Walter Fischer: DVB-T Technology and Overview On Mobile TV

1
1 DVB-T/H, T-DMB
DVB-T Technology
and
Overview on Mobile TV
Copyright: Rohde&Schwarz
Training Center Munich
DVB-T/H, T-DMB 1MAT-Fi | 26.06.06 |
2
Walter Fischer
Dipl.Ing.(FH)
Rohde&Schwarz
Training Center, Munich
Walter.Fischer@RSD.ROHDE-SCHWARZ.COM
Your Lecturer is:
2
3
Schedule: 1st Day
Block 1
Break
Block 2
Lunch break
Block 3
Break
Block 4
9:00
10:30
10:45
12:00
13:15
14:45
15:00
16:30
(17:00)
Begin
End
Introduction, MPEG standards,
MPEG-2 transport stream, PES
Function of a MPEG-2 decoder,
PSI/SI, transport stream analysis
Overview video/audio encoding
Digital modulation basics
4
Schedule: 2nd Day
Block 1
Break
Block 2
Lunch break
Block 3
Break
Block 4
9:00
10:30
10:45
12:00
13:15
14:45
15:00
16:30
(17:00)
Begin
End
COFDM
DVB-T standard, modulator,
transmitter
DVB-H and T-DMB, interferences
Single Frequency Networks
DVB-T measurements
3
5
MPEG and DVB
MPEG = Moving Pictures Expert Group
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, MPEG-21
DVB-S satellite
DVB-C cable
DVB-T terrestrial
DVB-H hand-held
DVB-IP internet
DVB-S2 new satellite standard
6
MPEG-2
MPEG-2
Transport Stream
Video Encoding
Audio Encoding
The MPEG-2 transport stream is the base band
signal for DVB-C, S and T.
4
7
MPEG Standard
MPEG = Moving Pictures Expert Group
MPEG-1 MPEG-2
MPEG-4
MPEG-7
MPEG-21
11
8
MPEG-1 Standard
ISO/IEC 11172-1 MPEG-1 Systems
ISO/IEC 11172-2 MPEG-1 Video
ISO/IEC 11172-3 MPEG-1 Audio (Layer I, II, III)
MPEG-1 Systems: PES Structure, Program Stream,
Pack,
Developed for CD data rates (1.44 Mbit/s)
5
9
MPEG-2 Standard
ISO/IEC 13818-2 MPEG-2 Video
ISO/IEC 13818-3 MPEG-2 Audio (Layer I, II, III)
ISO/IEC 13818-6 DSM-CC (Data Broadcasting)
ISO/IEC 13818-7 MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding
MPEG-2 Systems: Transport Stream, PSI, Sections
Developed for broadcast applications (SDTV&HDTV)
10
MPEG-4 Standard
ISO/IEC 14496-2 MPEG-4 Part 2 Video
ISO/IEC 14496-3 MPEG-4 AAC Audio
ISO/IEC 14496-10 MPEG-4 Part 10 Advanced
Video Coding
MPEG-4 Systems: Objects, Sync Layer
Sync layer specifies how elementary streams are
packetized.
6
11
Video Signal
A
D
A
D
A
D
M
a
t
r
i
x
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Cb
Cr
6.75 MHz
Chrominance
Sampling
Frequency
Luminance
Sampling
Frequency
13.5 MHz
270 MBit/s
ITU-BT.R 601
CCIR601
8/10 Bit
8/10 Bit
8/10 Bit
5.75 MHz
2.75 MHz
R
G
B
12
12
Video Elementary Stream
270 MBit/s Digital Video (SDTV)
to CCIR601 / ITU-R.BT 601
Compression
to MPEG-1
or MPEG-2
1 MBit/s MPEG-1
2.5 ... 7 (15) MBit/s MPEG-2
12
7
13
Audio Signal
A
D
15 to 20 kHz BW
32/44.1/48 kHz
Sampling Freq.
16 bit
up to 768 kbit/s
A
D
15 to 20 kHz BW
32/44.1/48 kHz
Sampling Freq.
16 bit
up to 768 kbit/s
Right
Left
= approx.
1.5 Mbit/s
12
14
Audio Elementary Stream
= approx.
1.5 Mbit/s
A
D
15 to 20 kHz BW
32/44.1/48 kHz
Sampling Freq.
16 bit
up to 768 kbit/s
A
D
15 to 20 kHz BW
32/44.1/48 kHz
Sampling Freq.
16 bit
up to 768 kbit/s
Right
Left
Compression
to MPEG-1 or
MPEG-2 (or
Dolby Digital
AC-3)
Audio Elementary Stream
100 ... 400 kBit/s
12
8
15
Elementary Streams (ES)
Video ES
Audio ES
Data ES
13
16
Packetized Elementary Streams (PES)
Video PES
Audio PES
Data PES
var. length
up to 64 kBytes
PES Packet
13
9
17
Packetized Elementary Streams (PES)
Video PES
Audio PES
Data PES
var. length
up to 64 kBytes
PES Packet
PES Header
13
18
PES Packet
var. length
up to 64 kBytes
PES
Header
3 Byte Start Code Prefix 0x00 0x00 0x01
1 Byte Stream Type
2 Byte Length Indicator
Optional PES Header
PES Payload
13,14,15
10
19
Program Stream
Video PES
Audio
PES
V A V V
Multiplexed Video and Audio PES Packets
Application:
MPEG-1 Video CD
MPEG-2 SVCD
MPEG-2 Video DVD
... ...
16
20
MPEG PES and TS
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
TS Header
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator = 1
PES
Header
PES
Header
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator = 1
Packetized Elementary Stream
Transport Stream
16
11
21
MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet
4 Byte
TS Header
188 Bytes
13 Bit Packet Identifier = PID
1 Bit Transport Error Indicator
1 Byte Sync Byte = 47 hex
184 Byte
Payload
18
22
Sync Byte
4 Byte
TS Header
188 Bytes
184 Byte
Payload
18
12
23
Transport Error Indicator
4 Byte
TS Header
188 Bytes
184 Byte
Payload
18
24
Reed Solomon Error Protection
MPEG-2
TS
RS
RS
MPEG-2
TS
Reed Solomon Coder RS(204,188) or RS(208/188)
1st Forward Error Correction (FEC) = Outer Coder
DVB /
ATSC
Mod.
DVB /
ATSC
Demod.
Transmission
Link
18,19
13
25
MPEG-2 TS Packet
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Bytes
MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet
18,19
26
TS Packet with Reed Solomon FEC
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
16 Byte
Error Protection
188 Bytes
204 Byte
Reed Solomon
Error Protection
RS(204,188) or RS(208,188)
8 errors per packet
can be repaired
RS Block Code
18,19
14
27
TS Packet after RS Decoding
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Bytes
= 1 if more than 8 errors
Sync Byte 47hex
18, 19
28
Packet Identifier (PID)
4 Byte
TS Header
188 Bytes
184 Byte
Payload
17, 18
15
29
Transport Stream Multiplex
Video1
Audio1
Encoder
Program 1
Video2
Audio2
Encoder
Program 2
Video3
Audio3
Encoder
Program 3
M
P
E
G
-
2
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
17
30
M
P
E
G
-
2
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
PID=0x100
PID=0x200
PID=0x300
PID=0x400
PID=0x500
PID=0x600
PID = Packet Identifier
MPEG-2 TS
17, 18
16
31
Synchronous and Asynchronous
Transfer Mode
Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Ch. n Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Ch. n
... ... ... ...
Ch. 3 Ch. 2 Ch. n Ch. 2 unused Ch. 8 Ch. n Ch. 7
... ... ... ...
Synchronous Transfer Mode (PDH, SDH, DAB)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM, MPEG-TS/DVB)
32
Transport Stream Packet
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
19, 39, 40
17
33
MPEG-2: Function of a Decoder
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Information PAT, PMT
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
Packet Identification
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
21
34
Transport Stream Synchronization
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
21
18
35
Program Specific Information PSI
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
22
36
Program Association Table PAT
Payload of
TS Packet
TS
Header
PID = 0x00
pointer to
PMT1
pointer to
PMT2
pointer to
PMT3
pointer to
PMT4
P
I
D
1
P
I
D
2
P
I
D
3
P
I
D
4
...
1 PID entry per program
22
19
37
Program Map Table PMT
Payload of
TS Packet
TS
Header
PID from
PAT
pointer to
video ES
pointer to
audio ES
P
I
D
1
P
I
D
2
...
1 PID entry per elementary stream
22
38
Accessing a Program
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
24
20
39
Accessing a Program
MPEG-2 TS
Video PID = 0x100
Audio PID = 0x200
24
40
Descrambling / Conditional Access
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
25
21
41
Data Scrambling
...
E
x
o
r
E
x
o
r
S S S S S
Data
Scrambled Data
Pseudo Random Sequence
?
25
42
Conditional Access Table CAT
CAT
(PMT)
ECM
Entitlement Control Message
EMM Entitlement
Management Message
PID PID
Keys codes
Allocation rights
25
22
43
DVB Common Interface
MPEG-2
Decoder
TS
TS
Common Interface (CI)
= parallel TS Out/In
CA
Hardware Smart Card
Video
Audio
25
44
Program Synchronization
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
26
23
45
Program Clock Reference PCR
Counter
MPEG-2
Decoder
+
PCR
42 Bit
Video
Audio
PCR
MPEG-2 TS
MPEG-2
Encoder
42 Bit
27 MHz
STC
+
-
27 MHz
STC
Numerically
Controlled
Oscillator
(NCO)
Copy
Load
Video
Audio
PCR
every
~40 ms
Counter
26
46
PCR inside TS Adaptation Field
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
PCR
26, 27
24
47
Presentation Time Stamps PTS
Video PES
Audio PES
PTS of video PES
PTS of audio PES
video lip sync to audio
PES
header
28
48
Decoding Time Stamps DTS
Video PES
DTS of video PES
PES
header
28
25
49
DVB Service Information
Transport stream
synchronization
Accessing a
program
Descrambling, if
required
Program
synchronization
Decoding
additional data
Sync Byte
0x47
Program Specific
Conditional Access
Table CAT
Read-out of
TS content
PID
Program Clock Ref.
PCR, PTS, DTS
Service Information
SI
28
50
PSI/SI - Tables
PAT Program Association Table
PMTs Program Map Table
CAT Conditional Access Table
(NIT) Network Information Table
Private Tables
NIT Network Information Table
SDT Service Descriptor Table
BAT Bouquet Association Table
EIT Event Information Table
RST Running Status Table
TDT Time&Date Table
TOT Time Offset Table
ST Stuffing Table
MPEG-2 PSI
Program Specific
Information
DVB SI
Service
Information
30
26
51
MPEG-2 Sections
Payload
unit start
indicator = 1
Transport Stream
1 Byte
table ID
Payload part of section
32 bit
CRC
check sum (only for long
sections)
Special
PIDs
Maximum length of a section: 4096 Bytes
52
Sections, Private Sections, Tables
MPEG-2 Section
Private
Non-Private
-Defined in ISO/IEC13818-1
-MPEG-2 Program
Specific Information
(PSI tables)
-Not defined in ISO/IEC13818-1
-Using MPEG-2 section structure
-DVB Service Information
(SI tables)
-ISO/IEC13818-6 DSM-CC
Tables = 1 N Sections of same type
(max. 1024 Byte / 4096 Byte per section)
27
53
Sections & Tables
SECTION #0
C
R
C
T
I
D
SECTION #n
C
R
C
T
I
D
SECTION #1
C
R
C
T
I
D
SECTION #2
C
R
C
T
I
D
SECTION #3
C
R
C
T
I
D
max. 4 kByte
T
a
b
l
e
54
Service Information: NIT
Information about
physical network
Network provider name
Transmission parameter
(RF, order of QAM ...)
