Poly Olefin Handbook

Polyolefin Manual
Polyolefin Manual
The Polyolefin Manual is a comprehensive guide to the theoretical and practical consideration of polyolefin pipe.
Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com
Polyolefin Manual
Theoretical Considerations
Terminology
Plastics are organic polymers. Organic means a chemical compound of carbon, with other elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen or nitrogen. Polymer is the word to describe a large molecule made up of many similar units (monomers). This is achieved by a chemical reaction and is called polymerisation. Copolymers: When a homopolymer is copolymerised with another polymer, the result is a copolymer. With polypropylene this is achieved by copolymerisation with ethylene.
This results in an increase in impact strength and toughness, but decrease in stiffness, surface hardness and tensile strength. A thermoplastic is defined as plastic which can be softened and shaped by heating and which solidifies again on cooling, and in which the cycle can be repeated indefinitely. Examples are PE, PP, PVC, and ABS. In contrast, a thermoset can only be shaped by heat. It has a much higher temperature resistance that thermoplastics and cannot be reprocessed. An example is polyester resins. The fundamental difference is that thermosets have a crosslinked (network) structure. Polyolefins is the name for the family of polymers: HDPE, LDPE, and PP.
Definitions
Impact Strength: 1. The ability of a material to withstand shock loading. 2. The work done in fracturing, under shock loading, a specified test specimen in a specified manner. Modulus of Elasticity The ratio of stress to strain in a material that is elastically deformed. Notch Sensitivity The extent to which the sensitivity of a material to fracture is increased by the presence of a surface in homogeneity such as a notch, a sudden change in section, a crack, or a scratch. Low notch sensitivity is usually associated with ductile material, and high notch sensitivity with brittle materials. Tensile Strength The pulling stress required to break a given specimen. Area used in computing strength is usually the original, rather than the necked-down area. Thermal Conductivity Ability of a material to conduct heat; physical constant for quantity of heat that passes through unit cube of a substance in unit of time when difference in temperature of two faces is 1. Thermal Expansion (Coefficient of) The fractional change in length of a material for a unit change in temperature. Thermoplastic (a.) Capable of being repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by cooling. (n.) A material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled. Typical of the thermoplastics family are the styrene polymers and copolymers, acrylics, cellulosics, polyethylenes, vinyls, nylons, and the various fluorocarbons materials.
Polyolefin Manual Thermoset A material that will undergo or has undergone a chemical reaction by the action of heat, catalysts, ultra-violet light, etc., leading to a relatively infusible state. Typical of the plastics in the thermosetting family are the aminos (melamine and urea), most polyesters, alkyds, epoxies and phenolics. Viscosity Internal friction of resistance to flow of a liquid. The constant ratio of shearing stress to rate of shear. In liquids for which this ratio is a function of stress, the term apparent viscosity is defined as this ratio.
Molecular Structure
Note that through the process of polymerisation, the propylene becomes polypropylene and ends up as a long chain-like molecule. Example: n = 2000 to 40000 in HDPE = 10000 to 20000 in PP Where n = number of monomers.
Physical Properties and their Relationship

Melt Flow Index
Molecular Mass (MM) is a very important concept in plastics which describes the viscosity of a polymer and hence its flow and conditions for processing. A high MM has a more viscous melt and does not flow as easily as one with a lower MM. The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is generally used to characterise the molecular mass and is therefore a very important indicator of the type and properties of a polymer. MFI is determined as the mass of polymer extruded in a certain time through a standard die under a specific load and temperature. Low MFI indicates that a polymer is very viscous and of a high MM. Lowering the MFI has the following positive effects on polymers by increasing: Tensile strength Elongation at break Impact strength Resistance to creep Toughness Environmental stress crack resistance It should however be noted that as MFI decreases the processing characteristics of the material are negatively affected. Tensile Strength The longer a polymer chain is, the more likely it is to be entangled with other chains and the more difficult to separate. In general terms then, it means that the tensile strength is increased with longer chains (increase in MM). Stiffness Stiffness can be measured by applying tensile forces to a specimen. The result is reported as a tensile modulus or modulus of elasticity in tension.
Polyolefin Manual
Hardness Hardness is measured by finding the load required to indent a specimen by a standard amount with a spherical ball. Different scales are used, i.e. Shore, Rockwell and Brinell respectively, for softer to harder materials. Impact Resistance Many plastics, which are stiff and have high tensile strength, can have low impact resistance. This failing can be overcome to some extent by including a proportion of finely dispersed rubber in the thermoplastic (Usually during the process of polymerisation, but sometimes also by blending). It is important to note, however, that the impact strength is increased at the expense of some other properties, such as stiffness, hardness and tensile strength. Chemical Resistance A General rule in organic chemicals is that like dissolves like, e.g. a liquid hydrocarbon will dissolve a solid hydrocarbon of similar structure. When a polymer is crystalline, (such as in PE, PP) this situation is somewhat different, because it then only applies at higher temperatures. At room temperature, they normally withstand the solvent with slight swelling. It is important to note then, that temperature becomes a critical factor when considering chemical resistance.
Modification of Properties
Ultra Violet Light Untreated plastics get brittle very soon when exposed to sunlight. For polyethylene, best results are obtained by the addition of 2 3% carbon black. Polypropylene can be treated in the same way, but then needs additional head stabilisation. Normally other types of additives are used, such as hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS). Exposure to sunlight is normally measured in kilolangley (kly), which is a unit of irradiation. 1 kly = 1 k cal.cm Flammability The addition of compounds such as antimony trioxide and halogenated organic compounds, can improve the fire resistance of a polymer, but not without the loss of other physical properties, such as impact strength. Fire retarding can be expressed by an index figure, called the limiting oxygen index (LOI). Static Electricity To remove the build-up of static of the surface of plastics, it is sometimes necessary to reduce the surface resistibility. This can be done by incorporating an antistatic additive into the polymer. Oxidation To prevent degradation of the polymer at high temperatures, certain additives are included during polymerisation or prior to conversion to pipe.
Polyolefin Manual
Physical Properties
Introduction
This section of the manual consists of tables which describe the following: Typical Values of HDPE Typical Values of PP Co-polymer Comparison of HDPE and uPVC Pipes Comparison of HDPE and PP with other Plastics Pipe Material
Typical Values of HDPE

Test Method Test Conditions ASTM D 792 Method A2 Density at 23C 0.958 g/cm DIN 53 479 Method A 0.1% Solution in Viscosity Number 340 ml/g ISO/R 1191 decahydronaphthalene ASTM D 1238 MFI 190/5 0.35 g/10 min Method A, Condition P DIN 53 735 Melt Flow Index ASTM D 1238 MFI 190/21,6 12.0 g/10 min Method A, Condition F DIN 53 735 2 Testing rate 100mm/min Tensile yield strength 26 N/mm ASTM D 638 Specimen IV9, 1mm Elongation at yield 16 % Compression moulded Tensile Ultimate tensile Properties 2 DIN 53 455 strength 35 N/mm Specimen 4, 1mm Compression moulded Elongation at break >600 % Procedure A, Rockwell R 51 ASTM D 785 Compression moulded specimen Hardness Ball indentation 41 N/mm2 DIN 53 456 132 N (30 sec value) ASTM D 2240 Shore D 64 Loading time 1s DIN 53 505 Compression moulded Notched IZOD : 23C 160 J/m ASTM D 256 specimen Impact Strength Compression moulded Charpy : 23C 12 mJ/mm2 DIN 53 453 specimen Crystalline 127 Polarising microscope. C Melting Range 131 Microtome section, 20m Rate A, 5mm compression moulded ASTM D 1525 Vicat Softening specimen 127 C Point Method A/50, DIN 53 460 compression moulded specimen Average Linear Expansion Co2.0 x -1 DIN 53 752 50 x 4 x 4 (mm) Efficient K 10-4 (Between 20C and 90C) Thermal W 8mm specimen, injection Conductivity at 0.43 DIN 52 612 m.K moulded 20C
3
Property
Value
Unit
Polyolefin Manual
Typical Values of PP Co-polymer Table 1

Property Density at 23C MFI 230/2.16 MFI 230/5 Tensile yield strength Elongation at yield Tensile Properties Value 0.912 0.2 0.9 25 17 Unit g/cm
3
Melt Flow Index
g/10 min g/10 min N/mm2 % N/mm2 %
Ultimate tensile strength 30 Elongation at break 850
Rockwell R Hardness Ball indentation (30 sec value) Shore D Impact Strength Notched IZOD: 23C Notched IZOD: 0C
86 49 66
N/mm2 -
Test Method Test Conditions ASTM D 792 Method A2 DIN 53 479 Method A Method A, L ASTM D 1238 Condition DIN 53 735 Preform, sintered from granules Preform, sintered DIN 53 735 from granules Testing rate 50mm/min Specimen IV9, ASTM D 638 1mm compression DIN 53 455 moulded Specimen 4, 1mm compression moulded Procedure A, Compression ASTM D 785 moulded specimen DIN 53 456 132 N
Mod.Charpy: 23C 39 Mod.Charpy: 0C 15
Crystalline Melting Range
Vicat Softening Point
ASTM D 2240 Loading time 1s DIN 53 505 Compression 630 J/m ASTM D 256 moulded 45 specimen V-Notched (R = mm) mJ/mm2 DIN 53 453 Compression moulded specimen Polarising microscope. 160 C 164 Microtome section, 20m Rate A, 4mm compression moulded ASTM D 1525 specimen 149 C Method A/50, DIN 53 460 compression moulded specimen 1 2 x -1 K 10-4 0.22 1.68 W K kJ kg.K DIN 53 752 50 x 4 x 4 (mm) 8mm specimen, injection moulded Adiabatic calorimeter, granules
Average Linear Expansion CoEfficient (Between 20C and 90C) Thermal Conductivity at 20C Specific 20C Heat at
DIN 52 612
Polyolefin Manual
Typical Values of PP Co-polymer Table 2

Property Density Melt Flow Index (230/5) Tensile Properties Hardness Impact Strength Thermal Properties Average Linear Expansion Co-Efficient (Between 20C and 90C) Thermal Conductivity at 20C Ultimate tensile strength Elongation at break Ball indentation hardness Notched impact strength 0C Crystalline melting range Value 0.908 1.5 30 400 53 15 Unit Test Method G/cm3 DIN 53479 A G/10min DIN 53735 N/mm2 % DIN 53455
N/mm2 DIN 53456 MJ/mm2 DIN 53453 Polarising Microscope DIN 53752 DIN 52612
C 160 164 -1 -4 K 1 2 x 10 W 0.22 mK
Comparison of HDPE and uPVC Pipes

HDPE High Bending radius at 20C = 30 x diameter Unaffected by soil settlement Suitable for relining Weldable Joints have excellent tensile strength Costly equipment required to weld uPVC Low Bending not possible Affected by soil settlement Limited use for relining Welding not relevant Push-in joints have low tensile strength Low cost joints Normally 6 or 12m Normally 6 or 12m Up to 500mm dia. 1.4 g/cm3 Hoop stress = 10 N/mm2 Wall thickness = 3.2mm Mass = 1.74kg/m 0.08mm/mC Limited 3 000 N/mm2 Chlorine atoms make PVC flame retardant ceases to burn when flame is removed. Hydrogen Chloride is formed.
Flexibility
Joining
Big sizes up to 24m depending on transport Small sizes in coils of 100m Up to 1 000mm dia. Pipe Sizes (currently in RSA) Density 0.95 g/cm3 Hoop stress = 5 N/mm2 Ex 110mm x 6 bar pipe Wall Thickness Wall thickness = 6.6mm Mass = 2.2kg/m Thermal 0.2mm/mC Expansion Abrasion Excellent Resistance Elastic 800 N/mm2 Modulus Ignites on contact with flame and continues to burn when flame is Flammability removed. No corrosive gases/residues are formed. Pipe Lengths
Polyolefin Manual
Comparison of HDPE and PP with Other Plastic Pipe Material

Property Surface Feel Appearance (Water Pipes) Sound Produced When Dropped Combustibility and Appearance of the Flame Odour of Smoke After Flame is Extinguished HDPE Waxy Black Medium clatter Bright flame drops continue to burn while falling Like candles PP Waxy Pale greybeige High clatter Bright flame; drops continue to burn while falling Like resin Very slight impression possible PVC Smooth Blue High clatter Carbonises in flame; extinguishes away from flames PVC-C Smooth Grey-beige High clatter Carbonises in flame; extinguishes away from flames PB Waxy Black Dull thud
Nail Test Impression Impression Made possible by Fingernail Special Features Float in Water Notch Sensitivity Weather Resistance Method of Permanent Joining Suitable for Mechanical Joining Stress Crack Sensitivity with Regard to Jointing for Save Media, e.g. Water Linear Expansion mm/mC Thermal Conductivity kcal/mhC Specific Heat kcal/kgC Specific Weight kg/cm3 Tensile Strength at 20C kp/cm2 Modulus of Elasticity at 20C (kp/cm2) Yes No Stabilised good Fusion Yes
Yes Slight Stabilised good Fusion Yes
Bright flame drops continue to burn while falling Like candles Pungent, like Pungent, like but more hydrochloric hydrochloric acrid than acid acid HDPE Impression Impression not Impression not easily possible possible produced Smears when sawn No No Yes Yes Yes No Stabilised Stabilised good Stabilised good good Solvent cement Yes Solvent cement Yes Fusion Yes
Some
Slight
None
None
None
0.2 0.40 0.42 0.955 240 8 000
0.15 0.19 0.4 0.905 320 15 000
0.08 0.14 0.23 1.42 550 30 000
0.07 0.14 0.23 1.5 550 30 000
0.12 0.20 0.47 0.92 200 5 000
Polyolefin Manual
Typical Values of HDPE

Property Density at 23C Viscosity Number MR 190/5 Melt Flow Index MFI 190/21, 6 Yield stress 6.5 26 Value Unit 0.958 g/cm3 380 0.23 Test Method Test Conditions ISO 1183 10mm x 10mm x 4mm 0.1% Solution of granules in ml/g ISO 1628-3 decahydronaphthalene Granules, sample g/10 min ISO 1133 weight 3g to 6g Granules, sample g/10 min ISO 1133 weight 3g to 6g ISO 527 N/mm2 Test rate 50mm/min ISO 527 Test rate % ISO 3167, 4mm thick 50mm/min (test specimen No. 3, 4mm thick according to 2 ISO 527 N/mm DIN 53 455 ISO 899 650 350 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 kJ/m2 kJ/m2 Test load 2N/mm2 DIN 54 852110 x 10 x 4 (mm) Z4, loaded flat b=2N/mm2 ISO 178 Test 80 x 10 x 4 (mm) rate 2mm/min DIN 53 447 ISO 2039, part 1 test load 132N ISO 868 60 x 6.35 x 3 (mm) Sheet, 4mm Sheet, 6mm
Elongation at yield Stress 10 Tensile Properties Tensile Modulus of Elasticity (secant between 0.05 & 0.25% strain) Tensile Creep Modulus (1 hour value) (1000 hour value) Flexural Properties Stiffness Torsion in Ball Indentation Hardness Hardness Shore Hardness D (3sec value) (15sec value) at 23C at -30C
900
Flexural Creep modulus 1100 (1 min value) Flexural Stress (3.5% deflection) 20 180 41 61 59 20 10
Notched Impact Strength acN (test specimen from compression moulded sheet) Vicat Softening Point VST/B/50 Oxidation Induction Time
ISO 179/1eA
80 x 10 x 4 (mm)
67 200C in O2
C min
ISO 306
Sheet, 4mm
ISO TR 10837 Granules
Polyolefin Manual
Advantages of HDPE and PP

