I - Prova de Proficincia de Ingls Texto A WHY AMERICA NEEDS WAR Jacques R. Pauwels ( www.irak.be/ned/Pawelsjacques.

htm) 01 Wars are a terrible waste of lives and resources, and for that reason most people are in 02 principle opposed to wars. 03 This system - Americas brand of capitalism - functions first and foremost to make extremely 04 rich Americans even richer. Without warm or cold wars, however, this system can no longer 05 produce the expected result in the form of the ever-higher profits the moneyed and powerful 06 of America consider as their birthright. 07 The great strength of American capitalism is also its great weakness, namely, its extremely 08 high productivity. In the historical development of the international economic system that 09 we call capitalism, a number of factors have produced enormous increases in productivity, 10 for example, the mechanization of the production process introduced by Henry Ford. 11 The productivity of the great American enterprises rose spectacularly; for example, 12 already in the twenties countless vehicles rolled off the assembly lines of the automobile 13 factories of Michigan every single day. But who was supposed to buy all those cars? 14 Most Americans at the time did not have sufficiently robust pocket books for such 15 a purchase. Other industrial products similarly flooded the market, and the result 16 was the emergence of a chronic disharmony between the ever-increasing economic 17 supply and the lagging demand. Thus arose the economic crisis generally known as 18 the Great Depression. It was essentially a crisis of overproduction. Unemployment 19 exploded, and so the purchasing power of the American people shrunk even more, making 20 the crisis even worse. 21 It cannot be denied that in America the Great Depression only ended during, and because 22 of, the Second World War. Economic demand rose spectacularly when the war which had 23 started in Europe, and in which the USA itself was not an active participant before 1942, 24 allowed American industry to produce unlimited amounts of war equipment. Between 1940 25 and 1945, the American state would spend no less than 185 billion dollar on such equipment, 26 and the military expenditures share of the GNP (gross national product) thus rose between 27 1939 and 1945 from an insignificant 1,5 per cent to approximately 40 per cent. The key problem 28 of the Great Depression -- the disequilibrium between supply and demand -- was thus resolved. 29 However, America -- corporate America, the America of the super-rich -- urgently needed 30 a new enemy in order to justify the titanic expenditures for defense which were needed 31 to keep the wheels of the nations economy spinning at full speed. It is for this reason that 32 the Cold War was unleashed in 1945, not by the Soviets but by the American military33 -industrial complex, as was called that elite of wealthy individuals and corporations that 34 knew how to profit from the warfare economy. 35 In this respect, the Cold War exceeded their fondest expectations. More and more martial 36 equipment had to be cranked out, because the allies within the so-called free world, 37 which actually included plenty of nasty dictatorships, had to be armed to the teeth with 38 US equipment. 39 Later, America, or rather, corporate America, was orphaned of its useful Soviet enemy, 40 and urgently needed to conjure up new enemies and new threats in order to justify a high level 41 of military spending. It is in this context that in 1990 Saddam Hussein appeared on the scene like

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a kind of deus ex machina. This dictator, previously perceived and treated by the Americans as a good friend, had been armed to the teeth so that he could wage a nasty war against Iran; it was the USA - and allies such as Germany - who originally supplied him with his infamous weapons of mass destruction.

Marque a resposta correta, de acordo com o texto acima. 1a) b) c) d) e) O grande impulso inicial dado indstria americana foi: (0,5 ponto) A eleio de Henry Ford para a presidncia dos EUA. A mecanizao do processo de produo introduzida por Henry Ford. O desenvolvimento de um sistema econmico internacional. Os lucros cada vez mais altos dos americanos. A quantidade de veculos fabricados.

2- Qual a palavra que poderia substituir pocket books, na linha 14, sem modificar o sentido da mesma, no contexto onde se encontra? (0,5 ponto) a) little books b) check book c) income d) employment e) checking account 3- Qual a explicao dada pelo autor do texto para a ocorrncia da Grande Depresso? (0,5 ponto) a) A desarmonia entre a grande oferta e pequena demanda no mercado americano. b) O alto preo dos automveis nos EUA. c) O desemprego. d) A falta de mo-de-obra especializada. e) O desequilbrio da bolsa de valores. 4a) b) c) d) e) 5a) b) c) d) e) 6a) b) c) Segundo o autor, o que contribuiu para o fim da Grande Depresso? (0,5 ponto) A diminuio do nmero de automveis fabricados. O fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A participao do exrcito americano na Segunda Guerra Mundial. O desempenho da bolsa de valores entre anos 40 e 45. A fabricao de equipamento blico durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O pronome their (linha 06) refere-se a: (0,5 ponto) This system (linha 03) the ever-higher profits (linhas 05) warm and cold wars (linha 04) the moneyed and powerful of America (linhas 05-06) Americans (linha 04) O que Saddam Hussein representou para os EUA nos anos 90? (0,5 ponto) A derrubada do poder sovitico. A nova ameaa que justificaria novos gastos militares. Uma ameaa paz mundial.

d) A oportunidade de o governo americano aliar-se Alemanha. e) Um novo aliado dos Ir contra os EUA. 7- Traduza em bom portugus as frases que seguem. a) This system Americas brand of capitalism functions first and foremost to make extremely rich Americans even richer. Without cold and warm wars, however, this system can no longer produce the expected result in the form of the ever-higher profits the moneyed and powerful of America consider as their birthright. (linhas 03-06) (1 ponto) ........................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................... . b) It is for this reason that the Cold War was unleashed in 1945, not by the Soviets but by the American military-industrial complex, as was called that elite of wealthy individuals and corporations that knew how to profit from the warfare economy. (linhas 31 a 34) (1 ponto) ...................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................... Texto B: 1 beekeepers, while a 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 01 Collapsing Colonies Gunter Latsch March 28th, 2007 A mysterious decimation of bee populations has worried German

similar phenomenon in the United States is gradually assuming catastrophic proportions. The consequences for agriculture and the economy could be enormous. Is the mysterious decimation of bee populations in the US and Germany a result of GM crops? Walter Haefeker director of the German Beekeepers Association says one cause of the problem may be the widespread practice in agriculture of spraying wildflowers with herbicides and practicing monoculture. Another possible cause, according to Haefeker, is the controversial and growing use of genetic engineering in agriculture.