NIT
Network Information Table
28
55
NIT Example 1
Table_ID
Network_ID
Table
Header/
Version
Manage-
ment
Network
Descriptor
Loop
Transport
Stream
Loop
Terrestrial
Delivery
Descriptor
Transport_stream_ID
56
NIT Example 1 (continued)
Terrestrial
Delivery
Descriptor
Terrestrial
Delivery
Descriptor
Transport_stream_ID
Transport_stream_ID
29
57
Service Information: SDT
Information about
services (= programs)
in a transport stream
Service provider name
Service names = program
names
SDT
Service Descriptor Table
58
SDT
Service
Loop
Table_ID
Transport_ID
Service_ID
Service_name
Service_ID
30
59
SDT
Descriptors
Loop
60
Service Information: BAT
Information about
all services in different
physical channels
BAT
Bouquet Association Table
31
61
Service Information: EIT
Electronical Program
Guide
EPG
EIT
Event Information Table
62
EIT
Service_ID
Transport_stream_ID
Event_ID
Start Time &
Duration
32
63
Service Information: RST
actual running status
delays, ...
controlling video recorders
RST
Running Status Table
64
Service Information: TDT/TOT
actual time and date (UTC/GMT)
and
local time offset
TDT/TOT
Time and Date Table,
Time Offset Table
33
65
TDT
PID=0x14; Table_ID=0x70
Repetition time: 25 ms 30 s
Section_syntax_indicator = 0 short Table, no CRC
66
TOT Example
34
67
Stuffing Table (ST)
Invalidation of
existing sections
at a
Delivery System
eg: at Cable Headends
ST
Stuffing Table
68
Tables and Private Tables
0x72 0x00100x0014 ST
0x73 0x0015 TOT
0x70 0x0014 TDT
0x71 0x0013 RST
0x4E0x6F 0x0012 EIT
0x42, 0x46 0x0011 SDT
0x4A 0x0011 BAT
0x400x41 0x0010 NIT
0x01 0x0001 CAT
0x02 0x00200x1FEE PMT
0x00 0x0000 PAT
Table ID PID Table
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
(
D
V
B
)
35
69
Repetition Rates of PSI/SI Tables
0x72
0x73
0x70
0x71
0x4E0x6F
0x42, 0x46
0x4A
0x400x41
0x01
0x02
0x00
Table ID
[hex]
0x00100x0014
0x0015
0x0014
0x0013
0x0012
0x0011
0x0011
0x0010
0x0001
0x00200x1FEE
0x0000
PID [hex]
- ST
30 TOT
30 TDT
RST
EIT
SDT
BAT
NIT
CAT
PMT
PAT
Table
-
2
2
10
10
0.5
0.5
0.5
Max. Interval
[sec.]
Min. Interval: 25 ms (single sections)
70
Further Private Sections / Tables
0x3A 0x3E via PMT DSM-CC
0x4C via PMT INT
0x4B via PMT UNT
0x74 via PMT AIT
0x72 0x00100x0014 ST
0x73 0x0015 TOT
0x70 0x0014 TDT
0x71 0x0013 RST
0x4E0x6F 0x0012 EIT
0x42, 0x46 0x0011 SDT
0x4A 0x0011 BAT
0x400x41 0x0010 NIT
0x01 0x0001 CAT
0x02 0x00200x1FFE PMT
0x00 0x0000 PAT
Table ID PID Table
D
a
t
a
B
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
M
P
E
G
P
S
I
D
V
B
S
e
r
i
v
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
36
71
MPEG-2 Transport Stream Analysis
MPEG-2 Transport Stream Analysis
123
DVMD
DVM
72
MPEG-2 Analyzer DVM100
37
73
MPEG-2 Analyzer DVM400
74
Block Diagr. of a MPEG-2 Meas. Decoder
123
MPEG-2
decoder
Digital
signal
prozessor
Micro
controller
Display
Video
Audio
MPEG-2
transport
stream
Interfaces (printer, RS232, IEEE Bus)
38
75
TS_Sync_Loss - (1st priority)
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
TS_Sync_Loss is signalled if
- the content of the sync bytes in a
sequence of 3 TS packets is not equal
to 0x47.
125, 126
76
Sync_byte_error - (1st priority)
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
Sync_Byte_Error is signalled if
- the content of a sync byte in the
TS header is anything but 0x47.
126
39
77
PAT_error - (1st priority)
PAT_Error is signalled if
- PAT table index is not
equal to 0x00
- PAT is encrypted
- PAT is not transmitted
every 0.5 second
PAT
PID=0
Table ID =0
Program
Association
Table
PAT
PID=0
Table ID =0
Program
Association
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
Video ES
Audio ES
PID
PID
PID
PID
127
78
PMT_error - (1st priority)
PMT_error is signalled if
- PMT table ID is not 0x02
- PMT is encrypted
- Sections of PMT are not
transmitted every 0.5 seconds.
PAT
PID=0
Table ID =0
Program
Association
Table
PAT
PID=0
Table ID =0
Program
Association
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PID
PID
Video ES
Audio ES
PID
PID
127, 128
40
79
PID_error - (1st priority)
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
PID_ERROR is signalled if
PID referenced in PMT is not
part of actual TS or
repetition time > 500 ms
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
PMT
PID=(...PAT)
Table ID =2
Program
Map
Table
Video ES
Audio ES
PID
PID
128
80
Continuity_count_error- (1st priority)
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
Continuity_count_error is signalled if
- the same packet has been transmitted more than
twice without discontinuity indicator
- a packet is missing
- wrong sequence of packets without disconituity indicatior
129
41
81
Transport_error - (2nd priority)
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
Transport_ERROR is signalled if
- transport_error_indicator bit is set in TS packet header
RS(108, 204) FEC ---> more than 8 errors in 1 TS packet
130
82
CRC_error - (2nd priority)
CRC_ERROR is signalled if
- table CRC (PAT, PMT, CAT, NIT ...)
does not fit to table content
131
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator = 1
Transport Stream
1 Byte
Table ID
Payload Part of Table
32 Bit
CRC
Check Sum
Special
PIDs
42
83
PCR_error, PCR_accuracy_error- (2nd prio.)
PCR_error is signalled if
- the difference of two consecutive PCR values
of a program is > 100ms and no discontinuity
is indicated in the adaption field
- distance of two packets with PCR values of
a program is > 40ms
PCR_accuracy_error is signalled if
- PCR tolerance (jitter) within a program is >+/- 500ns
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
PCR
131, 132
84
PTS_error - (2nd priority)
PES Payload
PTS = Presentation Time Stamp
PES
header
PTS_error is signalled if
- difference of two consecutive PTS values
is > 700ms
132, 133
43
85
CAT_error - (2nd priority)
Value
(binary)
Description
00 No encrypted data contained in
the packet
01, 10, 11 Defined by user
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
CAT_ERROR is signalled if
- a packet contains encrypted data, but no CAT is found
- a packet with CAT-PID (0x01) is found, but table index
is not 0x01
CAT
PID=1
Table ID =1
Conditional
Access
Table
CAT
PID=1
Table ID =1
Conditional
Access
Table
134
86
SI_repetition_error - (3rd priority)
0x72
0x73
0x70
0x71
0x4E0x6F
0x42, 0x46
0x4A
0x400x41
0x01
0x02
0x00
Table ID
[hex]
0x00100x0014
0x0015
0x0014
0x0013
0x0012
0x0011
0x0011
0x0010
0x0001
0x00200x1FEE
0x0000
PID [hex]
- ST
30 TOT
30 TDT
RST
EIT
SDT
BAT
NIT
CAT
PMT
PAT
Table
-
2
2
10
10
0.5
0.5
0.5
Max. Interval
[sec.]
134, 135
Min. Interval: 25 ms (single sections)
44
87
NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT_error
- (3rd priority)
Service
Information
PID [hex] Table_id [hex]
Max.
interval [sec]
NIT 0x0010 0x40, 0x41 10 )
1
SDT 0x0011 0x42, 0x46 2 )
2
BAT 0x0011 0x4A 10 )
3
EIT 0x0012 0x4E to 0x4F,
0x50 to 0x6F
2 )
4
RST 0x0013 0x71 -
TDT 0x0014 0x70 30
TOT 0x0014 0x73 30
Stuffing Table 0x0010 to 0x0013 0x72 -
NIT_error, SDT_error, EIT_error, RST_error, TDT_error
are signalled if
- a packet with PID NIT, SDT, EIT, RST, TDT or TOT contains
wrong table index
- time difference between SI sections of NIT, SDT, EIT, TDT or
TOT is too long
135
88
Unreferenced PID - (3rd priority)
Unreferenced PID error:
TS packet with unknown PID
----> not referenced in any PMT or CAT and TS packet not part of
a table (PAT, PMT, CAT, NIT, SDT, ...)
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
Header
188 Byte
Sync
Byte
Transport
Error
Indicator
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator
Transport
Priority
PID
Transport
Scrambling
Control
Adaptation
Field
Control
Continuity
Counter
Header
Optional
Adaptation
Field
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 Bit
136
45
89
Interface TS-ASI
Asynchronous serial transport stream interface
270 MBit/s
Connector BNC 75 Ohm
Level 800 mV +/- 10%
116
90
TS Parallel
Synchronous parallel transport stream interface
Pin Signal Description Pin Signal Description
1 CLOCK A Clock for data word 14 CLOCK B Clock for data
word, inverted
2 GND Ground 15 GND Ground
3 DATA BIT 7 A (MSB) Data bit 7 (most significant bit) 16 DATA BIT 7 B (MSB) Data bit 7 inverted
(most significant
bit)
4 DATA BIT 6 A Data bit 6 17 DATA BIT 6 B Data bit 6 inverted
10 DATA BIT 0 A (LSB) Data bit 0 (least significant bit) 23 DATA BIT 0 B (LSB) Data bit 0 inverted
(least significant
bit)
11 DVALID A Data word valid 24 DVALID B Data word valid,
inverted
12 PSYNC A Packet sync 25 PSYNC B Packet sync
inverted
13 GND Ground
116
LVDS
=
Low
Voltage
Differential
Signaling
46
91
MPEG-2 Video and Audio Encoding
MPEG-2 Video Encoding
92
Development of Video Encoding
H.261 H.262 H.263 H.264 ITU-T
MPEG-1
Part 2
MPEG-2
Part 2
MPEG-4
Part 2
MPEG-4
Part 10
AVC
= = =
ISO/IEC
H.120 JPEG
DCT
1985 1988 1991 1993 1995 2002
2003 1998 1994 1992
Motion JPEG
Video Production DVCPRO
Home Video MiniDV
ISO/IEC
11172-2
ISO/IEC
13818-2
ISO/IEC
14496-2
ISO/IEC
14496-10
Windows Media 9
47
93
MPEG-2 Video Encoding
Video Encoding
7
94
Video Signal
A
D
A
D
A
D
M
a
t
r
i
x
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Cb
Cr
6.75 MHz
Chrominance
Sampling
Frequency
Luminance
Sampling
Frequency
13.5 MHz
270 MBit/s
ITU-BT.R 601
CCIR601
8/10 Bit
8/10 Bit
8/10 Bit
5.75 MHz
2.75 MHz
R
G
B
43
48
95
270 MBit/s Digital Video (SDTV)
to CCIR601 / ITU-R.BT 601
Compression
to MPEG-1
or MPEG-2
1 MBit/s MPEG-1
2.5 ... 7 (15) MBit/s MPEG-2
11
96
ITU-R.BT601 / CCIR601
Active video Blanking
Y
Cb
Cr
44
49
97
ITU-R.BT601 / CCIR601
S
A
V
S
A
V
E
A
V
E
A
V
C
b
C
r
Y Y
C
b
Y
. . . . . .
