: :

:
( - 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )1 ( ) ( )2
:

-1

11

)2 ().
)3 ( .)1

)4 ()2

1162 = 1

-5 (.)2

6
9-

11 62-= 6

-6 ( )
)7 ( ) 2 ()
-8 ( )1 () ().
A A 9
10 369 10 24 9
119 = 2 2 1
) 1= 119
2
6

= 9-11612 ()

)6 ( ) ( )1 ( )6
9

= 119
9

= 119

1
2

10 24 9
=119
2
3

A
10 36 9
119= 2 2
2
3

= 62/

= 62/

= + 1 21 = 62 + 62 = 6/
)6 ()1
9

= 1 6 119

10 24
2

A
s

1
2

= 119

A
) (
1

10 36
=
2
) 6(

A 9
2 = 119

10 24 9
= 119
6

= 62

A 1A 9
10 24 9
119 = 2
)5 (= ) 6 119 =6
6

9-

( 11 1692- = ) 1162-

-2
=

A
= ( 9119

10 24
= ( 9119
8

10 36
+
10
1

9-

= 522- = )6622 - ( +62.

9-

: :

22 )2 (= ) 6 111128 = 116522 =

= ( )
-8

10 36 9
=11 9
10

= (1162 )52- -6622-

10 36 9
=11 9
6

9-

= 6622-
9

= 52-

= 8-1151822
:2 :
-1

-2 ()

9-

-3 ()

112-=1 A

-3
.
A 9
)1 =119

)6

119 = 1
9

119= 6

10 2 9
= 119
2
2
A

1
2

9-

116=6A

= 225/

104 9
=119
2
1

A
10 2 9
119= 2 2
2
1

126

= 62/

1
6

= 18/

= + 1 52 = 62 + 18 = 6/
)6 = 19-1112252 =
-2

= +

A 9
119 = 1

A
9119
0.2

A
9119 =1
0.2

119 +
2

104 9
119 +
2

104 9
= 119
2

11-112 = A

)3 ().8.8
().8.1 2 () ( )
( = 1..-) :
- 1 .
- 6 ( )
- 6 .
-2 .
-5 () ().
6

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

: :

12

10 8.85
=
)1=

10 8.85

0.01
3

= 11-11 1

100

=
=
10 5

)6 =

= 61111/

= 15-11122 = 19-1112261111.
1
)6 =
2

= = 122 = 6-11828561111

1
=
2

6)122( 11-11 1

= )2 = 9-111222 =11-11 1122.

)5 =

= + = + 181 111 = 1+ 6-1152116 = 91

e
-

=11122 111

19-

( )8 ( )1 ( )1.. .:
- 1 .

5 = 1

- 2 (.)3

11 = 6

- 3 .

-1 1 6

11 = 6

= 2+1 15= 11 +5 = 6
2 6
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
=

10 15
4
3

= 2

-6
.
= - =

1 ( )111 ( 1) 1

100 A
=
= 1

= 61

= 2 2 611= 15 61= 2

( 6 ) 2

A
300
=
=

= 51 = =

: :

)6 ( 2.) ( ).8..3 (
)1.... 1... 1.. .81 .8.2 .8..1

-1 .

-6 .
-1 ( )12111
( = 6112116 12111 )12116 = 212116

= ( )

-6 ( )11111
= ( +) = 61212 = )11111+61 (12116.
:7 ( )1.. ( 2) ( ).83 .

100
0.3
=

=
:
2

= 222222 .

). 1 (2) : :

)1 .
126
)6 .
1
)6
( = 2-116212= 6)6
0.04 0.6

= 6
=
)1 =

0.02 0.03

122

= = 6

122

128

10 3.14

=6
=

121 126 126 122 125 122

= 2-112268.

)6 .
:9 ( )1 1 2 ( )2.1.4 /.3
( ).82 ( )8.
6
1
6

50

=
-1 =

0 .2

= 651

101

= 651
=

1
= -6

1
=
10 25

-6 =

-2 .