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As far back as 2005, Haefeker ended an article he contributed to a journal with an Albert Einstein quote: "If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe then man would only have four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man." Since last November, the US has seen a decline in bee populations so dramatic that it eclipses all previous incidences of mass mortality. Beekeepers on the east coast of the United States complain that they have lost more than 70 percent of their stock since late last year, while the west coast has seen a decline of up to 60 percent. In an article in its business section in late February, the New York Times calculated the damage US agriculture would suffer if bees died out. Experts at Cornell University in upstate New York have estimated the value bees generate -- by pollinating fruit and vegetable plants, almond trees and animal feed like clover -- at more than $14 billion. A number of universities and government agencies have formed a Working Group to search for the causes of the calamity, but have so far come up empty-handed. They are already referring to the problem as a potential "AIDS for the bee industry." Diana Cox-Foster, a member of the Working Group, told The Independent newspaper that researchers were "extremely alarmed," adding that the crisis "has the potential to devastate the US beekeeping industry."It is particularly worrisome, she said, that the bees' death is accompanied by a set of symptoms "which does not seem to match anything in the literature." In many cases, scientists have found evidence of almost all known bee viruses in the few surviving bees found in the hives after most have disappeared. Some had five or six infections at the same time and were infested with fungi -- a sign, experts say, that the insects' immune system may have collapsed. The scientists are also surprised that bees and other insects usually leave the abandoned hives untouched. Nearby bee populations or parasites would normally raid the honey and pollen stores of colonies that have died for other reasons, such as excessive winter cold. "This suggests that there is something toxic in the colony itself which is repelling them," says Cox-Foster. Walter Haefeker, the German beekeeping official, speculates that "besides a number of other factors," the fact that genetically modified, insect-resistant plants are now used in 40 percent of cornfields in the United States could be playing a role. According to Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, a professor at the University of Halle in eastern Germany, the bacterial toxin in the genetically modified corn may have "altered the surface of the bee's intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees to allow the parasites to gain entry -- or perhaps it was the other way around. We don't know."

Marque a alternativa correta. 1 - O tema central do texto acima : a) Um estudo comparativo, feito sobre a populao de abelhas nas costas leste e oeste dos Estados Unidos (EU). b) O ataque das abelhas sobre a plantao de frutas e verduras nos EU. c) O que est misteriosamente dizimando a populao de abelhas nos EU e na Alemanha. d) A descoberta de um novo vrus que est matando os insetos responsveis pela polinizao. e) Uma experincia com a toxina bacteriana que permite a entrada de parasitas nos intestinos das abelhas.

2 - Qual a melhor traduo para a expresso, the widespread practice (linha 06)? a) a prtica do espargimento b) a difundida prtica c) a prtica contrria monocultura d) a questo prtica e) o conhecimento prtico 3 - Nos EU, o declnio da populao de abelhas, desde o ltimo novembro a) s se assemelha incidncia de eclipses. b) foi precedida por outros casos de mortandade. c) foi menor do que 60%, na costa leste dos EU. d) sobrepuja todos os casos anteriores de mortandade em massa. e) foi maior do que 70% na costa oeste dos EU. 4 - Qual das alternativas no est correta: O Working Group (linhas 21 e 24) a) formado por universidades e agncias governamentais. b) no teve sucesso na busca das causas da calamidade. c) o grupo ao qual pertence Diana Cox-Foster. d) se referiu ao problema como AIDS for the bee industry. e) pertence ao jornal The Independent. 5 - Qual a alternativa que contm as tradues corretas (na mesma ordem) das expresses: growing (linha 08) Working (linha 24) adding (linha 25) weakening (linha 43), no contexto em que se encontram? a) b) c) d) e) crescente de trabalho acrescentando enfraquecendo crescente de trabalho aumentando dizimando crescendo trabalhando aumentando repelindo crescendo trabalhando - acrescentando exterminando aumentando trabalhando crescendo por enfraquecer

6 - A que se referem os pronomes its (linha 17) e them (linha 37), respectivamente? A a) an article (linha 17) e scientists (linha 29) b) business section (linha 17) e the abandoned hives (linhas 33, 34) c) the New York Times (linha 17) e nearby bee populations or parasites (linha 34) d) the New York Times (linha 17) e the honey and pollen stores of colonies (linha 35) e) US agriculture (linha 18) e the colony itself (linhas 36,37) 7 - Traduza em bom portugus, as frases que seguem: As far back as 2005, Haefeker ended an article he contributed to a journal with an Albert Einstein quote: If the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe then man would only have four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man. (linhas 09 a 12) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ . 8- It is particularly worrisome, she said, that the bees death is accompanied by a set of symptoms which does not seem to match anything in the literature. (linhas 26, 27, 28) ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................