Active video Blanking
Y
Cb
Cr
SAV = Start of
active video
EAV = End of
active video
13.5 MHz sampling frequency
6.75 MHz sampling frequency
44
98
4:4:4
Y Cb
Cr
Y Cb
Cr
Y Cb
Cr
Y Cb
Cr
Line n
Line n + 1
Column m + 1 Column m
68
50
99
4:2:2
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Line n
Line n + 1
Y
Y
Column m + 2
68
100
MPEG-2 Video Compression
Data Reduction
Redundancy reduction
no loss in information
Irrelevancy reduction
loss of information,
non-reversible
66
51
101
4:2:2
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Line n
Line n + 1
Y
Y
Column m + 2
68
102
4:2:0
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y Y
Line n
Line n + 1
Y
Y
Column m + 2
68
52
103
SDTV - Video Input Signal
625
lines
576
visible lines
64 us
52 us
active line
V Blanking (8%)
H
B
l
a
n
k
i
n
g
(
1
9
%
)
Visible,
active
picture
4:2:2
full
(4:4:4) 1/2 chroma
4:2:0
(25%)
720x576 Pixel Y
360x576 (288@4:2:0) Pixel Cb, Cr
25 frames/s
270 Mbit/s
>8 Bit not 10: 20%
=216 Mbit/s
-H Blanking ~8%
-V Blanking ~19%
=166 Mbit/s
-4:2:0 25%
=124.5 Mbit/s
4:2:2:
414720 pixel Y
414720 pixel chroma
4:2:0
414720 pixel Y
207360 pixel chroma
69
104
Steps:
8 bit instead of 10 bit
Suppression of H und V blanking interval
4:2:0 instead of 4:2:2
Differential Puls Code Modulation with
Motion Compensation
Discrete Cosine Transform
Quantization
Zig-Zag Scanning
Run Lenght Coding
Variable Lenght Coding (Huffman)
66
53
105
Sampling and AD Conversion
0
255
time
ts
70
106
Puls Code Modulation
0
255
time
ts
70
54
107
Difference Puls Code Modulation (1)
0
255
time
ts
71
108
Difference Puls Code Modulation (2)
0
255
time
ts
71
55
109
Moving Pictures
Moving Parts and Fix Parts of Pictures
72
110
Difference Pictures
I I
A A A A
P P P P
GOP
I = Intra Frame Coded Picture
P = Predicted Picture
GOP = Group of Pictures
73
56
111
Difference Pictures with Motion Detection
I I
A A A A
P P P P
GOP
= Motion Vector = Block
73
112
Motion detection
Frame N-1,
motion vector
forward
frame N,
B-encoded
macro block
frame N+1,
motion vector
backward
Block matching window
pixel accuracy @ MPEG-2
57
113
Difference Pictures
I I
A
A
A
B B P B
GOP
B = Bidirectional Predicted Picture
Forward
Prediction
Backward
Prediction
A
A
A
73
114
Transmission Sequence
B
-2
B
-1
B
1
B
2
B
4
B
5
P
3
P
6
I
10
I
0
75
58
115
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
Irrelevancy Reduction
using DCT
75
116
Discrete Cosine Transform
with coarse ... medium ... fine picture details
A picture ...
75
59
117
The Human Eye ...
- Limited resolution
- Higher luminance resultion than color resolution
- Higher resolution for coarse picture details than fine details
75
118
Fourier Transform, Discrete FT
; ) ( ) (
; ) ( ) (
2
2
df e f H t h
dt e t h f H
t f j
t f j
}
}
+

+

=
=
t
t
;
1
); 2 sin( ) 2 cos(
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
/ 2
=
=
+ = =
N
n
N
n
k j
n k
N
k
k
N
k
k
N
k
N n k j
k n
e H
N
h
N
n
k h j
N
n
k h e h H
t
t
t t
Fourier Transform
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
48
60
119
Fourier Transform
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
time
u(t)
f
Re(f)
f
Im(f)
FT
IFT
48
120
Discrete Fourier Transform
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
time
u(t)
f
Re(f)
f
Im(f)
N points
ts
T
N points
fs = 1/ts
N points
Qf=fs/N
DFT
51
61
121
cos(0)
sin(x)
cos(x)
sin(2x)
cos(2x)
;
1
); 2 sin( ) 2 cos(
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
/ 2
=
=
+ = =
N
n
N
n
k j
n k
N
k
k
N
k
k
N
k
N n k j
k n
e H
N
h
N
n
k h j
N
n
k h e h H
t
t
t t
52
122
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
cos(0)
cos(0.5x)
cos(x)
cos(1.5x)
cos(2x)
);
)
2
1
(
cos(
2
);
)
2
1
(
cos(
1
0
1
0
N
z k
F
N
f
N
z k
f F
N
k
k z
N
z
z k
+
=
+
=
=
t
t
55
62
123
Time Domain: y(x)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
y
76
124
Time Domain: y(x) - Sampling
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
y
76
63
125
8-Point DCT
);
)
2
1
(
cos(
2
);
)
2
1
(
cos(
1
0
1
0
N
z k
F
N
f
N
z k
f F
N
k
k z
N
z
z k
+
=
+
=
=
t
t
76
126
DCT Coefficients
50
100
150
200
250
110
10
50
20
10
3
20
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
76
64
127
Inverse DCT
y(x)=110+10cos(0.5x)+50cos(x)+20cos(1.5x)+10cos(2x)+3cos(2.5x)+20cos(3x)+8cos(3.5x);
x
y
78
128
Quantization
10
20
30
40
50
1 1 1 1
4
8
16
32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
Q
76
65
129
Quantization
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 231 126 98 51 82 107 117 149
C 110 10 50 20 10 3 20 8
Q 1 1 1 1 4 8 16 32
Cq 110 10 50 20 3 0 1 0
C 110 10 50 20 12 0 16 0
y 226 130 94 51 87 101 119 150
77
130
DCT Coefficients after Quantization
50
100
150
200
250
110
10
50
20
3
0
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
77
66
131
IDCT with and without Quantization
y
y
78
132
A Picture ...
72
67
133
Split up in 8x8 Pixel Blocks
72
134
4:2:0 Macro Block Structure @ MPEG-2
Y0 Y0 Y1 Y1
Y2 Y2 Y3 Y3
Cb Cb Cr Cr
68
135
8 x 8 DCT / IDCT
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
8 x 8 pixel block 8 x 8 DCT coefficients
DCT
IDCT
80
136
DCT Coefficients
DC coefficient Coefficient of highest
horizontal frequency
Coefficient of highest
vertical frequency
Coefficient of highest
h+v frequency
low high
low
high
80
69
137
DCT Example
72
138
Original Pixel Values in Time
Domain
f(x,y)
79
70
139
Subtraction of 128
55 70 92 111 116 108 94 83
70 81 94 103 101 87 70 58
16 81 42 56 62 62 57 52
34
36
38 39 37 33 29 26
67 63 57 52 50 50 51 53
46 40 33 28 32 42 55 64
46 32 10 -9 -16 -13 -3 5
24 10 -9 -23 -24 -13 5 18
79
140
2-dimensional DCT
F(u, v) =
2
N
C(u)C(v)
x= 0
N1
f (x,y)cos
(2x +1)ut
2N
y=0
N1
cos
(2y +1)vt
2N
C(u), C(v) =
1
2
for u, v = 0
1 otherwise
79
71
141
8x8 DCT as a C Algorithm
79
142
DCT
DC coefficient (higher precision)
F(v,u) = DCT(f(x,u);
80
72
143
Quantization Table
8 16 19 22 26 27 29 34
16 16 22 24 27 29 34 37
19 22 26 27 29 34 34 38
22 22 26 27 29 34 37 40
22 26 27 29 32 35 40 48
26 27 29 32 35 40 48 58
26 27 29 34 38 46 56 69
27 29 35 38 46 56 69 83
Q(v,u)
scale_factor = 2 ;
81
144
DCT Coefficients after Quantization
QF(v,u) = F(v,u) / Q(v,u) / scale_factor ;
81
73
145
Zig-Zag Scanning
83
146
After Zig-Zag Scanning
173 6 0 0 -1 0 2 0
-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
QFS(v,u)
83
74
147
Run Length Coding
173, 6, 2*0, -1, 1*0, 2, 1*0, -2, 6*0, -1, 13*0, -1, 34*0
RLC
173 6 0 0 -1 0 2 0
-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
83
148
Variable Length Coding
Huffman code table
Codes of variable length
Codes of constant length
173, 6, 2*0, -1, 1*0, 2, 1*0, -2, 6*0, -1, 13*0, -1, 34*0
DC
Coefficient
compare with
Morse coding
84
75
149
Quantiser Matrixes
8 16 19 22 26 27 29 34
16 16 22 24 27 29 34 37
19 22 26 27 29 34 34 38
22 22 26 27 29 34 37 40
22 26 27 29 32 35 40 48
26 27 29 32 35 40 48 58
26 27 29 34 38 46 56 69
27 29 35 38 46 56 69 83
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
Default Quantiser Matrix for intraframe coded Macro Blocks (I)
Default Quantiser Matrix for non-intraframe coded Macro Blocks (P, B)
84
150
10 Bit 8 Bit
no H+V blanking interval
4:2:2 or 4:2:0
DPCM with motion compensation
I, P, B frames
Macro blocks:
Y=16x16, Cb=8x8, Cr=8x8 (4:2:0)
Y=16x16, Cb=8x16, Cr=8x16 (4:2:2)
pixel resol. motion compensation
DCT based on 8x8 blocks
Zig-zag scanning
Quantization (Q matrix and scale factor)
Run-length coding & Huffman coding
76
151
MPEG-2 Profiles and Levels
Levels
Profiles
Parameterlimits
Max.
number of
pixels / sec
Max.
bit rate
Mbit/s
1920
x1080
x 30
1920
x1152
x 25
1440
x1080
x 30
720
x480
x 30
352
x240
x 30
1440
x1152
x 25
720
x576
x 25
352
x288
x 25
80
(100 **)
60
(80 **)
15
(20 **)
4
high
high-
1440
main
low
* * *
*
*
*
*
*
*
MP@HL
MP
@H14L
SP@ML
HP@HL
SSP
@H14L
HP
@H14L
MP@ML SNRP
@ML
HP@ML
MP@LL
SNRP
@LL
* not yet defined
** with high profile
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
a
i
n
M
a
i
n
+
S
N
R
s
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
s
c
a
l
a
b
l
e
h
i
g
h
4
:
2
:
0
,
n
o
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
4
:
2
:
0
,
n
o
s
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
N
R
s
c
a
l
a
b
l
e
M
a
i
n
+
r
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
t
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
(
i
n
c
l
.