The advantages of HDPE and PP are as follows: Non-toxic High impact strength High resistance against corrosion internal and external High chemical resistance Toughness Flexibility Ease of handling and laying Can be made in long lengths Excellent resistance against abrasion No build-up of minerals on inside walls, i.e. crustations Weather resistance Expected life of 50 years or more Smooth surface with low friction losses, i.e. hydraulic smooth C-value (Hazen Williams) = 150-165, Kvalue (Prandtl Coalbrook) = 0.007mm Very low water absorption No stress cracking Suitable for high temperature application (PP)
Even a thin walled pipe will revert to its original shape
A thick walled pipe shows enormous resistance against compression
Ease of handling
10
Polyolefin Manual
Long Lengths
Flame Resistant
11
Polyolefin Manual
Applications
PP and HDPE
The following are typical application of Polyflow PP and HDPE pipes: Collieries and Mines Coal washing plants and reduction works, drainage, effluent and slurry pipelines. Sugar Industry Acids, ammonia, brine, carbon dioxide, sugar solutions, syrups, molasses, water and effluent pipelines, tanks, spray irrigation. Chemical Works Acids, alkalis, gases, solutions, water and effluent pipelines. Steel factories Pickling and etching lines, acids, water, effluent, slurry pipelines and vessels. Nuclear Power Plants and Power Stations Water, chemicals and safe radioactive drainage, seawater, effluent pipelines. Paper Board Mills Alum, bleach, caustic soda, pulp stock, water pipelines and vessels. Coke Oven Plants, Coal Gas Works Acids, ammonium sulphate, ammonia by-products, slurry and drainage pipelines and tanks. Aircraft and Automobile Industries, Plating Shops Plating solutions, fume removal ductwork, pickling and etching plants, water, drainage and effluent pipelines and vessels. Breweries, Distilleries, Soft Drinks Factories Alcohol, beer, brine, caustic soda, carbon dioxide, spirits, demineralised water, bottling, pipelines and tanks. Civil Engineering Drainage, dewatering, slurries, water and effluent pipelines. Oil Refineries Air pipelines, water pipelines, acids and alkali pipelines. Railways Air, water lines, carriage cleaning lines. Hospitals Laboratory drainage, storage tanks and pipelines. Sewage Works Compressed air lines for activated sludge. Water Works and Water Treatment Plants Chemicals and dosage lines, compressed air pipelines. Salt Mines Brine and water pipelines
12
Polyolefin Manual Textiles and Synthetic Fibres, Leather Tanning Acids, alkalis, bleach peroxide, acetic acid, dye liquors, sulphide, water, hot effluent pipelines, and storage tanks. Spray Irrigation Overhead and underground spray irrigation systems. Relining The relining or sliplining process is a method of renovation of old pipelines by way of inserting another pipe inside the old one. This is done on site, without removing the existing line. The excellent physical and chemical properties of HDPE and PP make them ideally suitable for this process. In particular the flexibility and toughness of these materials are of importance. HDPE for instance, can be bent to radii of 30 x diameter or 20 x diameter for class 4 or 6 respectively. Ultimate tensile stress is 32 N/mm and calculations will show that pulling in continuous lengths of up to hundreds of metres does not overstress the material. Application includes sewer, gas, water and effluent lines, and wherever existing pipes are leaking, collapsing or corroding. In most cases the existing pipe is in good enough condition to act as a casing and to take up the mechanical stress due to outside loading. This leaves the liner of HDPE or PP to cater for hydraulic conditions only. If the space between the original and new pipes is filled with grout, an even higher pressure can be used in the line. HDPE and PP pipes are measured by outside diameter, and the inside diameter depends on the different wall thicknesses which in time depend on the nominal pressure rating. Plastic pipes must therefore be selected to leave as little space between the two pipes as possible, thereby giving the maximum possible, internal diameter for flow. Although the cross-sectional area of the flow is reduced, it is compensated for by the very smooth walls of the plastic liner. HDPE and PP pipes have extremely good characteristics in this respect, and furthermore retain these properties throughout their lifespan (Prandtl-Colebrook k= 0.007). In most cases the same volume can be transported through the relined pipes without additional drop in pressure. Relining is an economical way of addressing problems with old pipelines, and possible savings of up to 75% can be achieved against the cost of complete replacement. The other major advantage is of course the reduced disruption in the area of environment and traffic. More detailed information on the relining process is available from Main Industries.
LDPE
LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) pipe is primarily used in agricultural application (i.e., low pressure water supply lines, drip irrigation, etc.).
Polyflow Steel
Polyflow Steel is a composite pipe which combines the best properties of steel and HDPE. In the unique patented production process the HDPE liner is considerably less stressed than in other processes. Features include a high pressure capability, rigidity, long supporting distances.
Polyflow GRP
Polyflow GRP, a composite pipe comprising HDPE or PP pipe encased in glass fibre-reinforced polyester (GRP), withstands harsh conditions. Pipe rigidity is improved, thermal movement reduced and thermal insulation gives a K value less than 1% to that of steel. Pressure rating can be increased to 10Mpa.
MI Megapipe FR
HDPE pipes are coated with a flame retardant compound applied by crosshead extrusion. The compound, comprising ammonium polyphosphate and a synergistic additive package, forms an integral outer skin of the piping. When exposed to heat it intumesces to form a carbonaceous char, thus preventing ignition of the piping. FR piping systems are entirely safe for underground mining application.
13
Polyolefin Manual
Specifications
South African
Production and quality control of the different pipe materials are specified and regulated by the following authorities and specification: HDPE SABS 533 Part II 1982 HDPE Type 4 SABS 533 Part III 1992 HDPE Type 5 SABS 533 Part III 1995 PP SABS 1315 1981 as amended 1987 LDPE SABS 533 Part I 1982 In addition to these product specifications, ISO 9002 Quality Management System regulates all procedures of the manufacturing company.
International
ISO DP Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings for water supply (PE 50 option B) 4427.2 Buried polyethylene (PE) pipes for the supply of gaseous fuels ISO 4437 Rohre aus Polyethylen hoher (PE HD), MaBe Rohre aus Polyethylen hoher (PE HD), Allgemeine Gteanforderungen DIN 8074 Prfung DIN 8075 Herstellung, Gtesicherung und Prfung von Rohren aus DVGW W PVC-hart, HDPE und LDPE fr Wasserversorgung und 320 Anforderungen an Rohrverbindungen und Rohrleitungsteile. DVGW G 477 Herstellung, Gtesicherung und Prfung von Rohren aus GKR R 1.3.3 PVC-hart und HDPE fr Gasleitungen und Anforderungen an Rohrverbindungen und Rohrleitungsteile. Druckrohre aus HDPE, Typ 2 mit Gtezeichen der GKR. Onorm B Rohre aus Polyethylen fr Wasserleitungen. 5172 NBN T 42 Tubes sous pression en polyethylene. 008 SN 218 341 Rohre und Rohrleitungsteile aus Hartpolyethylen (PE II) Pipes, fittings and joints of polyethylene type PEM and PEH for buried gas DS 2131.2 pipe liner (type PEM). NF T 54-072 Tubes en polythylne 5 (classe 5-2). CEMP 15/5 Rglement pour lattribution et le fonctionnement de la marque Gaz de de qualit des tubes en polythyl 5 (classe 5.2). France Tubes en polythylne 5, Gaz 4 (classe 5-2). BS 6437 Polyethylene pipes (Type 50) in metric diameter for general purposes. Specification for polyethynele pressure pipe for cold potable water WRC 4-32-02 (underground use). Specification for polyethynele pressure pipe for cold potable water (for WRC 4-32-03 nominal sizes greater than 63). Specification for polyethynele fusion joints and fittings for use with cold WRC 4-32-04 potable water pressure pipes. Specification for polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings for natural gas and British Gas manufactured gas. PS/PL2 SS 3362 Plastic pressure pipes of PE (Type PEM 50) Plastic pressure pipes of MD-PE. Dimensioning stress 5 N/mm2 quality SFS 3422 requirements.
A B CH DK F
GB
S SF
14
Polyolefin Manual
Jointing
Summary
Category Permanent (Heat Fusion) Type Butt weld Socket weld Electro-fusion weld Poly prop Flange Coupling & shoulder Compression -Plastic Insert coupling Size Range (mm) 75 max 16 110 20 500 20 - 110 75 max 75 250 16 110 10 -80 HDPE PP LDPE X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Non-Permanent * (Mechanical)
Butt Fusion Welding
15
Polyolefin Manual Procedure 1. Set up the equipment. 2. If necessary, erect a welding tent to protect against wind and dust. 3. Mount the facing plane (trimmer). 4. Align the parts to be welded (with the aid of roller mountings or other supports). 5. Clamp the pipes or pipe, and fitting and seal the pipe ends. 6. Plane the joint faces 7. Remove the plane. 8. Remove shavings do not touch pipe ends by hand. 9. Check parallelity of joint faces by bringing them together (maximum gap 0.5mm). 10. Check pipe alignment (maximum 0.1S = 10% of wall thickness). 11. Clean the heating area of the heating plate with non-fluff paper and methylated spirit. 12. Check the welding temperature (210 10 C). With S > 12mm, aim at lower temperature range. 13. Insert the heating plate. 14. Press the pipe faces against the heating plate until a bead is formed all round the pipe circumstance in accordance with the table of guide values. 15. Reduced the pressure setting for heating up (soak period). 16. After sufficient heating up, release the joint faces from the heating place. 17. Remove the heating plate and immediately join the parts to be welded. Do not exceed the maximum changeover time specified in the table of guide value. 18. Steadily increase the jointing pressure or force from 0 to the final value; follow the jointing time specified in the table of guide values after final value (0.15 MPa). 19. Allow the weld to cool with the jointing pressure maintained; follow the table of guide values here. K must be greater the 0 at all points. 20. When the cooling time has elapsed, the welded joint can by removed from the clamps. Note: It is good practice to record all pressure, temperature and time values for each weld. Pressure Time Diagram
16
Polyolefin Manual Constants for Butt Welding

Heating Height of time in bread seconds *(at prior to pressure = heating 0.01 time (mm) N/mm2) 0.5 30 - 40 0.5 40 - 70 1.0 70 - 120 1.0 120 170 1.5 170 210 1.5 210 300 2.5 300 450 3.0 450 - 600 Allowable time Welding time Cooling to remove (seconds) to time in heating element build up to minutes and bring pipe max. pressure *(at 0.10 ends together *(=0,15 0.15 (seconds) N/mm2) N/mm2) 4 4-6 4-5 5 6-8 6 - 10 7 8 - 12 10 - 16 9 12 15 17 24 12 15 20 25 32 14 20 25 33 40 16 25 35 41 50 18 35 - 45 51 - 60
Pipe wall Thickness (mm) 2.0 - 3.9 4.0 - 6.9 7.0 - 12.0 12.1 19.0 19.1 27.0 27.1 33.0 33.1 40.0 40.1 50.0
Socket Fusion Welding
In this method, fusion jointing is carried out using heated tools, with the fitting overlapping the pipe. No additional materials are used. The pipe end and fitting socket are heated to fusion temperature using a heating bush and a heating spigot respectively, and are then pushed together. Procedure 1. Set up welding shelter if required. 2. Heat heating tool to welding temperature. 3. Clean heating devices with a non-fuzzy, absorbent and non-tinted paper and spirit. 4. Check welding temperature: (260 10) C. 5. Clean inside fitting sleeve with cleaning agent and absorbent, non-fuzzy and non-tinted paper. 6. Machine the square cut pipe end which is to be welded in accordance with data provided by fitting manufacturer and if necessary mark depth of insertion. 7. Push fitting and pipe simultaneously onto the spigot and then, respectively, into the sleeve of the heated tool as far as the stop or the marking. 8. Observe heating time according to Table 8, Heating Column. 9. Withdraw fitting and pipe sharply from the heated tool and push them together immediately without twisting, as far as the marking or stop (maximum changeover time). 10. Allow joint to cool (see Cooling Column in the Recommended Values Table below).
17
Polyolefin Manual
Recommended Values Recommended values for the heated tool sleeve welding of pipeline components of HDPE at an ambient temperature of 20C and moderate air flow (time required).
Outside pipe diameter mm 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 Heating For class 10 For class 6 sec sec 5 5 7 * 8 * 12 * 18 * 24 * 30 15 40 22 50 30 60 30 Changeover sec 4 Cooling min 2
10
Electro-fusion Welding
All electro-fusion fittings employ the same basic principal. The socket of the fitting incorporates an electrical heating coil. When energised, the coil causes the material adjacent to it to melt and form and expanding pool along the surface of the pipe, which in turn becomes molten, leading to fusion of the pipe and socket. The DuraPipe DuraFuse electro-fusion system and the full product range carry BS5750, ISO9001, and EN29001. The system operates at 39,5V and complies with all electrical safety standards. The Calder control unit may be powered by a portable generator. DuraFuse couplings in PE are available in sizes from 20mm to 315mm and electro-fusion reducer couplers from 20mm to 180mm. Couplings in PP material range in sizes from 20mm to 110mm. DuraFuse is compatible with PE pipe manufactured to SABS 533 specifications in metric sizes. Procedure 1. Cut pipe square and remove burrs. 2. Thoroughly scrape the outer surface of each pipe or spigot fitting to remove the surface layer from the areas to be welded. 3. Assemble the joint and ensure that both components to be welded are in contact with the pipe stops inside the coupling. 4. Mark the pipe (or spigot fitting) around the edge of the coupling. 5. The joint should be clamped in all cases where it is not held in a secure position during welding. 6. Attach the leads from the control unit and enter the number of seconds required for jointing. 7. Press the start button.
18
Polyolefin Manual 8. On completion of the cycle leave the joint undisturbed for the full cooling period indicated. 9. Tapping tees and branch saddles designed for top loading must be assembled onto the pipe-using tool. In the case of a tapping tee, the treaded cap must be removed and the cutter raised until one complete thread is visible. 10. Branching saddles require a hole cut into the pipe before welding. 11. Tapping tees contain an integral cutter. When cutting through large diameter pipes, the cutting torque will be high. Thread followers are available and recommended for pipes larger than 180mm.
Flanging (HDPE & PP)