= ( 2111 )

= 5-1165.

1-

e
68

2-

111 112 =126 11122

= -2

19-

5-

= 11 62165/

= 16 = 21 126
2

: :

= 16 11 1.6

11-

= 11 1.6 /12

11-

:1.
:
:
- 1

- 6
- 6 ( ) 6
( )6265.
:
= = 62 = 11- 62.
: :
6 24
-1=
1 1 3 4

= 6

= = 8 = 2 6.

- 6 = 6
= = 66 = 16- 62.
- 6
( 6
) .

6 24
=6265
4 1 1

= 6

( 6)
1
1 1
= +
3

= 2

:11
-1 -6
-2

-6 ()

)1 = 18 .
14 18

=
)6 =
2

14

=
)6 =

= 6.

= 2.

)2 = + 6.
+6 = 2

= 5.

: :

1 1 1
= +
5
6

= 61.

)2 5
= = 11 = 56.
( 61)
10

=
=

30

= 12666.

:12
1 ( 12)
6

- 6 ( ) A ( )

- 1 ( )

12=6

( )

2= 1

4 16
=
2 2 4

z
=
z z

= 125

- 6

16=6

( ( ) I ) ( ( ) II

II

= 1+ 6

1..

( ) I

( ) II ( ) I
+ )6+6( 61= 12- 2 +)2(1
22 + 616 = 1

+ 66. 6 = 1

( ( ) II)
6 + 16 2 = 6

= - - )2( 11= 12 +)8( 6

1 1 6 6
6 + 66 = 6

6 + 62 = 6
2

2 = 1

: :

6 1 = 6

:13 . 2
:
-1 ( ).

-6 ().

-6 ( )2.
1

12

= 11 = 16+ 26+ 12 - 12

6 = 1 = 62+16-

6
=2

= 11 1 = 1 -2= 1

6 = 6 = ( 62 = 2 6)6
:14 () ()
.
A
=

A
=

125= = 125

0.5 = 1.5

-
=

)18 :
) ( )1 ( )2.
( )1 ( )6 ( )2 5
( )2 6
.

: :

:11

(4 =) (= 4../) = 3../ =

.82)
- 1 .
- 6 .
- 6 ( )
- 2 :
- 1 = 2-1112 = 2-112611 = .-
- 6 = 126211 2-112 = 2-11626 = 91 +
- 6 =

- = 2-11822 = 2-11626 2-1116 -

- 2 .

( = =
:17
-1 .
-6
*

-6 : .
-2
* .

* .

-1 .
.
-6 .
-6
.
-2 .
:1. ( )18.
( )487

-1 .
-6
-6 ( )
-2 .
= 1286222= 12296 = 91 .
= 1=1
= 128 6 6222= 12296= 25 .
-6 = .
8

: :

-6
.
-2 = 1281)66125(222 = 12296 = 91
:19 () ( )2.

( )8-1.4

-1 .
-6 ( ) ( )11 ()
-6 ( )2-112 () 611/ .

-1 = =

= 5-11261 = 5-11 81 = 91/.

() () () () () () (.)-

-6 = 0
2

20 7
= 10 4
0.1 2

= + = 11 2

5-

= 11 2

11 2+

5-

5-

=11 8

5-

()+

-6 = 5-1186112-2 = )9-1166( = 91 ( )+
:2. ( )
.
( )
.
- 1 ( )
- 6 .

)1 = 1
2

=11 2

2-

8
1016 2

2-

= 5-11 1

= 1
2

=11 2

2-

= 0

=11 1

5-

104 2

() ( )- .

2-

= 11 1

5-

8 2 7
= 10 4
0,12 2

= 6
5-

= 11 6222/

: :

:21 ( ) ( )8.
( ) ( )2
- 1
- 6 ( )2

( )2116/ .