4
:
2
:
2
,
e
t
c
)
C
o
d
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
s
,
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
Distribution
Contribution
(Studio to
studio)
86
152
Video ES Structure
1 picture
1 slice
1 macro block
1 block
Video ES:
Sequence
GOP
Picture
Slice
Macro Block
Block
88
77
153
SDTV & HDTV
SDTV
4:3/16:9
576
or
480
active
lines
625
or
525
lines
720 pixel
HDTV
16:9
1080
(720)
active
lines
1250
or
1125
lines
1920
(1280)
pixel
154
HDTV
A
D
A
D
A
D
Y
C
B
C
R
Y
C
B
C
R
8/10 Bit
8/10 Bit
8/10 Bit
30 MHz
(x 2 @ 50/60p)
15 MHz
(x 2 @ 50/60p)
15 MHz
(x 2 @ 50/60p)
Blanking
active
video
Sync
0mV
+700mV
+350mV
-350mV
74.25 MHz (1125/60)
72 MHz (1250/50)
(x 2 @ 50/60p 1:1)
37.125 MHz (1125/60)
36 MHz (1250/50)
(x 2 @ 50/60p 1:1)
1.44 Gbit/s,
1.485 Gbit/s
2.88 Gbit/s,
2.97 Gbit/s
(@ 50/60p)
Gross data rate
+300mV
-300mV
78
155
Picture Quality Analyzer DVQ
Detection of
-Blocking
-Freezing
-Picture loss
-Sound loss
156
MPEG-2 Audio Encoding
Audio Encoding
91
79
157
MPEG-2: Audio Compression
A
D
15 to 20 kHz BW
32/44.1/48 kHz
Audio sampling
frequency
16 bit
up to 768 kbit/s
A
D
15 to 20 kHz BW
32/44.1/48 kHz
Audio sampling
frequency
16 bit
up to 768 kbit/s
Right
Left
1.5 Mbit/s
100 to 400 kbit/s
Compression
92
158
Development of Audio Encoding
MPEG-1
Audio
ISO/IEC
11172-3
MPEG-2
Audio
ISO/IEC
13818-3
Dolby
Digital
Audio
AC-3
MPEG-2
AAC
ISO/IEC
13818-7
MPEG-4
AAC
ISO/IEC
14496-3
MASCAM
MUSICAM
ASPEC
1989 1988 1992 1994
1990
1997
-Multichannel
Extensions
-Lower
sampling
frequencies
Transform
Coding
using
512 MDCT
Subband
coding
1999
DCC=Digital Compact Cassette
AAC=Advanced Audio Coding
IRT=Institut fr Rundfunktechnik
MDCT=Modified Discrete Cosine Transform
MASCAM=Masking Pattern Adapted Subband Coding
and Multiplexing
MUSICAM=Masking Pattern Universal Subband Integrated
Coding and Multiplexing
ASPEC=Adaptive Perceptual Spectral Entropy Coding
PASC=Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding
Layer III
(MP3)
Layer
I,II
Fraunhofer
Gesellschaft
IRT
DCC PASC
Philips (=Layer I)
1024 MDCT
Fraunhofer,
Dolby,
Sony, AT&T
80
159
Audio Compression
Audio Compression
by using
Psycho Acoustic Model
of Human Ear
(Perceptual Coding) =
Irrelevancy Reduction
and
Redundancy Reduction
95
160
Human Ear
outer
ear
middle
ear
inner
ear
auditory
nerves
hammer
eustachian
tube
eardrum
semicircular
canals
cochlea
95
81
161
Technical Model of Human Ear (1)
eustachian tube
outer
ear
inner ear
auditory
nerves
eardrum
middle
ear
receptors
for high frequencies
receptors for
low frequencies
hammer
membrane
95
162
Technical Model of Human Ear (2)
Filter
Outer ear
= mechanical impedance transformer
Filter characteristics
of middle ear and
eardrum
(e.g. resonance at 3 kHz)
Frequency receptors
inside cochlea
high ........middle...............low frequencies
Auditory nerve
signals,
~100 mVpp,
repetition
rate up to
1 kHz depending
on audio amplitude
96
82
163
Audibility Threshold
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 f [kHz]
20
40
60
L [dB]
97
164
Frequency Masking
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 f [kHz]
20
40
60
L [dB]
Masking tone (1kHz)
Masking threshold
97
83
165
Frequency Masking
20
40
60
L [dB]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 f [kHz]
98
166
Temporal Masking
0 100 200 300 400 t [ms]
10
20
30
40
50
L[dB]
Masking
tone
Postmasking
Premasking
98
84
167
Quantization Noise
A
D
LP
N bit resolution
Quantization noise: S/N[dB] = 6 N
Sinusoidal signal using
full AD converter range
98
168
Audio Encoding
Spectrum
analysis
Psycho-
acoustic
model
Audio in
Compressed
audio
out
Filtering
process Subband
Quantizer
Data
coding
Frequency
subbands
Irrelevancy
reduction
Redundancy
reduction
Time: fine
Frequency: coarse
Time: coarse
Frequency: fine
99
85
169
Audio Subband Coding
BP
BP
BP
Q
Q
Q
Frequency
subbands
FFT
Psycho
acoustic
model
Audio in
Compressed
audio
out
Example:
MPEG layer I, II
Bandpass
filter
Quantizer
512 point FFT
@MPEG Layer I,
1024 points
@Layer II;
every 24ms
101
170
Digital Modulation Basics
Digital Modulation Basics
86
171
Vector Diagram of sin(x)
A
t
u(t)
u(t) = A sin(2t t/T + );
T
Im
Re
f=1/T
Euler Formula: Ae = re cos(2tft) + j im sin(2tft);
(2tft+)
A = vector length
150
172
Mixer (1)
us(t)
umix(t)
umix(t)
carrier uif(t)
us(t)
fs
f
if
f
if
fs
2f
if
low pass filter
carrier uif(t)
152
87
173
Mixer (2)
LO
RF
IF
152
174
Amplitude Modulation
AM
Mod.
153
88
175
AM with Carrier Suppression (Mixer)
153
176
IQ Modulator
+
90
Mapper
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
iqmod(t)
lo(t)
I
Q
156
89
177
IQ Modulator / I Path only used
+
90
Mapper
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
iqmod(t)
lo(t)
I
Q
I
Q
+/-1
0 0
157
178
NRZ Code
1 1
0
1 1
0 0 0 0
Non-Return-to-Zero Code
Example: 1 MBit/s
90
179
NRZ Code
1 1
0
1 1
0 0 0 0
Non-Return-to-Zero Code
Example: 1 MBit/s
Rolloff-Filtering: BW V 1/2us = 500 kHz
2us
180
NRZ Code
1 1
0
1 1
0 0 0 0
Example: 1 MBit/s
Rolloff-Filtering:
BW V 1/2us = 500 kHz
2us
LO
600 MHz
600
MHz
Bandwidth ?
91
181
NRZ Code
1 1
0
1 1
0 0 0 0
Example: 1 MBit/s
2us
LO
600 MHz
600
MHz
Bandwidth
V1 MHz
Symbol Rate = 1/Symbol Duration = 1 MSymbols/s;
1 MSymbols/s Bandwidth: X 1 MHz
182
IQ Modulator / Q Path only used
+
90
Mapper
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
iqmod(t)
lo(t)
I
Q
I
Q
+/-1
0
0
157
92
183
IQ Modulator / I and Q used
+
90
Mapper
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
iqmod(t)
lo(t)
I
Q
I
Q
+/-1
QPSK
+/-1
159
184
IQ Modulaton / Example for QPSK
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
Constellation
time
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1
-1 -1 +1
+1 +1
+1 +1
-1
Symbol
Time
Symbol Rate = 1 / Symbol Time
needed Bandwidth = Symbol Rate
+
90
Mapper
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
iqmod(t)
lo(t)
I
Q +/-1
+/-1
Bit 1 Bit 0 I Q
0 0 +1 +1
0 1 -1 +1
1 0 -1 -1
1 1 +1 -1
Mapping Table
I
Q
QPSK
00 01
10 11
+1
+1
f f
LO
Spectrum
BW
159
93
185
IQ Signal in Time Domain
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
Constellation
time
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1
-1 -1 +1
+1 +1
+1 +1
-1
Symbol
Time
iqmod(t)
161
186
IQ Modulator
+
90
Mapper
data(t)
i(t)
q(t)
iqmod(t)
lo(t)
I
Q +/-1
0
0
I
Q
A
t
u(t)
QPSK
I
Q
16QAM
160
94
187
Constellation Diagram
QPSK = 4QAM
2 Bit / Symbol
16QAM
4 Bit / Symbol
64QAM
6 Bit / Symbol
160
188
Shannons Law
); 1 ( log
2
N
S
B C + =
Channel Capacity
); log( 10 ] [
;
3
1
N
S
dB SNR
SNR B C
=
~
C[bit/s/Hz]
SNR[dB]
Claude Elwood Shannon, USA 1948
The Bell System Technical Journal
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
S/N>>1:
C[bit/s]=Channel Capacity
B[Hz]=Channel Bandwidth
S/N=Signal to Noise Ratio
95
189
Channel Capacity
Channel
bandwidth
[Hz]
T
r
a
n
s
-
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
t
i
m
e
[
s
]
S/N [dB]
Data
volume
Nachrichtenquader [Prof. Kpfmller]
Information cubicoid
]; [ ] [ ] [
3
1
] [ _ dB SNR s t Hz B bit volume Data ~
190
DVB-T
Digital Terrestrial Video
Broadcasting
DVB-T
96
191
DVB-T
Playout
DVB-T
mod.
MPEG-2
transport
stream
RF
COFDM
RF
192
Standards
ETS 300 744; Digital Video Broadcasting;
Framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for digital Terrestrial television
(DVB-T)
TR 101 190; Digital Video
Broadcasting; Implementation
guidelines for DVB terrestrial
services; Transmission aspects
TR 101 290; Digital Video Broadcasting;
Measurement guidelines for DVB systems
www.etsi.org www.dvb.org
259
97
193
DVB-T
Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial
DVB-T
Standard ETS 300 744 (1995)
Modulation:
OFDM -
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
- multicarrier transmisson method
- 2K/8K mode, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
- 2048 / 8192 subcarriers
259, 260
194
DVB-T
Playout
DVB-T
mod.
MPEG-2
transport
stream
RF
COFDM
RF
257
98
195
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
Playout
DVB-T
mod.
MPEG-2
Transport
Stream
RF
COFDM
RF
17
196
ISO/IEC 13818-1
MPEG-2
TS packet
17
99
197
4 Byte
TS Header
188 Bytes
184 Byte
Payload
17
198
COFDM
Playout
DVB-T
mod.
MPEG-2
transport
stream
RF
COFDM
RF
Coded Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex
257
100
199
DVB-T Modulator & Transmitter (1)
FEC LP
Symbol
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adapt.
IFFT
Guard
Interv.
Insert.
Pre-
Corr.
FIR
Filter
FEC HP
(Option)
D
e
m
u
x Bit
Inter-
leaver
Band-
Pass
Filter
IF
RF
M
a
p
p
e
r
Power
Ampl.
TS1
TS2
Pilots, TPS
C(oded) O(rthogonal) F(requency) D(ivision) M(ultiplex)
(2, 4, 6)
257
200
Base-
band
Interf.
Sync
Invers.
Energy
Disp.
Reed-
Solom.
Enc.
Conv.
Inter-
leaver
Conv.
Coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. Sync.
TS In
same as DVB-C
same as DVB-S
Code Rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
Outer
Coder
FEC2/
Inner
Coder
Data Rate In
= Date Rate Out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
x 2 x (1.5-Code Rate)
Coded
Data
Out
258
101
201
COFDM Modulation
FEC LP
Symbol
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adapt.
IFFT
Guard
Interv.
Insert.
Pre-
Corr.
FIR
Filter
FEC HP
(Option)
D
e
m
u
x Bit
Inter-
leaver
Band-
Pass
Filter
IF
RF
M
a
p
p
e
r
Power
Ampl.
TS1
TS2
Pilots, TPS
(2, 4, 6)
257, 235
202
Terrestrial Broadcast Channel
237, 238
102
203
Multipath Reception
Multipath Reception:
- Fading
- Intersymbol Interference
Multicarrier transmission
Long symbols + guard interval
COFDM
237, 238
204
Fading
A(f)
f
237, 238
103
205
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
Symbol
n+5
Symbol
n+2
Symbol
n+3
Symbol
n+4
Symbol
n
Symbol
n+1
Symbol
n+5
Symbol
n+2
Symbol
n+3
Symbol
n+4
Symbol
n
Symbol
n+1
Zt
Zt = Echo delay time
Intersymbol interference
+
=
Path1
Path2
Path1+2
237, 238
206
COFDM
COFDM
Coded Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplex
FEC
Distribution of
data stream over
a lot of subcarriers
No cross
talk between
subcarriers;
no intercarrier
interference (ICI)
239
104
207
COFDM
X
X
M
a
p
p
e
r
+
X
X
M
a
p
p
e
r
+
.
.
.
.
.