Stub Flanges
OD 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
D 46 56 65 73 83 98 110 129 158 160 188 217 217 270 270 325 325 375 430 486 540 585 645 725 805 905 1005 1110
Class 4 & 6 B C 105 64 120 70 122 77 135 85 145 96
Class 4 - 10 B C 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 60 70 60 70 80 70 90 80 90 100 100 110 110 103 108 120 -
15 15 15 20 20 20 20 20 27 27 27 35 35 35 45 45 45 55 55 65 65 67 70 77 -
Class 12 - 20 B C 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 120 120 130 120 120 120 -
15 15 15 27 27 27 27 27 27 35 35 35 55 55 55 55 75 75 75 75 75 -
19
Polyolefin Manual Bolt dimensions for flanged connection Flange drilled to SABS 1193 of 1977 (Rating 1000 and 1600 kPa)
Bolts OD 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000 No 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 20 20 20 24 24 24 28 28 Size M12 M12 M12 M16 M16 M16 M16 M16 M16 M16 M16 M20 M20 M20 M20 M20 M20 M20 M20 M24 M24 M24 M24 M24 M24 M30 M30 M30 Length of bolts Plastic to plastic Plastic to steel Class Class Class Class Class Class 4&6 4-10 12-20 4&6 4-10 12-20 75 75 65 65 75 75 65 65 75 75 65 65 90 100 75 75 90 100 75 75 90 100 75 75 90 100 75 75 90 100 75 75 115 125 90 90 115 125 90 90 115 125 90 90 140 180 115 125 140 180 115 125 140 180 125 125 165 180 125 125 180 230 125 165 180 230 140 165 200 230 140 165 200 230 140 165 230 255 165 165 230 255 165 180 230 165 230 165 300 200 255 200 300 230 325 230 350 255 -
NOTE: The bolt diameters and length refer to flanges drilled to the above standard only. The lengths of bolts allow for gaskets and washers.
20
Polyolefin Manual Specifications - Galvanised Steel Backing Rings
O/D 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
BS 10 Table D Dimensions Bolts D DI B PCD No. Size 95.5 30 8 66.7 4 M12 101.6 38 8 73.0 4 M12 114.3 45 8 82.6 4 M12 120.6 52 10 87.3 4 M12 133.3 63 10 98.4 4 M12 152.4 74 10 114.3 4 M16 165.1 86 10 127.0 4 M16 184.1 103 12 146.0 4 M16 215.9 136 15 177.8 4 M16 215.9 136 15 177.8 8 M16 254.0 158 15 209.6 8 M16 285.0 190 15 235.0 8 M16 285.0 190 15 235.0 8 M16 336.3 237 16 292.1 8 M16 336.3 237 16 292.1 8 M16 406.4 279 16 355.6 8 M20 406.4 292 20 355.6 8 M20 457.2 330 20 406.4 12 M20 527.1 376 23 469.9 12 M20 577.9 430 23 520.7 12 M24 641.4 476 25 584.2 12 M24 704.9 533 25 641.4 16 M24 825.5 592 30 755.7 16 M24 825.5 662 30 755.7 16 M24 908.1 737 30 844.6 20 M24 1174.7 942 30 1092.2 24 M32 1257.3 1045 30 1174.7 24 M32
D 88.9 98.4 107.9 117.5 127.0 152.4 177.8 190.5 228.6 228.6 254.0 279.4 279.4 342.9 342.9 406.4 406.4 482.6 533.4 596.9 635.0 698.0 812.8 -
ASA 150 Dimensions Bolts DI B PCD No. Size 30 10 60.3 4 M12 38 10 69.8 4 M12 45 10 79.4 4 M12 52 12 88.9 4 M12 63 12 98.4 4 M12 74 12 120.6 4 M16 86 12 139.7 4 M16 103 12 152.4 4 M16 136 15 190.5 8 M16 136 15 190.5 8 M16 158 15 215.9 8 M16 190 20 241.3 8 M20 190 20 241.3 8 M20 237 20 298.4 8 M20 237 20 298.4 8 M20 279 25 361.9 12 M24 292 25 361.9 12 M24 330 30 431.8 12 M24 376 30 476.2 12 M24 430 30 539.7 16 M24 476 30 577.8 16 M32 533 30 635.0 20 M32 592 35 749.3 20 M32 -
21
Polyolefin Manual
BS 4504 10/3 SABS 1123 1000/3 Dimensions Bolts O/D D DI B PCD No. Size 20 95 30 10 65 4 M12 25 105 38 10 75 4 M12 32 115 45 10 85 4 M12 40 140 52 12 100 4 M16 50 150 63 12 110 4 M16 63 165 74 12 125 4 M16 75 185 86 12 145 4 M16 90 200 103 12 160 8 M16 110 220 136 15 180 8 M16 125 220 136 15 180 8 M16 140 250 158 15 210 8 M16 160 285 190 20 240 8 M20 180 285 190 20 240 8 M20 200 340 237 20 295 8 M20 225 340 237 20 295 8 M20 250 395 279 25 350 12 M20 280 395 292 25 350 12 M20 315 445 330 25 400 12 M20 355 505 376 25 460 16 M20 400 565 430 27 515 16 M24 450 615 476 30 565 20 M24 500 670 533 30 620 20 M24 560 730 592 36 675 20 M24 630 835 662 36 780 20 M24 710 895 737 40 840 24 M24 800 1,015 840 45 950 24 M30 900 1,115 942 50 1,050 28 M30 1000 1,230 1,045 55 1,160 28 M30
BS 4504 16/3 SABS 1123 1600/3 Dimensions Bolts D DI B PCD No. Size 95 30 10 65 4 M12 105 38 10 75 4 M12 115 45 10 85 4 M12 140 52 12 100 4 M16 150 63 12 110 4 M16 165 74 12 125 4 M16 185 86 12 145 4 M16 200 103 12 160 8 M16 220 136 15 180 8 M16 220 136 15 180 8 M16 260 168 16 210 8 M16 285 190 20 240 8 M20 285 190 20 240 8 M20 340 237 20 295 12 M20 340 237 20 295 12 M20 405 279 25 355 12 M24 405 292 25 355 12 M24 460 330 25 410 12 M24 520 376 25 470 16 M24 580 430 27 525 16 M24 640 476 30 585 20 M24 -
Victaulic Jointing System

The system uses standard steel clamps, requires only two fastening bolts and is easily and quickly installed.
It is robust, with exceptional mechanical strength, economical and available in all standard popular sizes. Polyclamp is used in pipelines for the transportation of water, slurries, chemicals and air in mining, construction, manufacturing, processing and agricultural industries.
Pipe OD mm 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 Steel clamp mm 50 80 80 100 100 150 150 150 200 200 250 250 300 300
Compression Type Couplings

Compression fittings are designed to operate up to 1600 kPa constant working pressure and are suitable for fitting to High Density Polypropylene, uPVC and Polyethylene piping to metric ISO sizes. The fittings are suitable for potable water as well as most common fluids in pipelines. The fittings have approval for use by South African Government departments and municipalities.
22
Polyolefin Manual
Plastics in standard sizes from 16mm to 110mm in diameter. Brass in sizes of 15, 22, 28, 35, 42, and 54mm in diameter.
Taklamp Jointing Clamp

Pipe OD 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 165 186 198 215 246 278 293 322 354 A 212 237 245 272 300 322 348 373 402 B 86 80 95 104 105 111 108 118 122 C
23
Polyolefin Manual
Takstubs
Pipe OD 110 125 140 160 180 220 225 250 280 D 142 167 175 196 224 246 272 297 326 Type L <=400 kPa W 52.5 65 78 Type H <=1600 kPa W 53 55 60 65 65 68 74 75 78
Taklamp
Taklamp, patented by Mega Pipe, was originally designed to fill a particular need in the gold mining industry.
24
Polyolefin Manual
Clamps and shoulders have been developed for all pipe sizes from 110mm to 280mm OD. Two types of Taklamp system are available: high pressure (up to 1600kPa operating pressure) and low pressure (up to 600 kPa). The Taklamps versatility is evidenced by its ability to handle vacuum conditions as well as pressure. Large HDPE shoulders (2) calculated to withstand pressure and end loading.
Tapered shoulders (2) compress when Taklamp (1) is tightened.
Rubber seal-ring (3) improves sealing with increased pressure.
Rubber seal-ring (3) improves sealing with increased vacuum.
25
Polyolefin Manual
Fabricated Fittings (HDPE & PP)

Pipe fittings can be manufactured from pipe in a wide variety of sizes and pressure classes but mostly from 75mm OD upwards and Class 6 or higher. Permissible working pressure is 60% of class of pipe used to fabricate fitting. E.g. 1000 kPa produces a 600kPa fabricated fitting.
Tees Plain-ended
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
H 150 150 400 400 400 400 400 400 450 450 450 450 650 650 650 650 850 850 900 900 1150 1150 1150 1150
L 300 300 800 800 800 800 800 800 900 900 900 900 1300 1300 1300 1300 1700 1700 1800 1800 2300 2300 2300 2300
26
Polyolefin Manual
Tees Flanged
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
H 200 200 450 450 450 450 450 450 500 500 500 500 700 700 700 700 900 900 950 950 1200 1200 1600 1600
L 400 400 900 900 900 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1400 1400 1400 1400 1800 1800 1900 1900 2400 2400 3200 3200
27
Polyolefin Manual
Tees with Takstubs
OD 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280
H 450 450 450 450 450 500 500 500 500 700
L 900 900 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1400
Moulded Tees (Agru) Plain-ended
OD
Class 6 & 10 H 20 40 25 42 32 44 40 46 50 49 63 67 75 77 90 105 110 117 125 138 140 147 160 164 180 178 200 193 225 216 250 219 280 247 315 277 355 327 400 346
L 80 84 87 93 100 121 150 204 233 279 289 318 357 386 444 437 496 549 668 690
Class 16 H L 139 276 156 315 166 344 N/A N/A 207 405 262 505 248 492 269 540 -
Class 6 Diam 50-400 Class 10 Diam 20-400
28
Polyolefin Manual
Moulded Tees (Agru) Flanged
OD
Class 6 & 10 H 20 75 25 77 32 79 40 91 50 94 63 112 75 122 90 150 110 172 125 198 140 205 160 228 180 253 200 258 225 300 250 294 280 332 315 370 355 422 400 450
L 150 154 157 183 190 210 240 291 342 400 400 450 507 515 615 587 665 740 858 900
Class 16 H L 90 386 110 458 125 486 N/A 160 598 180 697 200 684 225 730 -
Moulded Tees (Agru) with Takstubs
OD
Class 6 & 10 H 90 150 110 165 125 186 140 202 160 224 180 238 200 256 225 285 250 289 280 320
L 305 330 370 400 440 477 505 585 640 648
Class 16 H L 184 377 204 410 214 440 N/A N/A 267 525 340 660 307 610 338 677 -
29
Polyolefin Manual
Lateral Plain-ended
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
A 200 200 475 475 475 475 475 475 875 875 875 875 900 900 900 900 1100 1100 1200 1200 1500 1500 2000 2000
B 150 150 370 370 370 370 370 370 530 530 530 530 700 700 700 700 870 870 950 950 1200 1200 1600 1600
L 400 400 950 950 950 950 950 950 1350 1350 1350 1350 1800 1800 1800 1800 2200 2200 2400 2400 3000 3000 4000 4000
30
Polyolefin Manual
Lateral Flanged
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
A 250 250 525 525 525 525 525 725 725 725 725 725 900 900 900 900 1100 1100 1200 1200 1500 1500 2000 2000
B 200 200 420 420 420 420 420 420 580 580 580 580 700 700 700 700 870 870 950 950 1200 1200 1600 1600
L 500 500 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800 1800 1800 1800 2200 2200 2400 2400 3000 3000 4000 4000
Lateral with Takstub
OD 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280
A 525 525 525 525 725 725 725 725 725 900
B 420 420 420 420 420 580 580 580 580 700
L 1050 1050 1050 1050 1050 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800
31
Polyolefin Manual
Segmented Bends Plain-ended
OD R (min) 45 A 45 L 90 A 90 L 50 75 30 220 40 220 63 95 38 280 51 280 75 113 45 330 61 330 90 135 54 400 72 400 110 165 66 370 88 370 125 188 75 400 101 400 140 210 84 430 113 430 160 240 95 470 130 470 180 270 107 510 145 510 200 300 119 550 161 550 225 338 134 600 181 600 250 375 149 650 201 650 280 420 167 710 225 710 315 472 188 620 253 620 355 532 212 680 285 680 400 600 239 760 322 760 450 675 269 900 362 1300 500 750 298 900 402 1400 560 840 334 950 450 1150 630 945 376 1100 506 1300 710 1065 424 1250 571 1450 800 1200 477 1300 643 1500 900 1350 537 1500 723 1700 1000 1500 597 1600 804 1800
32
Polyolefin Manual
Bends Flanged
OD R (min) 45 A 45 L 90 A 90 L 50 75 30 265 40 265 63 95 38 325 51 325 75 113 45 375 61 375 90 135 54 445 72 445 110 165 66 415 88 415 125 188 75 455 101 455 140 210 84 475 113 475 160 240 95 525 130 525 180 270 107 575 145 575 200 300 119 615 161 615 225 338 134 675 181 675 250 375 149 715 201 715 280 420 167 795 225 795 315 472 188 695 253 695 355 532 212 755 285 755 400 600 239 845 322 845 450 675 269 985 362 1385 500 750 298 985 402 1485 560 840 334 1040 450 1240 630 945 376 1200 506 1400 710 1065 424 1355 571 1555 800 1200 477 1415 643 1615 900 1350 537 1630 723 1830 1000 1500 597 1740 804 1940
33
Polyolefin Manual
Segmented Bends with Takstubs
OD R (min) 45 A 45 L 90 A 90 L 90 135 54 445 72 445 110 165 66 415 88 415 125 188 75 455 101 455 140 210 84 475 113 475 160 240 95 525 130 525 180 270 107 575 145 575 200 300 119 615 161 615 225 338 134 675 181 675 250 375 149 715 201 715 280 420 167 795 225 795
Moulded Bends (Agru) Plain-ended
OD 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400
Class 6 & 10 R 20 25 32 40 50 63 73 88 108 125 140 155 175 195 225 240 280 300 300 300
L 32 38 34 44 58 73 85 98 124 141 151 180 201 220 242 265 292 312 342 352
34
Polyolefin Manual
Moulded Bends (Agru) Flanged
OD 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400
Class 6 & 10 R 17 20 30 40 50 63 73 88 108 125 140 155 175 195 225 240 280 255 300 300
L 67 73 69 89 103 118 130 143 178 205 206 245 276 285 327 340 377 407 435 455
Moulded Bends (Agru) with Takstubs
OD 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280
Class 6 & 10 R 88 108 125 140 155 175 194 225 240 280
L 145 178 205 207 245 276 285 327 340 377
35
Polyolefin Manual
Seamless Long Radius Bends Plain-ended
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355
R 150 189 225 270 220 250 280 320 360 400 450 500 560 427.5 532.5
L 220 280 330 400 370 400 430 470 510 550 600 650 710 620 680
Radius 3 x OD pipe
2 x OD pipe
1.5 x OD pipe
Seamless Long Radius Bends Flanged
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355
R 150 189 225 270 220 250 280 320 360 400 450 500 560 427.5 532.5
L 265 325 375 445 415 455 475 525 575 615 675 715 795 695 755
Radius 3 x OD pipe
2 x OD pipe
1.5 x OD pipe
36
Polyolefin Manual
Seamless Long Radius Bends with Takstubs
OD 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280
R 270 220 250 280 320 360 400 450 500 560
L 445 415 455 475 525 575 615 675 715 795
Radius 3 x OD pipe
2 x OD pipe
Seamless Long Radius Bends Plain-ended (Radius: 3 x OD of pipe)
OD 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500
Radius 330 375 420 480 540 600 675 750 840 945 1065 1200 1350 1500
45L 345 360 380 405 430 455 485 515 555 585 645 705 765 830
90L 535 580 625 685 745 805 880 955 1045 1150 1270 1405 1555 1705
37
Polyolefin Manual
Seamless Long Radius Bends Flanged (Radius: 3 x OD of pipe)
OD 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500
Radius 330 375 420 480 540 600 675 750 840 945 1065 1200 1350 1500
45L 400 425 435 470 505 520 570 590 640 680 740 810 870 925
90L 590 645 680 750 820 870 965 1030 1130 1235 1365 1510 1660 1800
Seamless Long Radius Bends Takstubbed (Radius: 3 x OD of pipe)
OD 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280
Radius 330 375 420 480 540 600 675 750 840
45L 400 425 435 470 505 520 570 590 640
90L 590 645 680 750 820 870 965 1030 1130
38
Polyolefin Manual
Machined Concentric Reducers Plain-ended
OD1 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560
OD2 20 25/20 32/25/20 40/32/25 50/40/25 63/50/40 75/63/50 90/75/63 110/90/75 125/110/90 140/125/110 160/140 180/160 200/180/160 225/200 250/225 280/250 315/280 355/315 400/355 450/400 500
B 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 120 120 120 120 120
Larger sizes available on request
39
Polyolefin Manual
Machined Eccentric Reducers Plain-ended (HDPE only)
OD1 63 75 90 110 125 140 140 160 180 200 225 250 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560
OD2 50/40 63/50 75/63 90/75 110/90 110 125 140/125 160/140 180/160 200/180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500
B 70 70 80 80 120 120 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 100 120 120 120 120
Larger sizes available on request
40
Polyolefin Manual
Victaulic Stub-ends (HDPE)
OD 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315
Victaulic Size 50 50 80 100 100 150 150 150 200 200 250 250 300 300
OD1 OD2 OD3 68.5 97 97 124.5 124.5 178.5 178.5 178.5 231.5 231.5 286 286
B H
60 50.5 16 10 48 90 61 16 15 51 90 76 16 15 51 115 91 16.5 15 56 115 111 16.5 15 56 161 126 17 15 46 161 141 17 15 46 161 161 17 15 46 218 181 21 21 85 218 201.5 21 21 85 273 226.5 21 21 85 273 251.5 21 21 85
Clamp Size 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12
41
Polyolefin Manual
Moulded Fittings
For Butt Welding
Tees Elongated and Reinforced
63 - 225mm 20 - 225mm
Class 6 Class 10
Tees
110 - 400mm Class 3, 2 50 - 400mm Class 6 20 - 400mm Class 10
Bends 90
110 - 400mm Class 3, 2 50 - 400mm Class 6 20 - 400mm Class 10
For Socket Welding
Elbows 90
16 - 110mm
Class 10
Elbows 45
16 - 110mm
Class 10
Tees
16 - 110mm
Class 10
Sockets
16 - 125mm
Class 10
42
Polyolefin Manual
Electro-fusion Fittings
All popular sizes available from 20mm - 500mm (pressure)
Elbow 90
Electro-fusion Tapping Saddles
Elbow 45
Electro-fusion Sockets
Tees 90
Electro-fusion Spigot Saddles
Reducing Bushes
Caps
43
Polyolefin Manual
Electro-fusion Unit All popular sizes available from 16mm - 110mm.
Pe/Brass Trans Coupler
Tee Pe/Brass Trans Elbow 90
Elbow 90 Pe/Brass Trans Elbow 90
Elbow 45 Pe/Brass Trans Elbow 45
Pe/Brass Trans Coupler
44
Polyolefin Manual
Manual Electro-fusion Control Unit
Automatic Electro-fusion Control Unit
Magnum Compression Fittings