- 6 ()126 (.)+
50 2

2=11 2
-1 = 0
2
10 2
-6 = 6-11621162-112 = 6-1112 = 91 ( )+
2

= 6-116 ()+

-6 = ( 6 = 12651 )6112651 6)6-11(6 = 91

= 2-11661 .
:22 ( 1.)

6=1

-1 ( )
61

6 ( )
211 2/

2=6
= 2-116 ( )

2 7
1 :10 4 = 1 0 = 1
2
0.2 2

41 2= 2-11 65
=11 2
:0 = 6
0.1 2
2
= 6 2-1166 = 2-116 - 2-11 65 = 1

( 181 = )

6 = 1 =

:23 () .
-1 () ( )1=
0,5 2 2
= 11 2
=
0
0,05 2
2
0,5 2 2
= 2-11 61 .
= 11 2
= 0
0,1 2
2
= 2-11 61 = 2-11 61 - 2-11 21 .

= 2-11 21 .

:24 ( )2. ( )1.. (2) :

-1 .
-6 ()2 .
-6 ( )6
()611/

- 1 =

= 11 2

2-

100 2
0.2

= 11 2

2-

11

: :

:28 :

()
.
:21 :

: 27 (81.)
( )288 (288/)
( 187)
)
.
)
.

()

) = 2-11)115( 122 = 6-11825 = 1

10

=
=

2.5

=2

10
=
2.5

= 2

121185

()

03 10 8.5

= 1162165-
=1-
= -
4

16

6-

621 ()
11

= 1 = 6-1162165
() 16

2
621-

11

6-

: :

: 2. ( ) 1... ( )3 ()4 ( ). ()2

( ).8.1
-1

-6 .

10 3 6
6
= )1111( 2-112
-1= 1

10 4

0 2 6
= 116-
- 6 = -

0.01

6 .
4

6-116 = 2.

= 122-

1111- = 122 -
- 6 = -

0.01

2-112 =

)92 ( )3 ( )2
( )

:
1 ( = )1215

-6 .

- 1 =

6 = 16

= 6 = 1215
()

6 6 +

1215
= = 16= 62

= 6/

-6 (=)1
=

6 = 16

)1( +

= 2/

:3. : ( )%40 .
)1

=6

)6 ( ) .
)6) ..
100

)1 = =

15 3 2

= 5.

= 111
=2
=6
V

= 6 = 5122.
16

=15

: :

- = 111 )15+5+6(6 +

= - +
)6 =

= 21-.

+ = 22 = 66 + 21

= - = 21

)6
.
:31 ( )8. : 2
( )... ( )2 %7.
1 .
6 .
6 .

-1=

%111 2

-6

800 1
=
= 1
2
1

=
2

= %21
800

50 400
=
2
2

- 1= 6
2

%111 2

521 = 6

= 211

12 = 6

560
=
16

= 65

)32
(1..) ( ..) .
=

( =81 111=)

81

100
= 81

10
=
8

=
2

111

2
-1 2

-1

10
8

= =

2
2

1
2

2
-1 2

1
10
=

64

1
2

= 1222

1262 = 2 =122.

16

: :

:33
)1: ()
)6 .

)6

1285125622-

1622-

: :
)6

)1 .
)6 ().

)1 .
)6 .
( )1622- ( )1622
.
)6 .
.
.
1
1
1
1 1
= - ( 211 121 = 2 - 2 R
)1 :

1
)2

1
1
1 1
= ) 2 - 2 ( 211 121 = 2 - 2 R
4
4
5

13,6
)6 =
2

= 125- .

6 =

1- 2

) 116225 =

2-1166 =

= 6

66 = 6= )11-11526(66 6

11-119299 = .

: 34 :
1 :

- 6

)2

)5

6
)2

:
- )1

-6 .

-2 :

13,6
13,6
= 2
- 1 =
2

= 622- .