OFDM
symbol
@
Data
with
FEC
overhead
244
208
Multicarrier & Fading
A(f)
f
244
105
209
Recktangular Puls
Qt
Qf
t
f
A(f)
sin(x)/x
Fourier
transform
240
210
OFDM Subcarriers
f
Channel bandwidth
Qf
241
106
211
OFDM Symbol
OFDM
symbol
duration Qt
242
212
Orthongonality
Qf
Orthogonality condition: Qf = 1/Qt
243
107
213
Real OFDM Spectrum
253
214
Real OFDM Modulator
245
+ ofdm(t)
Re(f)
Im(f)
IFFT
90
im(t)
re(t)
I
Q
108
215
Fourier Transform, Discrete FT
; ) ( ) (
; ) ( ) (
2
2
df e f H t h
dt e t h f H
t f j
t f j
}
}
+

+

=
=
t
t
;
1
); 2 sin( ) 2 cos(
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
/ 2
=
=
+ = =
N
n
N
n
k j
n k
N
k
k
N
k
k
N
k
N n k j
k n
e H
N
h
N
n
k h j
N
n
k h e h H
t
t
t t
Fourier Transform
245, 47, 48
216
Fourier Transform
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
time
u(t)
f
Re(f)
f
Im(f)
FT
IFT
48
109
217
Discrete Fourier Transform
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
time
u(t)
f
Re(f)
f
Im(f)
N points
ts
T
N points
fs = 1/ts
N points
Qf=fs/N
DFT
51
218
cos(0)
sin(x)
cos(x)
sin(2x)
cos(2x)
;
1
); 2 sin( ) 2 cos(
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
/ 2
=
=
+ = =
N
n
N
n
k j
n k
N
k
k
N
k
k
N
k
N n k j
k n
e H
N
h
N
n
k h j
N
n
k h e h H
t
t
t t
51
110
219
Practical Realization of FFT/DFT
FFT/DFT
IFFT/IDFT
Time domain
Frequency domain
time
u(t)
N points
ts
T
0
f
Re(f)
f
Im(f)
N points
fs = 1/ts
N points
Qf=fs/N
re(t)
im(t)
Re(f)
Im(f)
54
FFT = Fast Fourier Transform
(fast algorithm, N=2
x
points)
220
IFFT and I/Q Mixer
245
+ ofdm(t)
Re(f)
Im(f)
IFFT
90
im(t)
re(t)
I
Q
111
221
OFDM(1)
Re(f)
Im(f)
re(t)
im(t)
ofdm(t)
Frequency
domain
Time
domain
245
222
OFDM(2)
Re(f)
Im(f)
re(t)
im(t)
ofdm(t)
Frequency
domain
Time
domain
246
112
223
OFDM(3)
Re(f)
Im(f)
re(t)
im(t)
ofdm(t)
Frequency
domain
Time
domain
246
224
OFDM(4)
Re(f)
Im(f)
re(t)
im(t)
ofdm(t)
Frequency
domain
Time
domain
248
113
225
OFDM(5)
Re(f)
Im(f)
re(t)
im(t)
ofdm(t)
Frequency
domain
Time
domain
249
226
OFDM Symbols with Guard Interval (1)
Symbol n Symbol n+1
Guard interval
249
114
227
OFDM Symbols with Guard Interval (2)
Symbol n+1 Symbol n
Guard interval
251
228
Reception of Main and Echo Path
tdelay
S1 S2
G
1
G
2
Intersymbol
interference
FFT
window
FFT
window
FFT
window
FFT
window
FFT
window
Symbol Guard interval
Path1
Path2
Sum
Auto correlation function
251
115
229
Processing of Guard Interval
IFFT
MEM1
MEM2
Pointer
250
230
COFDM
Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplex
C = Forward Error Correction
FDM = information distributed over thousands
of subcarriers (solving fading problems)
Orthogonal = no cross talk between carriers
long symbols (250 .... 1000 us) to avoid
intersymbol interference
255
116
231
COFDM
OFDM symbol
G
u
a
r
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
Data + FEC
DVB-T:
3024 ... 36288 Bit/Symbol
DVB-T: 250 us ... 1 ms symbols
255
232
DVB-T Standard
Implementation of COFDM in
Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting
DVB-T
DVB-T details
259
117
233
FEC LP
Symbol
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adapt.
IFFT
Guard
Interv.
Insert.
Pre-
Corr.
FIR
Filter
FEC HP
(Option)
D
e
m
u
x Bit
Inter-
leaver
Band-
Pass
Filter
IF
RF
M
a
p
p
e
r
Power
Ampl.
TS1
TS2
Pilots, TPS
(2, 4, 6)
257
234
Base-
band
Interf.
Sync
Invers.
Energy
Disp.
Reed-
Solom.
Enc.
Conv.
Inter-
leaver
Conv.
Coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. Sync.
TS In
same as DVB-C
same as DVB-S
Code Rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
Outer
Coder
FEC2/
Inner
Coder
Data Rate In
= Date Rate Out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
x 2 x (1.5-Code Rate)
Coded
Data
Out
258
118
235
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
266
236
Special Carrier in DVB-T
Continual or
scattered
pilot
Continual or
scattered
pilot
TPS
carrier
TPS
carrier
264
119
237
Special Carrier in DVB-T
Continual pilots
- fixed position in spectrum
- fixed postion in constellation diagram
- used for automatic frequency control (AFC)
Scattered pilots
- var. position in spectrum
- fixed position in constellation diagram
- sweeping over spectrum
- used for channel estimation & correction
TPS carrier
- fixed position in spectrum
- BPSK modulation
- transmission parameter signalling (TPS)
- fast information channel from Tx to Rx
261
238
Continual Pilots
2K mode 8K mode
0 48 54 87 141 156 192 201 255 279 282 333
432 450 483 525 531 618 636 714 759 765 780
804 873 888 918 939 942 969 984 1050 1101
1107 1110 1137 1140 1146 1206 1269 1323
1377 1491 1683 1704
0 48 54 87 141 156 192 201 255 279 282 333
432 450 483 525 531 618 636 714 759 765 780
804 873 888 918 939 942 969 984 1050 1101
1107 1110 1137 1140 1146 1206 1269 1323
1377 1491 1683 1704 1752 1758 1791 1845
1860 1896 1905 1959 1983 1986 2037 2136
2154 2187 2229 2235 2322 2340 2418 2463
2469 2484 2508 2577 2592 2622 2643 2646
2673 2688 2754 2805 2811 2814 2841 2844
2850 2910 2973 3027 3081 3195 3387 3408
3456 3462 3495 3549 3564 3600 3609 3663
3687 3690 3741 3840 3858 3891 3933 3939
4026 4044 4122 4167 4173 4188 4212 4281
4296 4326 4347 4350 4377 4392 4458 4509
4515 4518 4545 4548 4554 4614 4677 4731
4785 4899 5091 5112 5160 5166 5199 5253
5268 5304 5313 5367 5391 5394 5445 5544
5562 5595 5637 5643 5730 5748 5826 5871
5877 5892 5916 5985 6000 6030 6051 6054
6081 6096 6162 6213 6219 6222 6249 6252
6258 6318 6381 6435 6489 6603 6795 6816
265
120
239
Scattered Pilots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
= Scattered Pilot = Payload Carrier
262
240
TPS Carrier
2k mode 8K mode
34 50 209 346 413 569 595 688 790
901 1073 1219 1262 1286 1469
1594 1687
34 50 209 346 413 569 595 688 790 901 1073 1219 1262
1286 1469 1594 1687 1738 1754 1913 2050 2117 2273 2299
2392 2494 2605 2777 2923 2966 2990 3173 3298 3391 3442
3458 3617 3754 3821 3977 4003 4096 4198 4309 4481 4627
4670 4694 4877 5002 5095 5146 5162 5321 5458 5525 5681
5707 5800 5902 6013 6185 6331 6374 6398 6581 6706 6799
TPS = Transmission Parameter Signalling
265
121
241
TPS Carrier
I
Q
DBPSK modulation
TPS = Transmission Parameter Signalling
262
242
TPS Carrier: 68 Bit over 68 Symbols
Bit number Format Purpose/Content
s
0
Initialization
s
1
- s
16
0011010111101110 or
1100101000010001
Synchronization word
s
17
- s
22
010 111 Length indicator
s
23
, s
24
Frame number
s
25
, s
26
Constellation
00=QPSK/01=16QAM/10=64QAM
s
27
, s
28
, s
29
Hierarchy information
000=Non hierarchical,
001=o=1, 010=o=2, 011=o=4
s
30
, s
31
, s
32
Code rate, HP stream
000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,
011=5/6, 100=7/8
s
33
, s
34
, s
35
Code rate, LP stream
000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,
011=5/6, 100=7/8
s
36
, s
37
Guard interval
00=1/32, 01=1/16, 10=1/8, 11=1/4
s
38
, s
39
Transmission mode
00=2K, 01=8K
s
40
- s
53
all set to "0" Reserved for future use
s
54
- s
67
BCH code Error protection
263
122
243
DVB-T Carrier
2K Mode 8K Mode
2048 8192 carrier
1705 6817 used carrier
142/131 568/524 scattered pilots
45 177 continual pilots
17 68 TPS carrier
1512 6048 payload carrier
1705 / 12 = 142 scattered pilots at 2K
6817 / 12 = 568 scattered pilots at 8K
266
244
Frame & Super-Frame
TPS carrier: 67 Bit over 68 symbols
68 symbols = 1 frame
4 frames = 1 super-frame
1 super-frame contains a integer
number of Reed-Solomon packets
297
123
245
Hierarchical Modulation
FEC LP
Symbol
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adapt.
IFFT
Guard
Interv.
Insert.
Pre-
Corr.
FIR
Filter
FEC HP
(Option)
D
e
m
u
x Bit
Inter-
leaver
Band-
Pass
Filter
IF
RF
M
a
p
p
e
r
Power
Ampl.
TS1
TS2
Pilots, TPS
(2, 4, 6)
267
246
Embedded QPSK in a 64 QAM
267
124
247
64QAM, o=1 64QAM, o=2 64QAM, o=4
16QAM, o=1
16QAM, o=2 16QAM, o=4
268
248
DVB-T Spectrum
Center carrier
3408 [852]
Channel
bandwidth
8/7/6 MHz
IFFT
bandwidth
Signal
bandwidth
IFFT bandwidth
9.1429 MHz (64/7) @ 8
MHz
8.0000 MHz @ 7 MHz
6.8571 MHz (48/7) @ 6 MHz
Signal bandwidth
7.61 MHz @ 8 MHz
6.66 MHz @ 7 MHz
5.71 MHz @ 6 MHz
Carrier spacing
1.11 [4.46] kHz @ 8 MHz
0.98 [3.91] kHz @ 7 MHz
0.84 [3.35] kHz @ 6 MHz
Carrier # 0 Carrier # 6816
[1704]
272
125
249
DVB-T Datarates (8 MHz)
Modulation Code rate Guard 1/4 Guard 1/8 Guard 1/16 Guard 1/32
Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s
QPSK 1/2 4.98 5.53 5.85 6.03
2/3 6.64 7.37 7.81 8.04
3/4 7.46 8.29 8.78 9.05
5/6 8.29 9.22 9.76 10.05
7/8 8.71 9.68 10.25 10.56
16-QAM 1/2 9.95 11.06 11.71 12.06
2/3 13.27 14.75 15.61 16.09
3/4 14.93 16.59 17.56 18.10
5/6 16.59 18.43 19.52 20.11
7/8 17.42 19.35 20.49 21.11
64-QAM 1/2 14.93 16.59 17.56 18.10
2/3 19.91 22.12 23.42 24.13
3/4 22.39 24.88 26.35 27.14
5/6 24.88 27.65 29.27 30.16
7/8 26.13 29.03 30.74 31.67
273 - 276
250
DVB-T FEC
Forward Error Correction Block
(FEC)
Same as DVB-S FEC
258
126
251
DVB-T Modulator (1)
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
x 2 x (1.5-Code rate)
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
278 - 280
252
Baseband Interface
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
176
127
253
Baseband Interface
184 byte
payload
4 byte
header
188 bytes
MPEG-2 transport stream packet
176
254
Sync Inversion & Energy Dispersal
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
176
128
255
0 1 2 3 4 7 0 1 2
Sync
byte
MPEG-2
TS
packet
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
4
7
0
x
B
8
0
x
B
8
177
256
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
=1
=1
&
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
enable/disable
randomizing
MPEG-2 data in
randomized
data out /
transparent
sync out
178
129
257
Reed-Solomon Encoder
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
179
258
184 byte
payload
4 byte
header
188 bytes
MPEG-2 transport stream packet
179
130
259
184 byte
payload
4 byte
header
16 byte
RS FEC
188 byte
204 byte
179
260
MPEG-2
TS
RS
RS
MPEG-2
TS
DVB
mod.