All popular sizes available from 16mm - 110mm (pressure)
Coupling
Female Adaptor
Threaded Male Adaptor
Male Treaded Branch Tee Piece
Tee Piece Reduced Saddle
End Cap
Female Threaded Branch Tee Piece
Flange Adaptor Tee Piece Female Threaded 90 Elbow
Male Threaded 90 Elbow 90 Elbow Reducing Coupling
45
Polyolefin Manual
Pipeline Design Considerations

There are some important factors to consider when designing a pipe system. These factors include: Operating Pressure Operating Temperature Flow Life Terrain Coefficient of Linear Expansion Water Hammer
Resistance Factors for HDPE

Medium ConcenTemp Stress tration C MPa % 80 4-2 60 60 4.5 - 3 40 5 - 3.5 80 4-2 4 60 98 2 5 40 3 100 80 4-2 100 80 4-2 100 80 4-2 100 80 4-2 4 80 2 100 4.5 60 2.5 4 80 2 100 4.5 60 2 50 80 4-2 4.5 100 60 2.5 80 4-2 25 60 4.5 - 3 20/5 80 4-2 80 42 4.5 10 60 2.5 40 5-3 4 80 2 20 5 40 3 100 40 5-3 80 4-3 100 60 5-3 100 80 4 100 80 42 100 80 4-2 4 100 80 2 100 80 4-2 100 80 4-2 80 4-2 100 4.5 60 2.5 40 40 5 4.5 100 60 2 Time Stress Factor Factor fcRt fcRd 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.58 0.14 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.02 >1(10) 1 0.1 0.5 0.33 0.75 0.2 0.66 0.6 0.75 >1(2.2) 1 0.07 0.73 >1(1.4) 1 0.08 0.7 0.85 0.95 0.06 0.62 0.3 0.8 >1(15) 1 0.02 0.44 0.04 0.52 >1(10) 1 >1(5) 1 >1(6) 1 0.25 0.7 0.15 0.07 0.25 0.1 0.07 0.03 0.0001 0.1 - 1 0.003 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 7.5 0.75 >1(2.3) 0.1 0.25 0.1 0.6 0.65 0.62 0.53 0.58 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.6 - 1 0.42 0.87 0.65 0.8 1 0.9 1 0.55 0.7 0.6 0.66 0.94
Acetic acid
Air Alkaline Solution* Antistatic Agent Katax 3019 Antistatic Agent Recondit(?) CH Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride Caustic Soda Solution Chloroform Common Salt Solution Copper Electrolysis Solution
Chromic Acid
Chromosulfuric Acid Detergents, Miscellaneous Dichloroethylene Diethylsulphate Dimethylsulphate Disinfectant Tego 103 F Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethylene Chloride Ethylene glycol Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Formaldehyde Fuel oil
46
Polyolefin Manual
ConcenTemp Stress tration C MPa % Grisiron 8302 100 80 4-2 Grisiron 8402 100 80 4-2 4 Hexanol 100 80 3 Hydrochloric Acid 33 80 4-2 Mersol H 100 80 4-2 Methanol 100 60 5-3 Methylacetoacetate 100 80 4-2 4 80 2 Methylene Chloride 100 4.5 60 2.5 Mixture 1, 3, 5 Trimethylbenzene / 4 1:1 80 Decane 2 Mowilith DM4 100 80 4-2 Mowilith D222H 100 80 4-2 4 80 2 Natural Gas Condensate (Mixture 100 6 of Aromatic and Aliphatic) 20 5 Medium Natural Gas (Main Constituent CH2) Nitric Acid 100 53 65 80 80 40 80 80 4-2 Time Stress Factor Factor fcRt fcRd 0.025 0.32 0.08 0.46 0.4 0.9 >1(5) 1 0.35 0.75 0.2 0.6 1 1 0.55 0.85 0.05 0.67 0.8 0.95 0.04 0.65 0.3 0.85 0.02 0.65 0.7 0.95 0.45 0.8 1 1 0.2 0.78 >1(1.5) 1 Expected >4500h Life Expected >30000h Life 1(5) 0.01 0.005 0.01 1 >1(10) 0.2 >1(1.4) 0.005 1 1 0.08 0.7 0.03 0.55 0.35 0.2 0.07 0.035 >1(40) >1(4) >1(1.5) >1(1.4) 0.5 0.5 0.02 0.25 0.007 0.2 0.005 0.3 0.04 0.1 0.016 0.8 0.24 1 0.3 1 >1(2.8) 0.05 0.45 0.08 1 0.3 0.5 0.3 1 1 0.82 1 1 1 0.68 0.94 0.63 0.93 0.75 0.5 0.62 0.25 1 1 1 0.65 0.95 0.78 1 0.84 1 1 0.65 0.9 0.7
Octanol
100
Oxygen Petrol Polysulphide Sodium Hypochlorite with 12% Chlorine
100 100 100
40 78 85 Sulphuric Acid 90 - 91 95 - 97
98
Toluene
100
Transformer Oil Triacetin 1, 3, 5 Trimethyl Benzene Unfractioned Crude Oil
100 100 100 100
4-2 5 4-2 4 2 4.5 60 3 6 40 5 80 4-2 4 80 2 4 60 2 80 4-2 4 80 2 40 5 80 4-3 80 4 - 1.5 4.5 60 2.5 3 80 1 3 80 1 3 80 1 3 80 1 4 60 2 40 5 4 80 2 4 80 2 4.5 60 3 80 4-2 4 80 2 60 5
47
Polyolefin Manual
Medium ConcenTemp Stress tration C MPa % 3 4.5 20 2.8 Waste Paper from a Pulp Mill Waste Water from a Man-made Fibres Plant Waste Water from a Whey Processing Plant Water Water with Wetting Agent 100 100 100 100 2 80 80 80 80 80 4-2 4-2 4-2 42 4-2 Time Stress Factor Factor fcRt fcRd 0.7 0.95 Expected >23 Life Years Expected >23 Life Years 0.85 0.95 0.32 0.32 1 0.24 0.73 0.73 1 0.6
Chemical Resistance Tables