10 6.6 2

=
- 6 =
2
2

34

= 11 621

62-

- 6 = 11-116126 = 11-115266)6( = 6
12

: :

)2 =
2

= 11-116126 = 11-115266)6( = 6
34

10 6.6 2
=
10 21.131- 10 9.1 2

11-

= 111211/

)5 = = 65-11 9219 = 2111211 61-11921 /

2
= )2

= 6 = 11-112225 = 11-11526662126

1
1
)1 : = - 2 1622

2 = 11122

19-

1 1
1126= ) 2 - 2 (1622
1 2

( )

62-11222 = 19-11122 1126

= 1511622

1
)6

1
1
1
1
= - 2 ( 211 121 = 2 - 2 R
2

2-11126 =

10 6.6

=
)2 =

101.2

1- 2

) 118265 =

34
7

= 11525

62-

: 38 ()19-1.481
( )1... :
1

-6

-1 = =

8
10 3 62-11222 = 19-11222
- 7
10 6

6 ( )

-6 =

19-11126 =

101.3
=
10 6.6

19
34

= 1511 126

= 19-11 626 =1511125 62-11222

- 6 =

e = 19-11 122

= 2

- 6 =

e = 19-11 122

= 2

15

: :

)
) ( U
: 31) ( He

)= (He
)=(U

15-11126 = A
15-11126 = A

15-11129 = 4
15-117.44238
=

) ( )27 .
) ( Ag

-1 .
-6 .
.)
) ( U
)6 ( Ag

)1 = 16 = 15 = 16-62 = 622
)6 = 1

15-11126 =A

15-11622 27
=

)3 .
: 37

4 6
4
= =
3
3

(1

A
A

3
4
= 6) AA 30
3

= A

:3. :
)1

()X

)6

)6

)2

: .

)5

( )Y 2121116 = Y .

)2

( )X ( )Y

)2

()X

)8 ()86
)1 = 1

15-11126 =A

)1 )2

91

)6 .

-6 .

12

: :

15-

)3 ( 116)
( )111 (116

15)
)2 .
)5 = ( Z N + ) 961
= ( 562 = 961 )2121116 12118221 +12112661 .
)2 ( )X ( )21 .
)7 ( )
.
.
).

) 56
)39 ( 26 Fe
( )88892.1 = 18..727 = 18...11 .
: .
= ( Z N + ) = ( 12568562 = )5529612 121182261 + 121126262 .
= 296 = 96125 12568562 = 96125 .

492

=

56

= 8229 /.

:4. ( Z, Y, X,
)W
X

6 ( . )X

)2 ( )X
( )111 ( )822
/ .

651

611

151

51 111

( )

9
8
2
2
5
2
6
6
1

-1 ( )Y Y
.
-6 W . Z .
- 6 X :
() /X = 8 /
= = MeV 1211 = 611 8
12

: :

)4 = ( )
= ( 121 = )8611 1118226 .
:41

( 2.5 8)

1111

:42 Li 24He :

7
3

n 105B

1
0

:
1.1187 = 01 n.. B

( =Q+ a

10
5

= 11.1161.. 7.1182 = 37 Li .. 4.1126= 24 He ..

- Y96125 ) b

= ( 622 = 96125121169 = 96125 ) 221186 - 221162 - 121182+ 1121121 .

: 43 () :

2 6 He

27
24
p 13
Al
12
Mg ................

1
1

n
1 1- ( ) 11p ......... ..........
)C ( ......... ) ( .....

13
6

1 1+ ( 01) ( )
Ag
H

2
1

108
45

( ) ) ( ...............

( )

4
2

He

24
11

Na

18

107
45

Ag
26
12

Mg

1
0

( .............)

1
0

13
7

: :

-44 U
( ) Pb

206
82

238
92

.
U Y24He X-01e 206
82 Pb

:
- 1
- 6 ( )Y
- 6 ( )X
-1 .
8 = Y .

-6 668 = Y2 +X1 +612 :

2 =X

-6 96 = 82 + X 1- +86 :

19

238
92