DVB
demod.
Transmission
link
179
131
261
184 byte
payload
4 byte
header
188 byte
1 bit transport error indicator
Sync byte 47hex
179
262
Convolutional Interleaver
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
180
132
263
Burst error
Single
error
Burst Errors are a problem for Block Codes like Reed Solomon
More than 8 errors in one packet:
Bit errors after RS !
180
264
1 2 3 4 5 6
180
133
265
1 2 3 4 5 6
180
266
180
134
267
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
De-interleaving
Burst error
Single
error
180
268
M
2M
3M
(I-1)M
(I-2)M
M
2M
3M
(I-1)M
(I-2)M
8 bit
8 bit 8 bit
I
paths
n
= shifting register for 8 Bit n steps
Interleaver Deinterleaver
1 step
per byte
I=12; M=204/I=204/12=17
Max. delay = M(I-1)I=
2244 Byte=11 TS packets
Sync path
Sync path
180
135
269
Convolutional Coder
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
180
270
Convolutional Coder
+ + + +
+ + + +
r
Bit
r
Bit
r
Bit
Shift register
Exor
\ \ \ \ \ \
180
136
271
Sample Encoder
+
+ +
in[ ]
out1[ ]
out2[ ]
o[ ]
n[ ]
o[ ]
n[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
181
272
Sample Encoder (1)
++
++ ++
in[0]
out1[0]
out2[0]
o[0]
n[0]
o[0]
n[0]
[0]
[0]
[0]
[0] [0]
[0]
++
++ ++
in[1]
out1[1]
out2[1]
o[0]
n[1]
o[0]
n[0]
[0]
[0]
[1]
[1] [1]
[0]
++
++ ++
in[0]
out1[1]
out2[0]
o[1]
n[0]
o[0]
n[1]
[0]
[0]
[0]
[0] [1]
[1]
++
++ ++
in[1]
out1[0]
out2[1]
o[1]
n[1]
o[0]
n[1]
[0]
[0]
[1]
[1] [0]
[1]
182, 183
137
273
Sample Encoder (2)
++
++ ++
in[0]
out1[1]
out2[1]
o[0]
n[0]
o[1]
n[0]
[1]
[1]
[0]
[0] [0]
[0]
++
++ ++
in[1]
out1[0]
out2[0]
o[0]
n[1]
o[1]
n[0]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1] [1]
[0]
++
++ ++
in[0]
out1[0]
out2[1]
o[1]
n[0]
o[1]
n[1]
[1]
[1]
[0]
[0] [1]
[1]
++
++ ++
in[1]
out1[1]
out2[0]
o[1]
n[1]
o[1]
n[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1] [0]
[1]
182, 183
274
State Diagram
00
11
01 10
0/00
0/11
1/11
1/00
0/10
1/01 0/01
1/10
x/yy
x = input data
y = output data
(out1, out2)
LSB,
MSB
internal
state of
shift register
182, 183
138
275
Trellis Diagram
00
01
10
11
time
0/00 0/00 0/00
1/11 1/11
1/01
0/10
0/11
1/00
state of
shift reg.
t0 t1 t2 t3
184
276
Puncturing
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
185
139
277
Convolutional Coder with Puncturing
++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++
r
Bit
r
Bit
r
Bit
Shift register
Exor
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
out1
out2
r
out
>r
Bit
Convolutional coder
t t t t t t
code rate =1/2, ... 7/8
185
278
Puncturing
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
X2
Y2
X2
Y2
X2
Y2
X3
Y3
X2
Y2
X3
Y3
X4
Y4
X5
Y5
X6
Y6
X7
Y7
X4
Y4
X5
Y5
X3
Y3
X3
Y3
X4
Y4
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
X1
Y1
Y2
X3
Y2
X3
Y2
X3
Y4
Y5
Y2
Y3
Y4
X5
Y6
X7
Y3
Y4
185
140
279
DVB-T Modulator (1)
Base-
band
interf.
Sync
invers.
Energy
disp.
Reed-
Solom.
enc.
Conv.
inter-
leaver
Conv.
coder
P
u
n
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
Synchronization
Inv. sync.
TS in
same as DVB-C
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
FEC1/
outer
coder
FEC2/
inner
coder
Data rate in
= Date rate out
[2.17...(1.63)...1.36]
x 204/188
Coded
data
out
I
Q
same as DVB-S
278 - 280
280
DVB-T Modulator (2)
FEC LP
Symbol
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adapt.
IFFT
Guard
Interv.
Insert.
Pre-
Corr.
FIR
Filter
FEC HP
(Option)
D
e
m
u
x Bit
Inter-
leaver
Band-
Pass
Filter
IF
RF
M
a
p
p
e
r
Power
Ampl.
TS1
TS2
Pilots, TPS
(2, 4, 6)
278 - 280
141
281
DVB-T Modulator (2)
FEC LP
Symbol
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adapt.
IFFT
Guard
Interv.
Insert.
Pre-
Corr.
FIR
Filter
FEC HP
(Option)
D
e
m
u
x Bit
Inter-
leaver
Band-
Pass
Filter
IF
RF
M
a
p
p
e
r
Power
Ampl.
TS1
TS2
Pilots, TPS
(2, 4, 6)
278 - 280
282
DVB-T Modulator: Technical Concept 1
IFFT
Mem1
Mem2
IQ
mod.
D
A
IF
RF
RF
278 - 280
142
283
DVB-T Modulator: Technical Concept 2
IFFT
Mem1
Mem2
IQ
mod.
D
A
D
A
RF
Direct modulation to RF
278 - 280
284
DVB-T Test Transmitter
SFQ
SFL
SFU
143
285
DVB-T Transmitter
NV8200 (UHF) - NW8200 (VHF)
Medium Power, Air Cooled
200W 2000W
NV7000 (UHF) - NW7000 (VHF)
High Power, Liquid Cooled
850W 3.4kW 10kW
286
DVB Transmitter
SV7002
Low Power
12,5 - 25 - 55 - 120 - 210 - 310 - 420W
144
287
Power Amplifier 440 Wpeak / 55 Wavg
288
Power Amplifier
440 W RMS / 2 kW Peak
145
289
Combiner for 6 Amplifiers
290
DVB-T Receiver
IF
RF
SAW
filter
(BP)
LO
Low
pass
filter
D
A
FFT
D
e
-
m
a
p
p
e
r
FIR
Delay
90
NCO
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
r
r
.
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
d
e
c
o
d
e
r
Time
sync.
Chan.
estim.
Frequ.
corr.
TPS
dec.
TS
Clock
fs = 4* 32/7 MHz
(if2 = fs/4)
FFT Window
Scatt.
pilots
Cont.
pilots
TPS
carr.
Analog frontend
281-284
146
291
DVB-T Receiver: Channel Decoder
Sync.
inv.
rem.
Viterbi
dec.
Energy
disp.
rem.
Reed-
Solom.
dec.
Conv.
de-
inter-
leaver
FEC
data in
from
demapper
Code rate
1/2...(3/4)...7/8
TS
out
Base-
band
interf.
from TPS carrier decoding
Symb./
bit de-
inter-
leaver
284
292
DVB-T Receiver
SAW
Tuner
DVB-T
demod.
LP
MPEG-2
decoder
A/D
Mikro-
prozessor
I2C bus
Video
Audio
MPEG-2
TS
Keyboard /
remote
control
285
147
293
DVB DVB-H
DVB DVB-H
294
Digital Video Broadcasting: DVB
Playout
DVB
mod.
MPEG-2
Transport
Stream
RF
COFDM @ DVB-T (Terrestrial)
64QAM/256QAM @ DVB-C (Cable)
QPSK @ DVB-S (Satellite)
RF
148
295
DVB Data Rates
DVB-S: QPSK;
net_data_rate= symbol_rate * 2 * 188/204 * code_rate
Example: symbol_rate = 27.5 MS/s;
code_rate = ; net_data_rate = 38.01 MBit/s;
DVB-C: 64/256QAM;
net_data_rate = symbol_rate * 6 (8) * 188/204
Example: symbol_rate = 6.9 MS/s; 64QAM;
net_data_rate = 38.15 MBit/s;
DVB-T: COFDM; net_data_rate= ~ 4 32 MBit/s;
Example: portable: ~15 MBit/s;
roof antenna: ~ 22 MBit/s;
296
DVB-T
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
149
297
DVB-H
UMTS/
GSM/
GPRS
Application
D
V
B
-
(
T
)
H
F
r
o
n
t
e
n
d
M
P
E
D
e
m
u
x
End User
Terminal
UMTS/
GSM/
GPRS
Up&Down Stream
Interactivity Channel
M
P
E
G
-
2
M
U
X
IP/MPEG-2
Encapsulator
Down Stream
(~15 MBit/s, COFDM, 16QAM,
8K, 4K, 2K carriers, 8/7/6/5 MHz channels,
47860 MHz, 1.5 GHz)
D
V
B
-
(
T
)
H
M
o
d
.
/
T
x
Video/Audio
Services
Gateway
Delivery
System
298
Nokia 7700, Presented in Nov. 2003
150
299
Nokia 7700 (Prototype)
DVB-(T)H
Receiver
300
What is DVB-H?
DVB-H =
DVB for hand-held mobile terminals
DVB-T: OFDM in 2K and 8K mode
New: 4K mode with time interleaving
New: reserved TPS bits now used
New: Time slicing / IP encapsulaton
in MPEG-2 transport stream
New: Reed-Solomon FEC on IP
New: new INT table (IP MAC Notification Table)
Better RF performance in mobile environment
Lower power consumption for mobile terminals
151
301
DVB-H
2K Mode
Kf~4kHz,
t
s
~250us
2048 carriers
1705 used carrier
Continual pilots
Scattered pilots
TPS carrier
1512 data carrier
In-depth inter-
leaving on/off
8K Mode
Kf~1kHz,
t
s
~1000us
8192 carriers
6817 used carrier
Continual pilots
Scattered pilots
TPS carrier
6048 data carrier
TPS = 67(68) Transmission Parameter Signaling Bits
Fast Information Channel from Tx to Rx
2 reserved TPS Bits now in use
4K Mode
Kf~2kHz,
t
s
~500us
4096 carriers
3409 used carrier
Continual pilots
Scattered pilots
TPS carrier
3024 data carrier
In-depth inter-
leaving on/off
302
TPS Carrier: 67 Bit over 68 Symbols
Bit number Format Purpose/Content
s
0
Initialization
s
1
- s
16
0011010111101110 or
1100101000010001
Synchronization word
s
17
- s
22
010 111 Length indicator
s
23
, s
24
Frame number
s
25
, s
26
Constellation
00=QPSK/01=16QAM/10=64QAM
s
27
, s
28
, s
29
Hierarchy information
000=Non hierarchical,
001=o=1, 010=o=2, 011=o=4
s
30
, s
31
, s
32
Code rate, HP stream
000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,
011=5/6, 100=7/8
s
33
, s
34
, s
35
Code rate, LP stream
000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4,
011=5/6, 100=7/8
s
36
, s
37
Guard interval
00=1/32, 01=1/16, 10=1/8, 11=1/4
s
38
, s
39
Transmission mode
00=2K, 01=8K
s
40
- s
53
all set to "0" Reserved for future use
s
54
- s
67
BCH code Error protection
152
303
67 TPS Bits
I SYNC
LENGTH
DATA RES. ERR. PROT.