The following symbols are used in this table: + Specimen is resistant / Specimen has limited resistance only - Specimen is not resistant D Discoloration * Or at the boil ** Does not hold for welded joints
Substance Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde, aqueous Acetaldehyde + Acetic acid Acetamide Acetic acid Acetic acid, aqueous Acetic acid anhyride Acetic acid anhyride Acetoacetic acid Acetone Acetophenone Acetylene Acids, aromatic Acronal dispersions Acrylonitrile Adipic acid, aqueous Adipic ester Air Aktivin (chloramines, aqueous 1%) Allyn acetate Allyn alcohol(2-propenol-1) Allyn chloride Aluminium chloride, aqueous Aluminium chloride, solid Aluminium fluoride Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium metaphosphate Aluminium sulphate, aqueous Aluminium sulphate, solid Alum, aqueous Amino acids 2-aminoethanol (ethanolamine) Ammonia, aqueous Ammonia, gaseous Ammonia, liquid Ammonia water Ammonia water Concentration Tech. grade Any 90 : 10 100% 70% Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + / / + / + + + + + + + + /D + /D + + + + + + /D + /D + / + / + +* + +* + / + + + + + + +
As supplied commercially Tech. grade Saturated Tech. grade
+ + + + +
+ + / + + +to/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
96% Any Conc.
Saturated Any Tech. grade Any
+ + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Any
48
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Ammonium acetate, aqueous Ammonium carbonate, aqueous Ammonium chloride aqueous Ammonium fluoride, aqueous Ammonium hydrogen Carbonate, aqueous Ammonium hydrosulphide, aqueous Ammonium metaphosphate Ammonium nitrate, aqueous Ammonium phosphate, aqueous Ammonium sulphate, aqueous Ammonium sulphide, aqueous Ammonium thiocyanate Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol (C5 alcohols) Amyl chloride Amyl phthalate Aniline Aniline hydrochloride, aqueous Animal oils Aniseed Aniseed oil Anon (cyclohexanone) Anthraquinone sulphonic acid, aqueous (susp.) Antifreeze (automotive) Antimony chloride, Anhydrous Antimony pentachloride Antimony trichloride Anyl acetate Aqua regia (HCl + HNO3) Aromatic oils Arsenic acid, aqueous Arsenic acid, anhydride Ascorbic acid Asphalt Aspirin Barium hydroxide, aqueous Barium salts, aqueous Battery acid Beater glue (animal glue) Beef tallow Beer Beer sugar colouring Beeswax Benzaldehyde, aqueous Benzaldehyde in isopropyl alcohol Benzene Benzene sulphonic acid Benzoic acid, aqueous (sp?)Benzoyl chloride Benzyl alcohol Benzyl chloride BichromateSulphuric acid Bismuth salts Bisulphite liquor Bitumen Bleaching solution containing 12.5% Active chlorine** Bone oil Borax (sodium Tetraborate), Concentration Any Any Any Saturated Saturated Any Any Any Any Any Tech. grade Tech. grade 100% Any Any Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + / / / / As supplied commercially + + + + + + + + + + / + + / /to/ + + + + + + + + + / / + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + / + + + + + + / / + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + / / /
+ + + + /to+ + + /D + + + + + + + /to-
Tech. grade
Any
Any Any As supplied
+ + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + /D + + + + + + + + + + +to/l + + + + + + / + + / + / + + + + /to+to/ + + + / + + + /D
As supplied commercially Any 1% Tech. grade Any
Conc.
/ + + / + / + + +
+ + + -
+ /D
Saturated
/ + +
+ +
/ + +
/ + +
49
Polyolefin Manual
Substance aqueous Boric acid, aqueous Boron triflouride Brake fluid Brandy Brandy Bromic acid Bromine, liquid Bromine, vapours Bromine, water 1.3-butadiene, gaseous Butanediol, aqueous Butanediol, aqueous Butane, gaseous Butanol, aqueous Butanone 2-butenediol-1.4 2-Butynediol-1.4 Butoxyl (methoxybutylacetate) Butter Butylene glycol Butylene (butene), liquid Butyl acetate Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butyl alcohol Butyl benzyl phthalate Butyl phenol Butyl phenone Butyl phthalate (dibutyl phthalate) Butyric acid, aqueous Calcium carbide Calcium carbonate Calcium chlorate, aqueous Calcium chloride, aqueous Calcium hydroxide Calcium hypochlorite, aqueous (suspension) Calcium nitrate, aqueous Calcium oxide (powder) Calcium phosphate Calcium sulphate Calcium sulphide, aqueous Camphor Camphor Camphor oil Cane sugar, aqueous Carbazole Carbolic acid (phenol) Cabolineum Carbolineum, aqueous (for fruit trees) Carbonic acid, aqueous Carbonic acid, dry Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide, Gaseous Caster oil Caustic soda solution Cetyl alcohol (hexadecanol) Chloral hydrate, aqueous Chloral(trichloroacetaldehyde) Chloramines, aqueous Chloric acid, aqueous Chloric acid, aqueous Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + + + + / + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + +D Any 100% 100% Tech. grade + + + / + + + + + + + + + /D + + + + + + + +D + + + + +to/ + + + + + + / / + + + + + + + + + + / / / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +D + + + / + + + / + + + + /D + + + / + + + / / / + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Any
Conc. 100% Cold saturated Tech. grade Any Any Any Tech. grade Tech. grade
+ + + /to-
+ + +
/ + / / / + + + / / + + + + + + + + + + / / / + + +D
Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade
Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade a
+ +
Saturated Saturated Any 50%
< 10%
Any
+ + +D
As supplied commercially
Any Tech. grade Saturated 10% 1%
50
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Chloric acid, aqueous Chlorinated lime Chlorine, aqueous solution (chlorine water) Chlorine, gaseous, dry Chlorine, gaseous, moist Chlorine, liquid Chlorine bleaching Solution with 12.5% Active chlorine** Chloroacetic acid, aqueous Chloroacetic acid (mono), aqueous Chlorobenzene Chloroformic acid ester Chloroform Chlomethyl bromide Chloropicrin Chlorosulphonic acid Chrome alum (potassium Chromic sulphate), aqueous Chrome anode slime Chrome salts, aqueous Chromic acid, aqueous** Chromilium trioxide, aqueous** Chromosulphuric acid Cider Citric acid, aqueous Citrus fruit juices Citrus juices Clophen A50 and A60 Coal tar oil Coconut oil Coconut oil, alcohol Cod liver oil Coffee extract Cognac Cola concentrates Common salts, aqueous Coolants and lubricants for metalworking Hoechst Copper chloride, aqueous saturated Copper cyanide, aqueous saturated Copper fluoride, aqueous saturated Copper nitrate, aqueous Copper salts, aqueous Copper sulphate, aqueous Corn oil Cottonseed oil Coumarone resin Creosote Cresol Cresol, aqueous Crotonaldehyde Crude oil Cyclanone (fatty alcohol sulphonate) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanol (Anon) Decahydronaphtalene (Dekalin) Defoamers Detergents Detergents, synthetic Developer solution Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C 20% + + + + + + / / / < 85% Any + + / + /to +to/ + + + / / + + + + + +D + + + + + + + / Saturated Saturated Saturated 30% Cold saturated Any Tech. grade + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +D + + + + / + + +D /D +D / / + + + / / +to/ + + +D / + + / + + + -D -D + + + + /to/ / / + + + / + + + + /D /D + + + + + +D + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + / + + + +D + + + / + +D /D +D + + + /D /D + + + + / / / + + / / / + + -
Saturated
Tech. grade
Tech. grade Saturated Any 50% 50%
Saturated
Tech. grade
/ + + + /
Any
100% Dilute Tech. grade As supplied commercially
+ + / / + + +D
Tech. grade
End use Conc.
51
Polyolefin Manual
Substance (photographic) Dextrin (starch gum), Aqueous Dextrose Dextrose, aqueous 1.2-Diaminoethane (ethylenediamine) 1.2-Dibromoethane Dibutyl ether Dibutyl phthalate (butyl phthalate) Dibutyl sebacate Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Methyl ester Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT, powder) Dichlorothane 1.1-Dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride) Dichloropropane Dichloropropane Diesel fuel Diethanolamine Diethylene glycol 2-Diethylhexylphthalate (DOP) Diethylketone Diethyl ether Diglycolic acid, aqueous Dihexyl phthalate Disobutylketone Diisoctyl phthalate Diisopropyl ether Dimethylamine Dimethyl formamide Dimethyl sulphoxide Dinonyl phthalate (DNP) Dioctyl phthalate Dioxane Diphenylamine Diphenyl oxide Disodium phosphate Disodium sulphate Dodecylbenzenesulphonic Acid Drinking water, also chlorinated Dyes Eau de Javelle (potassium Hypochloride bleaching solution) Eau de Labarraque(sodium Hypochlorite bleaching solution) Electrolytic baths for Electroplanting Emulsifiers Emulsions (photographic) Ephetin, aqueous Epichlorohydrin Esters, aliphatic Ethane Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) Ethanol Ethanol, denatured with toluene Ethereal oils Ether Ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + + / +to/ Tech. grade Tech. grade 50% + + + + + / + / Tech. grade / / + + + + + +to/ + + + +to/ + + + + + + + + + + + + +D +to/ +to/ +to/// + + + + + + + + + / +to/ + /* + / / + + + + + + +to/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + / / /D + + + / / + / / /* + /to/ / +to/ + / / + / / + + / + +D + + + + / / + + + + + / + + + + + + /
18% Any Tech. grade
+ +
Tech. grade
+ + +
/ +
30% Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade
/ + + + + + + + + /
+ / /
Tech. grade Tech. grade
+ / / /
+ + + +
+ + + +
*to/ *to/
/ /
10% Tech. grade Tech. grade 96% 96% (v/v)
+ +
52
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + + / / + + + + + + + + / / /* +to/ +to/ / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + /+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + / +D + / + + + +D + + + / + + + + + + + + / / / / + + + + +
acid Ethylene Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene chlorohydrin Tech. grade (chloroethanol) Ethylene diamine (1.2Tech. grade diaminoethane) Ethylene dibromide Tech. grade Ethylene dichloride (dichloroethane) Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol Monobutyl ether Tech. Grade Ethylene glycol monobutyl Tech. Grade ether (butyl glycol) Ethylene oxide, gaseous Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol 96% Ethyl alcohol + acetic acid As used in production (fermentation mixture) Ethyl benzene Tech. grade Ethyl chloride Tech. grade Ethyl chloride (chloroethane) Tech. grade Ethyl ether Tech. grade Ethyl ether (diethyl ether) Euron B Euron G Fatty acid (C6) Fatty acid amides Fatty alcohols Ferric alum (terric Ammonium Saturated sulphate), Aqueous Ferric ammonium Sulphate, Saturated aqueous Ferric chloride, aqueous Any Ferric chloride, aqueous Saturated Ferric nitrate, aqueous Saturated Ferric sulphate, aqueous Saturated Ferrous chloride, aqueous Saturated Ferrous sulphate, aqueous Saturated Fertilizer salts, aqueous Any Fixing salt, aqueous Any Fixing salt, solid Fluorine, gaseous Fluoroboric acid, aqueous Fluorosilicic acid Any Fluorosilicic acid, aqueous Any Formaldehyde, aqueous Up to 40% Formamide Formic acid, aqueous 10% Formic acid, aqueous 85% Frigen 12 (Freon 12) Fructose 100%any (fruit sugar), aqueous Fruit juices Any Fruit juices, fermented Fruit juices, unfermented Any Fruit pulp Fuel oil Fuming sulphuric acid (H2SO4 Any = SO3) Furfurol Furfuryl alcohol As supplied Gas manufactured commercially Gas natural Tech. grade Gelatin Genantin
+ + +
+D + +
+* +
/* /* / + +to/ / / + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + -+ + + + + /
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + /+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + / + + + + + / + + +
/D
+ +
53
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Gin Glacial acetic acid (100% acetic acid) Glaubers salt, aqueous Glucose, aqueous Glue Glycerin, aqueous Glycerin, chlorohydrin Glycerine (aminoacetic acid) Glycolic acid, aqueous Glycolic acid butyl ester Glycol, aqueous Glysantin Grisiron 8302 Grisiron 8702 Halothan Heptane Hexafluorosilicic acid, aqueous Hexane Hexanetriol Honey Hydraulic fluid Hydrazine hydrate Hydrobromic acid, aqueous Hydrochloric acid, aqueous Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid, aqueous Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide, gaseous Hydrogen chloride gas, dry and moist Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous Hydrogen sulphide, aqueous Hydrogen sulphide, gaseous Hydroquinone Hydroxylamine sulphate, 12% aqueous Hypochlorous acid Hyposulphite, aqueous Iodine in potassium Iodide solution Iodine tincture, DAB 6 Isoamyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol (isobutanol) Isobutyric acid Isooctane Isopropanol Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl ether i-Propanol (i-propylalcohol) Kerosene Kerosine Ketones Lactic acid, aqueous Lactose (milk sugar) Lanolin (wool fat) Latex Lead acetate, aqueous Lead tetraethyl Lime Lime water Linseed oil Liqueur Liquid manure Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + Tech. grade + /D + /D + Any Any Any + + + + + + + + + + / + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 10% 30% Saturated / / + + +D + + + + + + + + + + + +to/ + + + +to/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + /to/ + / + + / + + + + / + + + + + +D + / + + /D / + / / + / + / / /to+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Up to 70% As supplied commercially
+ +
+ +
/ + + + + + +D + + + + + + + + +D + +to/ + + + + + + / + + / +to/ + + + + + + + + + + +
/ / + +
40%
50% Any 40-85% Tech. grade
+ +D + + +D + / + + + / + +
+D
12% Up to 10% 3% iodine As supplied commercially Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade 100% Tech. grade
/ + + / / + + / + + + + + +
Any
Any
+ +
Tech. grade
54
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Liquid soap Lithium bromide Lubricating oils Lysol Machine oil Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride, aqueous Magnesium fluorosilicate Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodide Magnesium salts, aqueous Magnesium sulphate, aqueous Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), aqueous Maleic acid, aqueous Malic acid, aqueous Manganese sulphate Margarine Mash Mayonnaise Menthol Mercury Mercury chloride Mercury salts Metal soaps Methacrylic acid Methanol Methoxybutanol Methoxybutyl acetate (Butoxyl) Methylamine, aqueous 2-Methylbutanol-2 Methylene chloride** (dichloromethane) Methylisobutyl ketone Methyl acetate Methyl acetate (acetic acid methyl ester) Methyl acrylate Methyl alcohol Methyl benzene Methyl benzoic acid (toluyl (? Sp)acid) Methyl bromide, gaseous Methyl bromide (bromomethane), gaseous Methyl chloride, gaseous Methyl chloride (chloromethane), gaseous Methyl cyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methol Methyl? glycol Methyl methacrylate 4-methyl pentanol-2 Methyl propyl ketone n-Methyl pyrrolidone Methyl salicylate (salicylic Acid methyl ester) Methyl sulphuric acid Milk Mineral oil Mineral water Molasses Molasses Wort Monochloroacetic acid Monochloroacetic acid Ethyl ester Monochloroacetic acid Methyl Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + + + + + + + +to/ + + / + / + / + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / Tech. grade Tech. grade + + + + + / Saturated Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade / / / / /to + / + + + + + +to/D + / + + + 50% Without + + + + + + + + + / + + +to/ + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + / / / /* /to / + + + + / -* / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Tech. grade
Any
Any Any Any Up to 100% 50%
As supplied
+ + + +
Tech. grade
32% Tech. grade
55
Polyolefin Manual
Substance ester Monochlorobenzene (sp?)Mordants, methallic Morpholine Motor oil (heavy duty oil) Mowilith(?) emulsions Must Nail varnish remover Naphthalene Naphtha Naphtha Naphthabenzene mixture 80/20 Nickel chloride Nickel nitrate Nickel salts, aqueous Nickel sulphate, aqueous Nicotine Nicotinic acid Nitric acid** Nitric acid** 2,2,2-Nitrilotriethanol (triethanolamine), aqueous Nitrobenzene Nitrocellulose o-Nitroluene Nonyl alcohol (nonanol) Nut oil Octyl cresol Oils, ethereal Oils, vegetables and animal Oleic acid Olive oil Optical brighteners Orange juice Oxalic acid, aqueous Oxygen Ozone Palmitic acid Palityl alcohol Palm nut oil Paraffin, liquid Paraffin emulsions Paraformaldehyde Peanut oil Pentanol Peppermint oil Perchloric acid, aqueous Perchloric acid, aqueous Perchloric acid, aqueous Perchloroethylene Petroleum ether Petrol, regular-grade (D/N 5 1635) Phenolic resin moulding compounds Phenol Phenol (carbolic acid) Phenyl ethyl alcohol Phenyl hydrazine Phenyl hydrazine Hydrochloride Phenyl sulphonate (sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate) Phosgene, gaseous Phosgene, liquid Phosphates, aqueous Phosphoric acid, aqueous Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C / + + + + +to/l + + + + + / + / + / + / + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + / / + + + + + + / +/ + + + + + / / + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + / + + 100% Any 50% / + + / / + / / + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + / / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + / / + + + +
Tech. grade 80/20
Any <10% Any 25% 50%
+ + -
Tech. grade
Any 50 pphm
/ / + + + + + / + + / + +
As supplied commercially Tech. grade
20% 50% 70%
+ / / / + +D +D + /to+
/ + / + + + + / + + / + +
/ + +D +D
Tech. grade
+ / + +
+ +
56
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Phosphoric acid, aqueous Phosphoric oxychloride Phosphoric pentoxide Phosphoric trichloride Photographic developers Photographic emulsions Photographic fixing baths Phthalic acid, aqueous Phthalic acid dibutyl ester (dibutyl phthalate) Phthalic acid ester Picric acid, aqueous Pineapple juice Pine needle oil Plant protection agents, aqueous Plasticizers Polyacrylic acid emulsions Polyester plasticizers Polyester resins Polyglycols Polysolvan O (glycolicAcid butyl ester) Potassium aluminium sulphate, aqueous Potassium bicarbonate, aqueous Potassium bichromate, aqueous Potassium bisulphate, aqueous Potassium bisulphite, aqueous Potassium borate, aqueous Potassium bromate, aqueous Potassium bromide, aqueous Potassium carbonate, aqueous Potassium chlorate, aqueous Potassium chloride, aqueous Potassium chromate, aqueous Potassium chromic sulphate (chrome alum), aqueous Potassium cyanide, aqueous Potassium dichromate, aqueous Potassium ferricyanide, aqueous Potassium ferricyanide And ferrocyanide Potassium fluoride, aqueous Potassium hexacyano-ferrate, aqueous Potassium hydrogen Carbonate, aqueous Potassium hydrogen sulphate, aqueous Potassium hydrogen sulphite, aqueous Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide, aqueous Potassium hydroxide solution Potassium hypochlorite, aqueous Potassium iodide, aqueous Potassium nitrate, aqueous Potassium perborate Potassium perchlorate, Aqueous Potassium perchlorate, aqueous Potassiumpermanganate Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C 80%95% + /D + +D +D + / + / 100% + + + + / + +D +D +D +D As supplied + + + commercially As supplied + + + commercially 50% + + + + Tech. grade 1% + + + + + + + + + / + + Any Saturated Any Saturated Saturated 1% Up to 10% Any Any Any Any 40% Saturated Any Saturated Any Any Any Any Saturated Saturated Saturated Any 50% Saturated Any Any Up to 10% 1% + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / +to/ + + / + +to/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + / / / + +
As supplied commercially
+ + + + +
57
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Potassiumpermanganate, aqueous Potassium persulphate, aqueous Potassium phosphate, aqueous Potassium sulphate, aqueous Potassium sulphide, Aqueous Potassium sulphite, aqueous Potassium tetracyanocuprate, aqueous Potassium thriosulphate, aqueous Propane, gaseous Propanol (propyl alcohol) i-Propanol (i-propyl alcohol) n-Propanol (n-propyl alcohol) Propargyl alcohol, aqueous Propionic acid, aqueous Propylene dichloride Propylene glycol Propylene oxide Pseudocumene Pyridine Release agents Roasting gases, dry Rubber dispensions (latex) Sagrotan Salicylic acid Salt brines Saturated steam Condensate Sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) Sea water Silicic acid, aqueous Silicone emulsion Silicone oil Silver nitrate Silver nitrate, aqueous Silver salts, aqueous Soap solution, aqueous Soda (sodium carbonate), aqueous Sodium acetate, aqueous Sodium aluminium sulphate Sodium benzoate, aqueous Sodium bicarbonate, aqueous Sodium bisulphate, aqueous Sodium bisulphate, aqueous Sodium borate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate, aqueous Sodium chlorate, aqueous Sodium chloride, aqueous Sodium chlorite, aqueous Sodium chromate Sodium cyanide Sodium dichromate Sodium dodecylbenzeneSulphonate Sodium ferricyanide Sodium fluoride Sodium hexacyanoferrate(iii)(sodium ferricyamide), aqueous Sodium hexacyanoferrate(ii) Sodium hexametaphosphate, aqueous Concentration Up to 6% Any Saturated Any Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated Tech. grade Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Saturated + +D + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / / + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +D + + + +
7% Any 100%
Any
Saturated
Any As supplied commercially Technical Any Cold saturated Any Any Any Saturated Saturated Saturated
/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
/ + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Any Saturated Any 50%
+ +
58
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Sodium hydrogen carbonate, aqueous Sodium hydrogen sulphate, aqueous Sodium hydrogen sulphite, aqueous Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide, aqueous Sodium hydroxide, solid Sodium hypchlorite, aqueous with 12.5% active chlorine Sodium nitrate, aqueous Sodium nitrite, aqueous Sodium perborate, aqueous Sodium perchlorate, aqueous Sodium peroxide, aqueous Sodium peroxide, aqueous Sodium phosphate, aqueous Sodium silicate Sodium silicate, aqueous Sodium sulphate, aqueous Sodium sulphide Sodium sulphite, aqueous Sodium tetraborate (borax), aqueous Sodium thriosulphate, aqueous Soft soap Soya bean oil Spermaceti Spindle oil Spirits Stain remover Stannic chloride, aqueous Stannous chloride, aqueous Starch, aqueous Starch gum (dextrin), aqueous Starch syrup Stearic acid Styrene Succinic acid, aqueous Sugar beet juice Sugar syrup Sulphates, aqueous solutions Sulphuric acid, aqueous Sulphuric acid, aqueous Sulphuric acid, aqueous Sulphuric acid, aqueous Sulphur Sulphurous acid Sulphuryl chloride (sulphonyl chloride) Sulphur dioxide, aqueous Sulphur dioxide, gaseous Sulphur trioxide Tallow Tannic acid (tannin), aqueous Tanning extract, vegetables Tannin (tannic acid), aqueous Tartaric acid, aqueous Tetrabromomethane Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydronaptalene (tetralin) Thioglycolic acid Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + Saturated Saturated Any + + + + + / Any Any Any Any Saturated 10% Saturated Any Cold saturated Saturated 40% Saturated Saturated + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + +to/ + +to/ + + + + + + / + + + + + + + /1) + + + + + + + + + /to/to/to/to+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + / / / + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + / + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + + /to/ / / +
+ + + + + + + + + / -
+ + +
Saturated Any Any 18%
50%
Any Up to 50% 70% 80% 98%
+ + + + + / + + + + + / / + +
+ +
Tech. grade Any
+ + + + / + + +
Tech. grade 10% As supplied 10% Any
Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade
59
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Thionyl chloride Thiophene Toluene Toluic acids (methyl Benzoic acids) Tomato juice Transformer oil Tributyl phosphate Trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral) Trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic acid, aqueous Trichlorobenzene Trichloroethylene Tricresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Triethanolamine(2,22nitrilotiethanol), aqueous Triethylene glycol Trilon Trimethylol propane, aqueous Trimethyl borate Trioctyl phosphate Trisodium phosphate Trichloroethylphosphate Turpentine oil Tutogen U Tween 20 and 80 Two-stroke oil Urea, aqueous Uric acid Urine Vaseline Vaseline oil Vinegar (wine vinegar) Vinylidene chloride (1.1dichloroethylene) Vinyl acetate Viscose spinning solutions Vitamin C Vitamin preparations, dry (powder) Walnut oil Washing up liquids Waste gases containing carbonic acid derivatives Waste gases containing carbon dioxide Waste gases containing carbon monoxide Waste gases containing hydrochloric acid Waste gases containing hydrogen fluoride Waste gases containing nitrose Waste gases containing SO2 Waste gases containing sulphuric acid (moist) Waste gases containing Sulphur trioxide (fuming sulphuric acid) Water, distilled Waxes Wax alcohols Whey Whiskey White spirits Wine Concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C / / Tech. grade / / Saturated Tech. grade Tech. grade Tech. grade 50% Tech. grade / + + + + + +to/ + + + + + + + + + + +to/ + + + + + + +to/ +to/ + + + + + Usual Any Any Any Any Trace Trace Low Any Trace + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + +to/ / + / / + + + + + + + + + + + + + / + + / + + +to/ + + + + + + + / + + /to+ +D / + + + /to/ + + / + / + + + / / + / + + + + + + / + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
/ +D
+ +
Tech. grade
+ + + + / / +
Up to 33%
Tech. grade Tech. grade As supplied commercially Tech. grade
/ +
+ + + + +
Tech. Grade
Tech. Grade
60
Polyolefin Manual
Substance Wine vinegar (table vinegar) Wood stains Concentration As supplied commercially End use concentration Behaviour Behaviour PP HDPE 20C 60C 20C 60C 100C + + + +to/ + +
Xylene / Yeast + + + Zinc carbonate + + + + Zinc chloride, aqueous Any + + + + Zinc oxide + + + + + Zinc salts, aqueous Any + + + + Zinc sludge + + + + Zinc stearate + + + + + Zinc sulphate, aqueous Any + + + + + *88,25 parts water,10 parts sodium perchlorate, 1 part sodium hydroxide, 0,25 parts aniline, 0,25 parts manochlorobenzene, 0,25parts toluenediamine.
Operating Pressure
The most important factor to be recognised is that there is interdependence between operating pressure, operating temperature and expected life of the pipe. Increase in one normally results in losses in the others and it becomes an exercise in determining the optimum values of these different parameters. It should be remembered that the relevant SABS specifications are structured around the basic assumption of water at 20 C as fluid for an expected life of 50 years, at the given pressure rating. Whenever there is a significant deviation from this standard, the requirements should be discussed with a knowledgeable design engineer. Hydrostatic strength curves give the relationship between pressure, temperature and life. GM 5010/12 exceeds the minimum Din 8075 curves by a factor of 10 on average. Continual material development necessitates periodical revision of the hydrostatic regression curves. Following are copies of these curves for HDPE and PP, together with an example how to use them.
61
Polyolefin Manual Hydrostatic Strength (Creep Rupture Curve) for HDPE
62
Polyolefin Manual Hydrostatic Strength (Creep Rupture Curve) for PP
Hydrostatic Regression Curves (Their Use and Application) Under mechanical stress, plastics have a tendency to creep (cold flow) in the same way as metals do at high temperatures. To establish permissible stresses under continuous loading, it is therefore necessary to examine the mechanical behaviour of the plastics in question, when subjected to stress over long periods. This generally requires plotting the regression curve (also curves) as well as the time yield limits for the plastics material in question. From a design aspect, the hydrostatic strength of a pipe under internal pressure is one of its most important properties. The strength of plastics pipe under internal pressure depends on the temperature and time under stress. From test work commenced in 1955, measuring the hydrostatic strength of pipe at various temperatures and pressures, the resultant regression curves (according to DIN8075/SABS 533) have been derived and indicate the decreased stress and temperature. These curves indicate minimum permissible values. The curves initially comprise a flat slope which bends into a steep gradient with increasing time under stress; the flat section of the slope representing ductile crack failure, and the steep section brittle crack failure (with almost no deformation). The relationship of time versus stress and/or temperature is shown in the double regression curves in Graph 1. From the curves it can be seen that, at 20C, a life expectancy of 50 years at a reference stress of 8 MPa, is obtained. Allowing a safety factor of 1.6 as stipulated by DIN 8075, gives a design stress of 5Mpa. This design stress value is used to calculate the pipe wall thickness (according to DIN8074 or SABS 533 Part II). Hydrostatic strength measurements carried out at Hoechst AG on GM 5010 T2 produces substantially higher values than the minimum values called for by DIN8075. For example, at 20C and a lifespan of 50 years, a reference stress of 10 MPa is obtained. A design stress of 5 MPa gives a safety factor of two, which far exceeds pipe quality requirements. From Graph 1, at 80C and 4 MPa reference stress, a life expectancy of 170 hours is obtained. This is one of the minimum requirements of SABS 533 Part II. Example: Given is an HPDE pipe with OD of 450mm and pressure class 10. The pipe is being used to convey water under internal pressure (pi) of 850 kPa, at 40C. What is the expected lifespan? According to SABS 533 II, a Class 10 pipe has a wall thickness of 41mm. This calculation is based on a design stress of 5 MPa, which has been set by the Standardisation Committee. From the standard formula: Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com 63
Polyolefin Manual
Where: t = wall thickness d = outside diameter p = internal pressure it follows that
and since where safety factor = 1.6 therefore
Based on the regression curves for Hostalen GM 5010 T2, it follows that the expected life is 3 x 104 hours, or about four years. Resistance to Vacuum of HDPE
Operating Temperature
Again, with reference to the SABS standard, it should be remembered that with elevated operating temperatures, the pressure rating of the pipe should be adapted to suit, and still leave a satisfactory safety factor at the end of its design life. Creep rupture curves again determine the relationship between temperature, pressure and expected life. Following, are tables and graphs indicating the reduction in operating pressure with increase in operating temperature.
64
Polyolefin Manual Working Pressure against Temperature - Comparison between PP and HDPE
Pressure Derating Factors PP

