INDEX 3
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX 4
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