67 TPS bits
Length
Cell ID DVB-H
Initializing
304
Time Slicing IP Encapsulation
TS continuing
MPE Sections (DSM-CC type 0x3E,
max 4096 Byte per section)
Burst n Burst n + 1
Delta t
Section header contains section length and
delta t to begin of next burst (4 Byte of MAC address)
153
305
Multiprotocol Encapsulation
Data stream
H
UDP packet
H
IP packet
H
DSM-CC section
MPEG-2 TS
DST port
DST IP
SRC IP
DST MAC
CRC checksum
306
Power Consumption
typical figures
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
2003 2004 2005 2006
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
Normal DVB-T
Demodulator
Target ( < 0,1 W)
for mobile
applications
154
307
ETSI EN 301 192 Datagram Sections
table_id =0x3E 8 Bit
section_syntax_indicator 1
private_indicator=1 1
reserved =11 2
section_length 12
datagram_section_body()
CRC 32 Bit
ISO/IEC 13818-6 & ETSI EN 301 192
308
DVB-H MPE Section
datagram_section_body()
{
MAC_address_6 8 Bit
MAC_address_5 8
reserved 2
payload_scrambling_control 2
address_scrambling_control 2
LLC_SNAP_FLAG 1
current_next_indicator 1
section_number 8
last_section_number 8
MAC_address_4 8
MAC_address_3 8
MAC_address_2 8
MAC_address_1 8 Bit
IP_data()
}
LSB
MSB
6
B
y
t
e
M
A
C
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
MAC =
Media Access Control
R
e
a
l
t
i
m
e
p
a
r
a
-
m
e
t
e
r
s
changed
and replaced
@DVB-H
155
309
Datagram Section
datagram_body()
{
MAC_address_6 8 Bit
MAC_address_5 8
reserved 2
LLC_SNAP_FLAG 1
section_number 8
real_time parameters() 42 Bit
IP_data()
}
MAC =
310
Real Time Parameters
real_time_parameters()
{
delta_t 12 Bit
table_boundary 1
frame_boundary 1
address 18
}
delta_t = time to begin of next time slice in 10 ms steps
table_boundary: 1 indicates last section within a time slice frame
frame_boundary: 1 indicates end of time slice frame
address = current address of 1st byte in payload part within MPE or
MPE-FEC data block; set to 0x3FFFF (all bits set) if no MPE-FEC used
156
311
MPE Datagrams with FEC
IP Datagrams
Reed-
Solomon
FEC
MPE DSM-CC
Sections
(table ID = 0x3E)
MPE-FEC
DSM-CC
Sections
(table ID = 0x78)
191 columns 64 columns
n
rows
312
ETSI EN 301 192 MPE-FEC Section
table_id =0x78 8 Bit
section_syntax_indicator 1
private_indicator=1 1
reserved =11 2
section_length 12
MPE_FEC_section_body()
CRC 32 Bit
table_id = 0x78 => MPE-FEC
157
313
MPE-FEC Section
{
MAC_address_6 8 Bit
MAC_address_5 8
reserved 2
LLC_SNAP_FLAG 1
section_number 8
MAC_address_4 8
MAC_address_3 8
MAC_address_2 8
MAC_address_1 8 Bit
datagram_body1()
}
LSB
MSB
6
B
y
t
e
M
A
C
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
MAC =
R
e
a
l
t
i
m
e
p
a
r
a
-
m
e
t
e
r
s
changed
and replaced
@MPE-FEC/DVB-H
changed
and replaced
@DVB-H
314
MPE-FEC Section
{
padding_columns 8 Bit
reserved_for_future_use 8
reserved 2
reserved_for_future_use 5
section_number 8
real_time parameters() 42 Bit
RS_data()
}
MAC =
RS =
Reed-Solomon forward error correction Bytes
158
315
Real Time Parameters
real_time_parameters()
{
delta_t 12 Bit
table_boundary 1
frame_boundary 1
address 18
}
delta_t = time to begin of next time slice in 10 ms steps
table_boundary: 1 indicates last section of table within a time slice frame
frame_boundary: 1 indicates end of time slice frame
address = current address of 1st byte in payload part within MPE or
MPE-FEC data block; set to 0x3FFFF (all bits set) if no MPE-FEC used
316
New SI Table: INT
0x3A 0x3E via PMT DSM-CC
0x4C via PMT INT
0x4B via PMT UNT
0x74 via PMT AIT
0x72 0x00100x0014 ST
0x73 0x0014 TOT
0x70 0x0014 TDT
0x71 0x0013 RST
0x4E0x6F 0x0012 EIT
0x42, 0x46 0x0011 SDT
0x4A 0x0011 BAT
0x400x41 0x0010 NIT
0x01 0x0001 CAT
0x02 0x00200x1FEE PMT
0x00 0x0000 PAT
Table ID PID Table
D
a
t
a
B
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
M
P
E
G
P
S
I
D
V
B
S
e
r
i
v
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
159
317
IP/MAC Notification Table
318
T-DMB (South Korea)
T-DMB (South Korea)
Terrestrial
Digital
Multimedia
Broadcasting
160
319
DAB
Playout
DAB
mod.
ETI
RF
COFDM
RF
(E1,
physical data rate
= 2.048 MBit/s,
G.703/G.704)
Gross data rate =
2.4 MBit/s
Net data rate =
1.2 1.73 MBit/s
ETI = Ensemble Transport Interface
320
A Comparison to T-DMB (Korea)
T-DMB
Terrestrial Digital Multimedia
Broadcasting
Physical layer = DAB in data stream mode
Logical layer = MPEG-2 transport stream
Video = MPEG-4 part 10 AVC = H.264
Audio = MPEG-4 part 3 AAC
161
321
DAB
FEC 1
FEC 2
FEC n
SC1
SC2
SCn

ETI
DAB Modulator
O
F
D
M
SC =
subchannel
(up to 64)
RF
322
DAB: Forward Error Correction
Scrambling
Convolutional
coding
Time
interleaving
Scrambling
Convolutional
coding
Time
interleaving
Scrambling
Convolutional
coding
Time
interleaving
O
F
D
M
SC1
SC2
SCn

SC = subchannel (up to 64)
162
323
DAB: X/4-shift-DQPSK
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
Symbol
i, i+2,i+4,
Symbol
i+1 i+3,i+5,
d/4-shift
D4PSK
324
DAB Transmission Modes
123
31
62
246
Guard
interv.
[us]
48 ms
76 Symbols
500 Small
SFN
768 2 L-Band
(<1.5GHz)
IV
24 ms
152 Symbols
125 Satellite 192 8 L-Band
(<3 GHz)
III
24 ms
76 Symbols
250 Single
Tx
384 4 L-Band
(<1.5GHz)
II
96 ms
76 Symbols
1000 SFN 1536 1 Band III
VHF
I
Frame
durat.
Symbol
durat.
[us]
Used
for
No. of
OFDM
carriers
Carrier
spacing
[kHz]
Frequ.
Range
Mode
DAB OFDM bandwidth: 1.536 MHz
163
325
DAB Data Structure
DAB Data Signal
Fast Information
Channel FIC
Multiplex
Configuration
Information
MCI
Fast Information
Data Channel
Main Service
Channel MSC
up to 64
sub channels
Audio Data
stream
mode
stream
mode
packet
mode
1.2 ... 1.7 Mbit/s
net data rate
2.4 Mbit/s gross data rate (with FEC)
96 kBit/s
326
DAB Stream Mode & Packet Mode
up to 64
sub channels
Audio Data
stream
mode
stream
mode
packet
mode
unequal
FEC
equal
FEC
MPEG-1/2
Layer II T-DMB
164
327
DAB in Data Stream Mode
Input
Interface
Delay
Comp.
FEC
Different.
Mapper
Freq.
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Gen.
IFFT
Guard
interval
insertion
Pre-
correction
FIR
IQ mod.
IF/RF Up.
ETI
GPS
328
DVB-C Modulator
Baseband
interface
Sync
inv. &
energy
dispers.
Outer
coder,
Reed-
Solomon
Convol.
inter-
leaver
Byte to
m-tuple
converter
Differ.
encoder
QAM
mod.
IF/RF
upconv.
&
ampl.
Clock
to
cable
IF
I
Q
MPEG-2
TS
RS(204, 188)
206
165
329
Video1
Audio1
Encoder
Program 1
Video2
Audio2
Encoder
Program 2
Video3
Audio3
Encoder
Program 3
M
P
E
G
-
2
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
17
330
MPEG PES and TS
184 Byte
Payload
4 Byte
TS Header
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator = 1
PES
Header
PES
Header
Payload
Unit Start
Indicator = 1
Transport Stream
16
166
331
MPEG-4: AVC and AAC and Systems
MPEG-2
PES
MPEG-4
SL
MPEG-4
Part 10
H.264
AVC
MPEG-2
PES
MPEG-4
SL
MPEG-4
Part 3
BSAC
AAC
Video
Audio
MPEG-4 ISO/IEC 14496
part 1, 3, 10
SL=Sync Layer
332
T-DMB
Input
Interface
Delay
Comp.
FEC
Different.
Mapper
Freq.
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Gen.
IFFT
Guard
interval
insertion
Pre-
correction
FIR
IQ mod.
IF/RF Up.
ETI
Outer
coder,
Reed-
Solomon
Convol.
inter-
leaver
RS(204, 188)
Program 1
Program 2
Program 3
M
P
E
G
-
2
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
PES
Header
Transport Stream
MPEG-2
PES
MPEG-4
SL
MPEG-4
Part 10
H.264
AVC
MPEG-2
PES
MPEG-4
SL
MPEG-4
Part 3
BSAC
AAC
Video
Audio
part 1, 3, 10
MST (Main Stream Data)
FIC
SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 SCn
Header
ETI
Data Stream
Mode
167
333
T-DMB: DAB in Data Stream Mode
up to 64
sub channels
Audio Data
stream
mode
stream
mode
packet
mode
unequal
FEC
equal
FEC
MPEG-1/2
Layer II T-DMB
334
T-DMB Baseband
RS
(204,
188)
Conv.