Temperature C Period Year(s) 1 5 10 50 1 5 10 50 1 5 10 1 5 10 1 5 Maximum Working Pressure, kPa Class Class Class Class 6,3 10 16 20 885 1 400 2 400 2 800 785 1 240 1 980 2 480 760 1 200 1 920 2 400 630 1 000 1 600 2 000 570 900 1 440 1 800 505 800 1 280 1 600 480 760 1 215 1 520 380 600 960 1 200 380 600 960 1 200 330 520 830 1 040 315 500 800 1 000 255 400 640 800 190 300 480 600 155 240 380 480 155 240 380 80 120 190
20
40
60
80 100
Pressure Derating Factors HDPE

Water Temperature C 0-20 > 20 25 > 25-30 > 30-35 > 35-40 > 40-45 > 45-50 Factor Applied to Maximum Working Pressure at 20C (I.e. Pressure Rating) 1 0,8 0,63 0,5 0,4 0,32 0,25
Flow
Because of friction between the fluid and the pipe wall, there are pressure losses along the pipeline, hence the importance of this parameter in the design of the system. Most plastic pipes normally have a very smooth surface and consequently have a lower drop in pressure over a certain distance. This can result in a higher volume, increased velocity or decreased pumping costs or a combination of these.
65
Polyolefin Manual
HDPE 100X
Steel 100X
HDPE 100X
Steel 100X
The flow Nomogram gives an easy way to determine the pressure loss in a pipeline at different diameters and velocities. Hazen Williams Coefficient for Different Pipe Materials One method of expressing the roughness and flow in a pipeline, is Hazen Williams equation, i.e. V = 0.849 C x R0.63 x S0.54 Where C is the Hazen Williams coefficient V is the velocity of flow R is the hydraulic radius S is the head (of pressure) loss Below are the values for C for different pipe materials.
Pipe HDPE & PP Smooth concrete and FRC Steel Bitumen lined or galvanised Cast Iron Vitrified clay New 25 years 50 years Badly old old corroded 150 140 140 130 150 130 120 100 130 110 100 90 80 60 50 45
150 130 120
For diameters smaller than 1000mm, reduce by:
Ref: Pipeline design for water engineers By D L Stephenson
66
Polyolefin Manual Flow Nomogram

Inside Diameter Steel HDPE/PP Pipe Pipe 1mm Restcoat Quantity of Water Velocity m/sec l/sec l/min Loss of Pressure m/100. Pipeline HDPE/PP Steel Pipe Pipe
The nomogram is based on the Prandtl-Coalbrook formula using a k factor of : k = 0.007mm.
67
Polyolefin Manual factors applicable to other flow formulae are: Hazen Williams - c = 150 Manning - n = 0.010 Darcy roughness factor - = 0.007mm Pressure Loss in HDPE Pipe (According to DIN 8074 Series 4) (Class 6)
Pressure Loss in HDPE Pipes (According to DIN 8074 Series 5) (Class 10)
Valid for water at 10C Pressure Loss p (bar/100m)
Life
Although the design standard is 50 years, it might be necessary, in some cases of design, for a shorter expected life of the pipeline. This is done only for economical reasons and it should be remembered that it disqualifies the pipe for a SABS mark of approval. Factors other than pressure and temperature also have an influence on the expected life of the pipeline, such as abrasion or chemical reaction by the fluid being transported. Abrasion resistance of HPDE and PP is excellent, as can be seen from the curves in Graph 7. HPDE in particular, is increasingly being used in high abrasion applications, such as coal washing plants and slurry lines. Chemical Resistance Both HPDE and PP have excellent resistance to most chemicals under ambient temperature conditions.
68
Polyolefin Manual Again, the other factors such as temperature and life are interrelated to the chemical resistance of the pipe materials. Resistance to various chemicals is given in the following table, as determined by the manufacturers of the raw materials. Abrasion Resistance - HDPE TEST DATA: Flow medium - Sand/water mixture Velocity - 7m/s Pressure - 140 MPa Temperature - 30 - 35C
Resistance Factors for HDPE The Resistance Factors for HDPE table is intended as a preliminary guide to the chemical resistance of HPDE; it does not provide sufficient information for specific applications or operating conditions. Thus effluent pipes, for example, have satisfactory resistance to all the wastes normally occurring in the chemical industry. To obtain a better assessment of the resistance of pressure pipes to particular media, it is necessary to carry out creep rupture tests under internal pressure on pipe specimens. Instead of water, the pipe is filled with the chemicals to be tested, such as acids, alkalis or solvents. The service life, measured in this way, is compared with that for pipes, tested with water. The time quotient fcRt (= service life with the test medium/service life with water) is a measure of the chemicals resistance of the pipe under stress. Instead of the time factor, the decrease (or increase) of the stress for the same service life can be used. Resistance to Chemicals and Other Media The Chemical Resistance table shows the resistance of pipe to different chemicals. Because of their non-polar nature as high-molecular paraffinic hydrocarbons, Hostalen, Hostalen PP and Hostalen LD, the polyolefins of Hoechst, have exceptionally high resistance to chemicals and other media. They are not attacked by aqueous solutions of salts, acids and alkalis. Fatty oils and waxes cause only slight swelling. Hostalen, Hostalen PP and Hostalen LD are resistant to many solvents, up to 60C; at higher temperatures they are attracted by aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. Hostalen, Hostalen PP and Hostalen LD are not resistant to strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid, oleum and halogens. Generally speaking, higher temperatures can considerably impair resistance, depending on the chemical environment. Owing to its density and higher degree of branching, Hostalen LD is not quite as resistant as Hostalen. But the difference is merely one of degree; its EVA copolymers containing a large proportion of vinyl acetate have much poorer resistance. The results of numerous chemical resistance tests are shown in the following table. This summarises the changes that were observed when Hostalen, Hostalen PP and Hostalen LD were exposed to the substances listed. These results cannot, however, replace chemical resistance tests that are conducted as part of studies to determine general suitability of design; nor do these results hold for all application situations.
69
Polyolefin Manual A special assessment must always be made if the substrate is exposed to mechanical, chemical and possibly thermal stresses at the same time, as is the case with pressure pipes or large tanks. The so-called resistance factor (fCR)* is a valuable guide in such cases. It characterises the long-term resistance of pipes exposed to a certain substance, relative to the long-term resistance in water. In the case of pipes made from Hostalen and Hostalen PP, resistance factors were determined for a number of substances. Plastics specimens were placed in the relevant substance for 60 days (30 days in the case of LDPE) but were not subjected to mechanical stress. They were then tested for swelling or weight loss and subjected to the test for tensile strength. Specimens: 50mm x 25mm x 1mm and specimen 3 according to DIN 53455, with dimensions in the ratio 1:4, both taken from press-moulded sheets. Determining of Time (fcRt) and Stress (fcR) Factors
Terrain
The first question is always whether the pipe will be above or below the ground. In both cases, there are a number of considerations, such as: Environment Ambient temperature range Weathering ability Security Soil conditions Generally, these have to do with aesthetics, ultraviolet resistance, expansion and contraction, toughness, resilience and economics. Two factors in particular are of importance, i.e. supporting distances for pipes suspended above ground, and critical loads on pipes buried below ground. Data to calculate these values is given below.
70
Polyolefin Manual Supporting Distances of HPDE and PP
Calculation of Static Loads on Pipes
Deformation calculations
For buried gravity flow sewers, the required wall thickness must be determined according to the external stresses imposed by earth pressure and traffic. In order to understand the effect of such stresses on high density polyethylene pipe, the special characteristics of a visco-elastic material have to be considered, since the methods for calculating static loading of rigid pipes (stoneware, concrete, asbestos, cement) or of elastic pipes (steel) are not directly applicable. In the crushing test, Hostalen GM 5010 T2 pipe does not fracture. Under an increasing crushing load, it deforms to such an extent that the inwardly arched pipe bottom bulges up, but no stress cracks form. In considering the strength properties of buried high-density polyethylene pipe, this behaviour must therefore be taken into account. Some deformation occurring under load is elastic (reversible) and some is plastic (irreversible). In fact, the crushing test indicates only the degree of deformability of the material, but in no way corresponds to the stress conditions to which the pipe in the backfilled trench is actually subjected. Deformation in such cases will be substantially less than in the crushing test under similar load, because the buried pipe is laterally supported. Measurements of earth pressure and pipe deformation have been carried out over the last eight years, in order to determine the load bearing capacity of a flexible pipe bedded below ground. These measurements showed that the reduction in earth load, due to frictional forces being set up in the trench wall, would cease during the course of time. The maximum possible earth load . H is assumed in calculations. The superimposed loads, due to wheeled traffic, can be converted into area traffic loads pv by the usual methods (e.g. Boussinesq). For the impact tractor , the following values are recommended: SLW 60: 1.2; SLW 30:1.4; trucks 12: 1.5 The total load on the pipe thus: qv = x H + Y x Pv Where: = backfill density H = cover depth = impact factor Pv = area traffic load The minimum cover depth for road traffic loads should be 0.8m; for pipes with a diameter of D > 0,8m, it should equal the pipe diameter D. For rail and air traffic, minimum cover depths of > 1.5D >= 1.2m should equal the pipe diameter D. If, in individual cases, no more precise data is available, the soil deformation moduli shown in Table 26 may be used. These are valid for a compressive stress range of up to about 0,1 N/mm2. For higher stresses, the soil moduli increase and thus higher values may be used for greater cover depths, provided they can be confirmed by measurements. The deformation (crown indentation y) of Hostalen GM 5010 T2 pipes under earth load is determined by the RS value on the x-axis of the Watkins graph, Graph 10. The RS value is the quotient of soil rigidity by pipe rigidity.
71
Polyolefin Manual
Where: EB = soil rigidity (soil modulus) ER = elastic modulus of the pipe wall D = mean pipe diameter s = pipe wall thickness On the y-axis of the Watkins graph, the relative pipe deformation for a given RS value can be calculated. By multiplying this value with the soil compression value B B = qv/EB pipe deformation y/D is obtained: y/D = v = ( v/B) x B Since plastics have a tendency to creep, deformation increases with time, and a distinction has to be made between short and long term deformation (indicated in the following by the indices K and L). Both are obtained from the Watkins graph by calculating the Rs value with the short-term and long-term modulus (50 years). Pipe should be dimensioned so that the long-term deformation after 50 years does not exceed 6%. The pipe rigidity values for short and long term deformation, required to calculate the Rs value, are given in Table 27 for standardised HDPE pipes. These values were calculated with elastic moduli ERK = 900 N/mm2 and ERL = 200 N/mm2. NOTE: Class 4 Hostalen GM 5010 T2 pipes, normally used for sewers, do not require any special static load testing, provided that the specifications regarding backfill soil and compaction are followed and that the cover depth does not exceed 6 m. Extended Watkins Graph
Deformation Moduli of Various Soils

Type of Soil Group (1) 1 2 3 4 Degree Of Compaction Deformation Modulus EB DPr [%] for Particular [N/mm2] for Particular Case (2) Case 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 95 90 85 97 16 6 2.5 23 95 90 85 97 8 3 1.2 11 92 90 85 95 3 2 0.8 5 92 90 85 95 2 1.5 0.6 4
72
Polyolefin Manual
Key to the above table:

1. Soil Soil Soil Soil group 1: non-cohesive soils, gravel group 2: non-cohesive soils, sand group 3: cohesive mixed soils (sand and gravel) group 4: cohesive soils (silt, clay, loam)
2. Case 1: trench backfill compacted in layers against the undisturbed soil or embankment fill (without compaction test) Case 2: vertical bracing of pipe trench with planks or lightweight sheet piling or non-compacted backfill or hydraulic fill Case 3: vertical bracing of pipe trench with sheet piling or wooden piles Case 4: backfill compacted in layers or embankment fill (with compaction test) Pipe Rigidity Values for Short-Term and Long-Term Deformation
Pressure Rating [bar] Pipe rigidity [N/mm2] ShortLongterm term 2.5 10-3 0,55 10-3 4.8 10-3 1.06 10-3 16.4 10-3 3.64 10-3 75.0 10-3 16.70 10-3
Material Series 2 3 4 5
D/s
HDPE
3.2 31.3 4 25 6 16.6 10 10
With regard to the use of soil moduli in deformation calculations, when laying pipes in groundwater or a river bed, the following distinctions must be made. For non-cohesive soils: If the groundwater can be pumped or drained off and the backfill soil on both sides of the pipe can be compacted whilst it is dry, then the soil modulus of the compacted soil shown in Table 26 can be used. If it is not possible to remove the groundwater and therefore carry out compaction, then as for flushing a pipe into a river bed, the soil modulus for non-compacted soils should be used (lowest values in Table 26). For cohesive soils: In this case, despite removal of groundwater and compaction of the non-cohesive cover, settlement or soil mixing can take place in the course of time. It is therefore necessary, as for case 1b, to use the lowest EB values in the calculations. Greater wall thickness will then be obtained. Buckling calculations By buckling, we mean kidney-shaped deformation of the pipe cross-section. Pipes laid under water or in soil below the water table, and subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the internal pressure, should be designed to withstand buckling. The same applies to pipes in a vacuum. The following formula is applied, when calculating the buckling resistance (PKO) of and undeformed pipe (not embedded in soil) to external water or gas pressure, or a vacuum:
where = 0.4 = Poisson's ratio of the pipe material ro = mean pipe radius The long-term buckling resistance values calculated with formula (5) for Hostalen pipe, are plotted on a graph in Graph 11. These have largely been confirmed by test results. The maximum buckling resistance value incorporates a safety factor of 2. In the case of pipes laid below the water table or in a river bed, the soil surrounding the pipe acts as a support in certain cases, i.e. it increases buckling resistance compared with a pipe not embedded in soil (as calculated by formula (5)). This buckling resistance is greater, the more soil rigidity exceeds pipe rigidity, which can be taken into account by using the support factors fs shown in Table 28. PKl = fS PK0
73
Polyolefin Manual
Support Factors fS for PE and PVC Pipe

Pressure Rating (Bar) 3.2 4 5 6 10 With Soil Compaction Support Factors fs Without Soil Concrete Compaction In 3 1.5 4 2.8 1.2 4 2.4 1 4 2.3 1 4 1.2 1 4
Taking into account the reduction factor fa for a pipe deformed under a superimposed load, as found in Graph 12, we finally obtain: PK2 = fs fa PKO The safety factor for buckling is thus: S = PK2/PW where PW = W HW = external pressure of the groundwater W = 1 t/m3 (density of water) HW = depth of groundwater or river water above pipe The buckling safety factor S should be >= 2. Soils which assume the properties of a viscous liquid under the action of water (e.g. bog soils, mud) have no supporting action on the pipe, i.e. fs = 1. The external pressure PW should, in this case, be calculated in the same way as for pipe laid in groundwater. Pipelines laid in groundwater areas, i.e. in marshy soil, if not properly weighted down by the soil cover, should be secured against lifting. This can be done, for example, with collars installed at intervals that vary according to the permissible deflection of the pipe. The above discussion may be explained by a final example:
Pipe Class Cover Depth Sandy Soil Compaction Proctor Density Traffic Loads Vertical Pressure Soil Modulus Soil Compression DP = qV = = EB = EB = Given 3.2 4m 2000kg/m3 In Accordance with DIN 4003 95% None H 8000kg/m2 0.08N/mm2 (from 8N/mm2 Table 26) qV/EB = 1% 2.5 x 10-3 N/mm2 (short-term) 0.55 x 10-3 N/mm2 (long-term) 3200 14500 1.55 1.95 1.55% 1.95% 1.2N/mm2 480 2180 7.0% 8.2%
H= =
Pipe Rigidity ER I/D3 = = According to Formula (2) From Graph 10 (Mean Curve of Scatter Range): According to Formula (4) If the soil is not compacted, the following values are obtained (DP = 85%): RSK RSL (dV/?B)K (dV/?B)L VK VL EB RSK RSL VK VL = = = = = = = = = = =
74
Polyolefin Manual When a pipeline is laid under the water table by the procedure of pumping out the groundwater, laying the pipe in the trench, backfilling, compacting and top filling (DP = 95%), and where the water table is 1.5m above the pipe bottom an additional calculation is carried out to determine the buckling strength necessary to resist groundwater pressure. The superimposed groundwater pressure PGW equals 0.15bar. The buckling resistance of the undeformed pipe (Class 3.2) necessary to give a service life of 50 years before commencement of buckling without support from the surrounding soil, can be ascertained from Graph 11. PKO = 0.15 bar gauge. The reduction factor for the deformed pipe (from Graph 12): For VL = 1.95 fa = 0.85 The buckling resistance of the deformed pipe without support effect: PKI = PKO fa = 0.128 The support factor from Table 28: fs =3 The buckling resistance with support effect: PK2 = PKl fs = 0.382 The buckling safety factor: S = 0.382/0.15 = 2.55 (> 2) From: Hoechst Plastics Buckling Resistance of Pipes Buckling resistance of pipes of Hostalen under external water pressure at 20 C is seen below. The curve shows the beginning and end of buckling.
Reduction Factor fa as a Function of Pipe Deformation
75
Polyolefin Manual
Coefficient of Linear Expansion

The coefficient of linear expansion of HDPE and PP pipes is about 0.17 rnm/K. When a plastic pipe is fixed between two points, it undergoes compressive stress on heating, and tensile stress on cooling, because of inhibited thermal expansion. In the temperature range of -40C to -20C, (-40 to +20C) a maximum tensile stress of 9.3 MPa on cooling and maximum compressive stress of 5.8 MPa on heating, was measured on HDPE pipe. These stresses, which relax during the course of time, are far below the permissible stress values. The two fixed points must be able to withstand the tensile or compressive forces resulting from the stresses:
where d stress (MPa) A = pipe cross-section (mm2) These forces place an unacceptable shear stress on branches in the pipeline, therefore branches should always be set in concrete. When there are temperature differences in a pipe section fixed between two spacers, compression (due to inhibited thermal expansion) can cause the pipe to kink if the critical kinking length is exceeded. Lateral movement of the pipe will then occur. The critical kinking length is calculated as follows:
Where da pipe outside diameter (mm) dl pipe inside diameter (mm) mean coefficient of linear expansion (K-1) (1.7 x 10-4 for HDPE and PP) T temperature difference (K) To prevent lateral deflection, the pipe must be fixed at intervals of L<=lK. Determining the Length Change In order to determine the length of flexible section required, the extent of the length change must be ascertained first, by means of the following formula: L = L T (mm/mC) Where L = length change in mm L = length in m of the pipe or pipe section where the length change is to be determined T = difference between installation temperature and maximum or minimum working temperature, respectively, in C a = coefficient of linear expansion of the pipe material in mm/m C (see table below). Values for d
PVC PP PE 0.08mm/mC 0.15mm/mC 0.20mm/mC
Important: If the working temperature is higher than the installation temperature the pipe becomes longer. If, on the other hand, the working temperature is lower than the installation temperature, the pipe becomes shorter. Therefore, the installation temperature as well as the maximum and minimum working temperatures must be taken into account.
The procedure is explained using a coolant pipe as an example: Length of the pipe from the fixed point to the branch where the length change is to be taken up: L = 8m Installation temperature: TV = 15C
76
Polyolefin Manual Temperature of the coolant: T1 = -12C Temperature when defrosting and cleaning: T2 = +35C Material: HDPE Difference in temperature: T1 = TV - T1 = 27C T2 = T2 - TV = 20C
Contraction during service coolant: -L1 = L T1 = 8 27 0.20 = 43.2mm Expansion during defrosting and cleaning: +2 = L T2 = 8 20 0.20 = 32.0mm Important: It is wise to indicate pipe expansion with + and contraction with . The greater length change is applicable for determining the length of the flexible section. Accommodation of Thermal Expansion / Contraction For practical purposes, the coefficient of thermal expansion for HDPE pipe is 0.2mm/mC and the coefficient for PP pipe is 0.18mm/mC. In buried pipelines, the temperature changes are normally relatively small and seasonal. The resultant linear expansion is likewise small. The friction between the pipe and the surrounding soil is generally sufficient to hold the pipe in position. Structures such as manhole walls may not be designed to take the thrust from the pipeline. If, during installation, the outside temperature is higher than that of the soil, the pipe will contract after backfilling. Therefore, to avoid excessive tension: 1. Snake the pipe in the trench. 2. Connect in the early morning when the pipe is still cool. Expansion/contraction of outside pipelines laid on the ground: Where pipes cannot be protected from direct sunlight, it is advisable to paint the pipes white to reduce heat absorption. A gloss enamel paint is suitable. Anchorage of pipes at intervals will transfer linear expansion into lateral deflection as shown in figure16. Maximum lateral deflection D = 0.0078 x L x vT where T = difference between installation temperature and max/min temperature in C. Expansion/contraction of pipelines following defined routes: Where lateral movement is not acceptable, expansion can be accommodated via expansion elbows at changes of direction. Pipes are kept in position with anchors and guides as shown below.
The length of the expansion arm LA >= 10 x vL x D Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com 77
Polyolefin Manual where L = thermal expansion D = pipe outside diameter In exceptional cases, expansion loops (comprising a double expansion elbow system) may have to be used. Such loops may be installed in any plane. Where none of the above methods of accommodation is acceptable, compensators can be used. Due to the high coefficient of expansion, only sliding type compensators take up enough movement. Sliding type compensators tend to wear and develop leaks, especially if solids are handled. NOTE: Contact Main Industries: if doubt exists as to the correct method of accommodating thermal expansion or contraction for information regarding bedding, backfilling and encasement of fitting in concrete (the latter is sometimes necessary) Change of Length of HDPE Pipe 1 - 10 m Length Warmed Up or Cooled Down (Starting 10C)
Example: Pipe length 10m Maximum temperature 80C Minimum temperature 20C Temperature Difference T = 60C Change of Length L = 120mm
Water Hammer Condition Through Pressure Surge

During actuation of stop valves on pumps, pressure surges may occur in the pipeline. The maximum theoretical surge can be calculated, according to Joukowsky. It is: Ps = 10-5 C VO Where VO = velocity of the flow medium (m/s) = the density (kg/m3) of the medium The velocity of the pressure wave is Where EM is the elastic modulus of the flow medium (for water 2100 N/mm2) d the pipe diameter t the pipe wall thickness (mm) For the elastic modulus of the pipe ER under surge stress the following values apply.
Temperature 20C 40C 60C 80C HDPE 1680 1230 760 PP 1470 950 560
78
Polyolefin Manual Values for wave propagation rate at 20C in water are shown in the following table.
Pressure Class (Bar) 3.2 4 6 10 12 Wave HDPE 230 255 310 395 430 Propagation C (m/s) PP 215 240 290 370 405
Because HDPE has a low elastic modulus, the wave propagation rate and surge intensity are considerably lower than in more rigid pipes (steel, concrete). In tests with HDPE pipes under dynamic inner pressure loading, it has been shown that the pressure surges can, with good approximation, be calculated according to Jouskowskys Pressure Surge theory. Furthermore, it may be concluded, from tests carried out by Lrtsch, that surges do not damage HDPE pipes, provided that the mean stress is not higher than the stress at nominal pressure; e.g. With a Class 6 pipe at an operating pressure of 6 bar at 20C, the mean stress does not exceed 6 bar, nor does it exceed a relative stress of 5 MPa. The surge amplitude in this case should be: 6 bar.
79
Polyolefin Manual
Dimensions of Pipes
Dimensions of Type 4 HDPE