inter-
leaver
MPEG-2
PES
MPEG-4
SL
MPEG-4
Part 10
H.264
AVC
MPEG-2
PES
MPEG-4
SL
MPEG-4
Part 3
BSAC
AAC
Video
Audio
M
P
E
G
-
2
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
Section
generator
MPEG-4 part 1
object descriptor
stream
MPEG-2
PSI
(PAT, PMT)
Like DVB
outer coder
MPEG-2 ISO/IEC 13818-1
part 1, 3, 10
To
DAB
data
stream
mode
PES = packetized elementary stream
SL = synchronization layer
PSI = program specific information
168
335
Interferences on a DVB-T Link
Interferences
on a
DVB-T Link
286
336
DVB-T
modulator
& transmitter
Crest factor limitation
Intermodulation
Noise
IQ errors
Interferer
Echos (multipath reception)
Interferer
Noise (AWGN)
Doppler shift
286 - 288
169
337
Crest Factor
C
f
= 20 * log(u
peak
/U
rms
);
C
fOFDM
= 10 * log(2 * N);
Theoretical crest factor of DVB-T: 36...41 dB
Practical values: approx. 15 dB (no clipping)
approx. 11...12 dB (clipping inside power Tx)
286 - 288
338
Non-Linearity, Clipping, Crest Factor
S/N
Shoulder Attenuation
286 - 288
170
339
DVB-T
modulator
& transmitter
Crest factor limitation
Intermodulation
Noise
IQ errors
Interferer
Echos (multipath reception)
Interferer
Noise (AWGN)
Doppler shift
289
340
Gaussian Channel
Direct view
no echos
290
171
341
Rice Channel
Direct view
and multiple echos
290
342
Rayleigh Channel
No direct view
only multiple echos
290
172
343
Doppler Shift
V
291
344
Doppler Shift and Multiple Echo
V
292
173
345
Bit Error Rates @ Fall of the Cliff
DVB-T
front
end
Viterbi
decoder
RS
decoder
MPEG-2
decoder
from
antenna
MPEG-2
transport stream
BER
depending
on code rate
BER<2E-4
BER<1E-11
(QEF) = 1 error/hour
293
346
C/N @ Fall of the Cliff
Typ of modulation Code rate Gaussian channel Rice channel Rayleigh channel
[dB] [dB] [dB]
QPSK 1/2 3.1 3.6 5.4
2/3 4.9 5.7 8.4
3/4 5.9 6.8 10.7
5/6 6.9 8.0 13.1
7/8 7.7 8.7 16.3
16-QAM 1/2 8.8 9.6 11.2
2/3 11.1 11.6 14.2
3/4 12.5 13.0 16.7
5/6 13.5 14.4 19.3
7/8 13.9 15.0 22.8
64-QAM 1/2 14.4 14.7 16.0
2/3 16.5 17.1 19.3
3/4 18.0 18.6 21.7
5/6 19.3 20.0 25.3
7/8 20.1 21.0 27.9
294
174
347
S/N Limits
Typ of modulation Code rate Gaussian channel Rice channel Rayleigh channel
[dB] [dB] [dB]
QPSK 1/2 3.1 3.6 5.4
2/3 4.9 5.7 8.4
3/4 5.9 6.8 10.7
5/6 6.9 8.0 13.1
7/8 7.7 8.7 16.3
16-QAM 1/2 8.8 9.6 11.2
2/3 11.1 11.6 14.2
3/4 12.5 13.0 16.7
5/6 13.5 14.4 19.3
7/8 13.9 15.0 22.8
64-QAM 1/2 14.4 14.7 16.0
2/3 16.5 17.1 19.3
3/4 18.0 18.6 21.7
5/6 19.3 20.0 25.3
7/8 20.1 21.0 27.9
Minimum S/N on receiver input
S = Signal level, N = Noise level
348
Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (7MHz)
Noise:
Boltzmann const.: -228.6 dBW/K/Hz
10lg(6.6E6Hz): +68.2 dB
10lg(273K+20C): +24.7 dB
Noise Figure: +7 dB
----------------------
-128.7 dBW= -98.7 dBm
0 dBm@50 Ohm = 107 dBuV
0 dBm@75 Ohm = 108.8 dBuV
Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (75 Ohm):
-98.7 dBm + 108.8 dBuV = +10.1 dBuV
175
349
Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (8MHz)
Noise:
Boltzmann const.: -228.6 dBW/K/Hz
10lg(7.6E6MHz): +68.8 dB
10lg(273K+20C): +24.7 dB
Noise Figure: +7 dB
----------------------
-128.1 dBW= -98.1 dBm
0 dBm@50 Ohm = 107 dBuV
0 dBm@75 Ohm = 108.8 dBuV
Power of Noise @ Receiver Input (75 Ohm):
-98.1 dBm + 108.8 dBuV = +10.7 dBuV
350
Minimum Receiver Input Voltage
Power of Noise @ Receiver Input: ~ +11 dBuV
Minimum S/N:
Rice, 64QAM, CR=2/3: 17.1 dB
min. Input Voltage = 11 dBuV + 17.1 dB
= 28.1 dBuV ~ 29 dBuV
Rice, 16QAM, CR=2/3: 11.6 dB
min. Input Voltage = 11 dBuV + 11.6 dB
= 22.6 dBuV ~ 23 dBuV
176
351
Single Frequency Networks (SFN)
Single Frequency Networks
SFN
294
352
SFN
Playout
DVB-T
mod.
MPEG-2
Transport
Stream
RF
COFDM
RF
294
177
353
SFN
Playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
MPEG-2 TS
Tx3, RF1
295
354
SFN: Frequency Synchronization
Content
playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
MPEG-2 TS
Tx3, RF1
GPS
GPS:
Global
positioning
system
1pps pulse
1pps pulse
295
178
355
SFN: Frequency Synchronization
GPS
1pps = 1 pulse per second
: 10
7
10 MHz
oszillator
1pps
10 MHz
LPF
PLL
Professional
GPS
receiver
(250ns jitter)
(accuracy 10E-9)
295
356
SFN Network Structure
Content
playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
Tx3, RF1
distance
OFDM guard interval !!!
296
179
357
SFN & Guard Interval (8 MHz)
Guard intervals 8K, 2K and transmitter distance (8 MHz bandwidth):
Mode Symbol length
us
Guard interval Guard interval
us
Transmitter
distance
km
2K 224 56 16.8
2K 224 1/8 28 8.4
2K 224 1/16 14 4.2
2K 224 1/32 7 2.1
8K 896 224 67.1
8K 896 1/8 112 33.6
8K 896 1/16 56 16.8
8K 896 1/32 28 8.4
296
358
SFN & Guard Interval (7 MHz)
Guard intervals 8K, 2K and transmitter distance (7 MHz bandwidth):
Mode Symbol duration
us
Guard interval Guard interval
us
Transm. distance
km
2K 256 1/4 64 19.2
2K 256 1/8 32 9.6
2K 256 1/16 16 4.8
2K 256 1/32 8 2.4
8K 1024 1/4 256 76.7
8K 1024 1/8 128 38.4
8K 1024 1/16 64 19.2
8K 1024 1/32 32 9.6
296
180
359
Time Synchronization of SFN
Content
playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
MPEG-2 TS
Tx3, RF1
different
delays !!!
298, 299
360
Time Synchronization in SFN
OFDM symbol
G
u
a
r
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
Data + FEC
DVB-T:
3024 ... 36288 Bit/Symbol
DVB-T: 250 us ... 1 ms symbols
same group of
bits in all modulators
298
181
361
Time Synchronization of SFN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
= Scattered Pilot = Payload Carrier
Scattered pilots on same position in
all modulators !!!
298, 262
362
TPS carrier: 68 Bit over 68 symbols
same TPS information and RS packets
in each modulator at the same time
---> frame and super-frame synchronization
298
182
363
Content
playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
MPEG-2 TS
Tx3, RF1
GPS
GPS:
Global
positioning
system
1pps pulse
1pps pulse
299
364
Content
playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
MPEG-2 TS
Tx3, RF1
GPS
GPS:
Global
positioning
system
1pps pulse
1pps pulse
MIP
inserter
MIP
299
183
365
Mega-Frame
N super-frames = 1 mega-frame
N is adjusted that the mega-frame length
is approx. half a second
299
366
Mega-Frame
8K mode:
1 mega-frame = 2 super-frames = 8 frames
2K mode:
1 mega-frame = 8 super-frames = 32 frames
calculation: 1 frame @ 8K = approx. 68 ms
8 frames = approx. 0.54 s
300
184
367
Mega-Frame
Length of a mega-frame
Guard tmega (8 MHz) tmega (7 MHz) tmega (6 MHz)
1/32 0.502656 s 0.574464 s 0.670208 s
1/16 0.517888 s 0.591872 s 0.690517 s
1/8 0.548352 s 0.626688 s 0.731136 s
1/4 0.609280 s 0.696320 s 0.812373 s
300
368
Mega-Frame
Content
playout
Tx1, RF1
Tx2, RF1
Tx4, RF1
Tx5, RF1
MPEG-2 TS
Tx3, RF1
GPS
GPS:
Global
positioning
system
1pps pulse
1pps pulse
MIP
inserter
MIP
300
185
369
Mega-Frame Synchronization
MFP#0 MFP#1 MFP#2
MIP
MFP#0
1pps
pulse
... ...
Synchronization time stamp
Megaframe
Pointer
GPS
MPEG-2 TS packet
300
370
Mega-Frame Initializing Packet (MIP)
4 Byte
TS Header
188 Bytes
184 Byte
Payload
0x15
MIP content
300
186
371
MIP Content
MIP content:
synchronization time stamp
pointer
maximum delay
OFDM modulation parameter
optional individual address information
for transmitter remote control
300
372
MIP
301
187
373
DVB-C, -S, -T Measurements
DVB-T
Measurements
374
DVB-T Measuring Technology
DVB Test Transmitter
SFQ for
DVB-C,
DVB-S,
DVB-T,
ATSC
MPEG-2 Generator
DVG
Picture Quality Analyzer
DVQ
MPEG-2 Measurement
Decoder DVMD
Test Receiver
EFA
DVB-C
DVB-T
ATSC
303
188
375
Testing a Settop Box / IRD
DVB Test Transmitter
SFQ for
DVB-C,
DVB-S,
DVB-T,
ATSC
MPEG-2 Generator
DVG, DVRG
DUT
303
376
DVB-T Receiver Test
189
377
Spectrum Analyzer Measurements
DVB-T spectrum with shoulders
S/N
329
378
Center: center of channel
Span: 20 MHz
RBW: 30 kHz
VBW: 300 kHz (3...10 x RBW)
RMS dectector
Slow sweep time: 2 s
AVG off
Noise marker
307
190
379
308
380
Measurements on a DVB-T Signal
Picture Quality Analyzer
DVQ
MPEG-2 Measurement
Decoder DVMD
Test Receiver
EFA
DVB-C
DVB-T
ATSC
RF
305
191
381
Bit Error Ratio @ DVB-T
DVB-T
front
end
Viterbi
decoder
RS
decoder
MPEG-2
decoder
from
antenna
MPEG-2
transport stream
BER
before
Viterbi
BER
before
Reed-Solomon
BER
after Reed-Solomon
306
382
Bit Error Rate Measurement
306
192
383
DVB-T Constellation Analysis
Constellation Analysis
310
384
DVB-T Test Receiver
RF/IF
conv.
tuner
SAW
filter
Mixer Anti
alias.
LPF
DVB-T
dem.
X
A
D
DSP
Display
RF
IF1 IF2
MPEG-2
TS
I Q
Noise
gen.
305
193
385
Constellation Analysis
311
386
Constellation Analysis at DVB-T
on a DVB-T transmission link
Noise (AWGN)
Phase Jitter
Interferer
Multipath reception
Doppler effect
IQ error of modulator:
IQ amplitude imbalance
IQ phase error
Carrier leakage
310
194
387
Noise
Constellation points changes to clouds.
Every subcarrier will be influenced.
311
388
S/N and BER
311
195
389
BER=f(S/N);
1E-1
1E-2
1E-3
1E-4
1E-5
1E-6
1E-7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 S/N[dB]
BER
311
390
2-Dimensional Normal Distribution
X
X
f(X ,X )
1
2
1 2
311, 221
196
391
16QAM and Noise
222
392
Phase Jitter
Streaky distortions.
Every subcarrier will be influenced.
312
197
393
Interferer
Interferers
affect
individual carriers or carrier ranges
like noise (clouds) or
sinusodial (circular constellation points)
312
394
Echos and Doppler
Multipath reception cause frequency-selective fading
Doppler cause a frequency shift
Echos and Doppler causes smears in the spectrum.
313
198
395
OFDM Modulator with IQ Errors
+ ofdm(t)
Re(f)
Im(f)
IFFT
90
im(t)
re(t)
I
Q
DC
DC
I gain
Q gain
Phase
316-322
396
Carrier Leakage
Central carrier
8K: no. 3408 cont. pilot
2K: no. 852 scatt. pilot / payload
322
199
397
S/N caused by AI&PE
AI[%]
PE[deg]
S/N
[dB]
AI
PE
322
398
Modulation Error Ratio (MER)
Modulation Error Ratio is a
sum parameter for all effects at a
DVB-T
transmission link.
323
200
399
MER (Modulation Error Ratio)
I
Q
Ideal vector
Error vector
Resultant vector
Ideal center
323
400
MER over Subcarrier
325
201
401
Modulation Error Ratio
averaged
MER
over all
subcarriers
MER
[dB]
f
325
402
Crest Factor Measurement
327
202
403
Amplitude/Group Delay over
Subcarrier
327
404
Impulse Response
328
203
405
DVB-T Test Receiver EFA
406
DVB-T Measurements
204
407
Thank you very much!

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