OD Nominal (mm) 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
SDR 26 (Class 4); SDR 17 (Class 6) SDR 11 (Class 10); SDR 9 (Class 12); SDR 7.4 (Class 16)
SDR 26 - Class 4 SDR 17 - Class 6 SDR 11 - Class 4 SDR 9 - Class 12 SDR 7.4 - Class 16 Min Min Min Min Min Nomi- Wall Mass/ Nomi- Wall Mass/ Nomi- Wall Nomi- Wall Nomi- Wall Mass/ Mass/ Mass/ nal ID Thickm nal ID Thickm nal ID Thicknal ID Thicknal ID Thickm (kg) m (kg) m (kg) (mm) ness (kg) (mm) ness (kg) (mm) ness (mm) ness (mm) ness (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 12 2.0 0.09 11 2.2 0.10 16 2.0 0.12 15 2.3 0.13 14 2.8 0.16 20 2.3 0.17 19 2.8 0.20 18 3.5 0.24 28 2.0 0.20 26 2.9 0.28 24 3.6 0.33 22 4.5 0.40 35 2.4 0.29 32 3.7 0.44 31 4.5 0.52 28 5.6 0.62 46 2.0 0.32 44 3.0 0.46 40 4.6 0.68 38 5.6 080 36 6.9 0.95 58 2.5 0.50 55 3.8 0.73 51 5.8 1.07 48 7.0 1.25 43 8.7 1.51 69 2.9 0.69 66 4.5 1.03 61 6.9 1.51 57 8.4 1.78 53 10.4 2.13 83 3.5 0.99 79 5.4 1.47 73 8.2 2.15 69 10.0 2.55 64 12.5 3.08 103 4.3 1.47 96 6.6 2.20 89 10.0 3.19 84 12.3 3.82 78 15.2 4.57 115 4.8 1.87 110 7.4 2.79 101 11.4 4.13 96 13.9 4.92 82 17.3 6.03 129 5.4 2.34 123 8.3 3.50 114 12.8 5.19 108 15.6 6.18 100 19.4 7.56 147 6.2 3.07 141 9.5 4.59 130 14.6 6.77 123 17.8 8.22 114 22.1 9.84 166 7.0 3.90 158 10.7 5.80 146 16.4 8.73 139 20.0 10.4 127 24.8 12.4 184 7.7 4.77 176 11.9 7.16 162 18.2 10.74 154 22.3 12.8 143 27.6 15.4 208 8.7 6.05 198 13.4 9.04 183 20.5 13.6 173 25.0 16.2 160 31.1 19.5 231 9.7 7.48 218 14.9 11.20 203 22.8 16.8 193 27.8 20.0 178 34.5 24.0 258 10.8 9.32 246 16.6 14.2 228 25.5 21.0 216 31.2 25.1 200 38.7 30.1 292 12.2 11.81 277 18.7 18.0 256 28.7 26.6 243 35.0 31.7 225 43.5 38.1 328 13.7 14.96 312 21.1 23.0 289 32.3 33.8 273 39.5 40.3 253 49.0 48.4 368 15.4 18.9 351 23.7 29.0 323 36.4 42.9 306 44.5 51.2 415 17.3 24.4 394 26.7 36.8 364 40.9 54.2 344 50.0 64.7 461 19.3 30.3 438 29.7 45.5 404 45.5 67.0 516 21.6 37.9 491 33.2 56.9 453 50.9 83.9 580 24.3 47.9 552 37.4 72.0 654 27.3 60.7 622 42.1 91.3 737 30.8 77.1 701 47.5 116.1 829 34.7 97.8 789 53.4 146.8 922 38.5 120.5 -
80
Polyolefin Manual
Tolerances of Type 4 HDPE

According to SABS 533: Part II - 1982. Note: Tolerances are based on ISO 3607. Class 4 to Class 6 Class 10 to class 20
Nominal (mm) 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000 Outside Wall thickness e, mm Diameter Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 10 Class 12 Class 16 Class 20 demm min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max 12.0 12.3 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.6 16.0 16.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.2 20.0 20.3 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.4 4.0 25.0 25.3 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.9 32.0 32.3 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.4. 3.6 4.2 4.5 5.2 5.4 6.2 40.0 40.4 2.4 2.9 3.7 4.3 4.5 5.2 5.6 6.4 6.7 7.6 50.0 50.5 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.5 4.6 5.3 5.6 6.4 6.9 7.8 8.4 9.5 63.0 63.6 2.5 3.0 3.8 4.4 5.8 6.6 7.0 7.9 8.7 9.8 10.5 11.8 75.0 75.7 2.9 3.4 4.5 5.2 6.9 7.8 8.4 9.5 10.4 11.7 12.5 14.0 90.0 90.9 3.5 4.1 5.4 6.2 8.2 9.3 10.0 11.2 12.5 14.0 15.0 16.7 110.0 111.0 4.3 5.0 5.3 6.1 6.6 7.5 10.0 11.2 12.3 13.8 15.2 17.0 18.4 20.5 125.0 126.2 4.8 5.5 6.0 6.8 7.4 8.4 11.4 12.8 13.9 15.5 17.3 19.3 20.9 23.2 140.0 141.3 5.4 6.2 6.7 7.6 8.3 9.4 12.8 14.3 15.6 17.4 19.4 21.6 23.4 26.0 160.0 161.5 6.2 7.1 7.7 8.7 9.5 10.7 14.6 16.3 17.8 19.8 22.1 24.6 26.7 29.6 180.0 181.7 7.0 7.9 8.6 9.7 10.7 12.0 16.4 18.3 20.0 22.2 24.8 27.5 60.0 33.2 200.0 201.8 7.7 8.7 9.6 10.8 11.9 13.3 18.2 20.3 22.3 24.8 27.6 30.6 33.4 37.0 225.0 227.1 8.7 9.8 10.8 12.1 13.4 15.0 20.5 22.8 25.0 27.7 31.1 34.5 37.5 41.5 250.0 252.3 9.7 10.9 11.9 13.3 14.9 16.6 22.8 25.3 27.8 30.8 34.5 38.2 41.7 46.1 280.0 282.6 10.8 12.1 13.4 15.0 16.6 18.5 25.5 28.3 31.2 34.6 38.7 42.8 46.7 51.6 315.0 317.9 12.2 13.7 14.0 16.7 18.7 20.8 28.7 31.8 35.0 38.8 43.5 48.1 355.0 358.2 13.7 15.3 16.9 18.8 21.1 23.5 32.3 35.8 39.5 43.7 49.0 46.7 400.0 403.6 15.4 18.0 19.1 22.2 23.7 27.5 36.4 42.1 44.5 51.4 450.0 454.1 17.3 20.1 21.5 25.0 26.7 30.9 40.9 47.3 50.0 57.8 500.0 504.5 19.3 22.4 23.8 27.6 29.7 34.4 45.5 52.6 560.0 565.1 21.6 25.1 26.7 30.9 33.2 38.7 50.9 58.8 630.0 635.7 24.3 28.2 30.0 34.7 37.4 43.3 710.0 716.4 27.3 31.6 33.8 39.1 42.1 48.7 800.0 807.2 30.8 35.7 38.1 44.1 47.5 54.9 900.0 908.1 34.7 40.1 42.9 49.6 53.4 61.7 1000.0 1009.0 38.5 44.5 47.7 55.1 -
81
Polyolefin Manual
Dimensions of Type 5 HDPE

According to SABS 533 Part III 1995. Density = 0.958 g/cm. Class 4 to Class 10 Class 12 to Class 20
OD Class 4 Class 6 Class 10 Min Min Wall Min Wall Wall Nominal Mass/m Nominal Mass/m Nominal Mass/m ThickThickThickID (mm) (kg) ID (mm) (kg) ID (mm) (kg) ness ness(mm) ness (mm) (mm) 20.9 1.9 0.14 26.8 2.4 0.23 33.6 3.0 0.36 42.1 3.7 0.55 53.0 4.7 0.87 63.3 5.5 1.22 76.0 6.6 1.76 92.8 8.1 2.63 116.7 3.9 1.51 112.3 6.0 2.27 105.5 9.2 3.40 130.8 4.3 1.88 125.8 6.7 2.85 118.2 10.3 4.25 149.6 4.9 2.44 143.7 7.7 3.73 135.1 11.8 5.55 168.2 5.6 3.10 161.8 8.6 4.69 151.9 13.3 7.05 186.8 6.2 3.84 179.7 9.6 5.81 169.0 14.7 8.64 210.4 6.9 4.81 202.2 10.8 7.35 190.0 16.6 10.96 233.7 7.7 5.94 224.9 11.9 9.01 211.2 18.4 13.52 261.8 8.6 7.45 251.7 13.4 11.37 236.6 20.6 16.94 294.5 9.7 9.42 283.4 15.0 14.29 266.1 23.2 21.46 332.0 10.9 11.96 319.4 16.9 18.14 300.0 26.1 27.22 374.0 12.3 15.21 359.7 19.1 23.13 338.1 29.4 34.51 420.8 13.8 19.20 404.8 21.5 29.22 380.3 33.1 43.73 467.7 15.5 23.62 449.7 23.9 36.09 422.6 36.8 53.94 523.7 17.2 29.71 503.8 26.7 45.15 473.3 41.2 67.68 589.3 19.3 37.49 566.9 30.0 57.06 532.3 46.3 85.81 664.0 21.8 47.76 638.7 33.8 72.68 748.1 24.6 60.73 719.6 38.1 92.35 841.6 27.7 76.88 809.6 42.8 116.83 935.2 30.7 94.79 899.6 47.6 144.18 -
25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
82
Polyolefin Manual
OD Class 12 Class 16 Min Min Min Wall Wall Wall Nominal Mass/m Nominal Mass/m Nominal Mass/m ThickThickThickID (mm) (kg) ID (mm) (kg) ID (mm) (kg) ness ness ness (mm) (mm) (mm) 20.1 2.2 0.17 19.0 2.8 0.20 17.8 3.4 0.23 25.8 2.9 0.27 24.3 3.6 0.33 22.7 4.4 0.38 32.1 3.7 0.43 30.4 4.5 0.51 28.4 5.5 0.60 40.2 4.6 0.67 38.1 5.6 0.79 35.5 6.8 0.94 50.7 5.8 1.06 47.9 7.1 1.27 44.8 8.6 1.48 60.6 6.8 1.48 57.2 8.4 1.78 53.2 10.3 2.11 72.6 8.2 2.14 68.6 10.1 2.56 64.0 12.3 3.03 88.9 10.0 3.17 84.0 12.3 3.81 78.2 15.1 4.52 100.9 11.4 4.11 95.5 14.0 4.92 88.9 17.1 5.84 113.2 12.7 5.12 106.9 15.7 6.17 99.5 19.2 7.33 129.2 14.6 6.72 122.3 17.9 8.04 113.8 21.9 9.57 145.4 16.4 8.51 137.6 20.1 10.18 128.0 24.6 12.11 161.6 18.2 10.49 152.8 22.4 12.59 142.2 27.4 14.95 181.9 20.5 13.27 172.1 25.1 15.88 160.0 30.8 18.92 202.2 22.7 16.33 191.3 27.9 19.58 177.8 34.2 23.36 226.5 25.4 20.48 214.1 31.3 24.61 199.1 38.3 29.30 254.8 28.6 25.91 240.9 35.2 31.13 224.0 43.1 37.08 287.2 32.2 32.91 271.7 39.6 39.44 252.4 48.6 47.12 323.6 36.3 41.78 304.9 45.1 50.67 364.0 40.9 52.90 343.0 50.7 64.13 404.5 45.5 65.28 453.2 50.8 81.76 -
25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000
83
Polyolefin Manual
Tolerance of Type 5 HDPE

According to SABS 533 Part III. Density = 0.958 g/cm Class 4 to Class 10 Class 12 to Class 20
Outside NomiDiameter nal mm Min Max 25.0 25.0 25.5 32.0 32.0 32.3 40.0 40.0 40.3 50.0 50.0 50.4 63.0 63.0 63.5 75.0 75.0 75.6 90.0 90.0 90.7 110.0 110.0 110.9 125.0 125.0 126.0 140.0 140.0 141.1 160.0 160.0 161.3 180.0 180.0 181.4 200.0 200.0 201.6 225.0 225.0 226.8 250.0 250.0 252.0 280.0 280.0 282.2 315.0 315.0 317.5 355.0 355.0 357.8 400.0 400.0 403.2 450.0 450.0 453.6 500.0 500.0 504.0 560.0 560.0 564.5 630.0 630.0 635.0 710.0 710.0 716.0 800.0 800.0 807.0 900.0 900.0 908.0 1000.0 1000.0 1009.0 Class 4 Min Max Avg 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.5 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.9 6.2 7.0 6.6 6.9 7.7 7.3 7.7 8.6 8.2 8.6 9.6 9.1 9.7 10.8 10.3 10.9 12.1 11.5 12.3 13.7 13.0 13.8 15.3 14.6 15.3 17.0 16.2 17.2 19.1 18.2 19.3 21.4 20.4 21.8 24.2 23.0 24.6 27.3 26.0 27.7 30.7 29.2 30.7 34.1 32.4 Wall Thickness Class 6 Min Max Avg 6.0 6.7 6.4 6.7 7.5 7.1 7.7 8.6 8.2 8.6 9.9 9.1 9.6 10.7 10.2 10.8 12.0 11.4 11.9 13.2 12.6 13.4 14.9 14.2 15.0 16.6 15.8 16.9 18.7 17.8 19.1 21.2 20.2 21.5 23.8 22.7 23.9 26.4 25.2 26.7 29.5 28.1 30.0 33.1 31.6 33.8 37.5 35.7 38.1 42.3 10.2 42.8 47.6 45.2 47.6 52.8 50.2 Class 10 Min Max Avg 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.5 6.2 5.9 6.6 7.4 7.0 8.1 9.1 8.6 9.2 10.3 9.8 10.3 11.5 10.9 11.8 13.1 12.5 13.3 14.8 14.0 14.7 16.3 15.5 16.6 18.4 17.5 18.4 20.4 19.4 20.6 22.8 21.7 23.2 25.7 24.5 26.1 28.9 27.5 29.4 32.5 31.0 33.1 36.6 34.9 36.8 40.6 38.7 41.2 45.5 43.4 46.3 51.4 48.9 -
Outside Wall Thickness NomiDiameter nal Class 12 Class 16 mm Min Max Min Max Avg Min Max Avg 25.0 25.0 25.5 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.0 32.0 32.0 32.3 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.6 4.1 3.9 40.0 40.0 40.3 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.5 5.1 4.8 50.0 50.0 50.4 4.6 5.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 5.6 63.0 63.0 63.5 5.8 6.5 6.2 7.1 8.0 7.6 75.0 75.0 75.6 6.8 7.6 7.2 8.4 9.4 8.9 90.0 90.0 90.7 8.2 9.2 8.7 10.1 11.3 10.7 110.0 110.0 110.9 10.0 11.1 10.6 12.3 13.7 13.0 125.0 125.0 126.0 11.4 12.7 12.0 14.0 15.5 14.8 140.0 140.0 141.1 12.7 14.1 13.4 15.7 17.4 16.6 160.0 160.0 161.3 14.6 16.2 15.4 17.9 19.8 18.9 180.0 180.0 181.4 16.4 18.2 17.3 20.1 22.3 21.2 200.0 200.0 201.6 18.2 20.2 19.2 22.4 24.8 23.6 225.0 225.0 226.8 20.5 22.7 21.6 25.1 27.8 26.5 250.0 250.0 252.0 22.7 25.1 23.9 27.9 30.8 29.4 280.0 280.0 282.2 254.0 28.1 26.8 31.3 34.6 32.5 315.0 315.0 317.5 28.6 31.6 30.1 35.2 38.9 37.0 355.0 355.0 357.8 32.2 35.6 33.9 39.6 43.7 41.7 400.0 400.0 403.2 36.3 40.1 38.2 45.1 50.0 47.6 450.0 450.0 453.6 40.9 45.1 43.0 50.7 56.3 53.5 500.0 500.0 504.0 45.4 50.1 47.8 560.0 560.0 564.5 50.8 56.0 53.4 630.0 630.0 635.0 710.0 710.0 716.0 800.0 800.0 807.0 900.0 900.0 908.0 1000.0 1000.0 1009.0 -
Class 20 Min Max Avg 3.4 3.8 3.6 4.4 4.9 4.7 5.5 6.1 5.8 6.8 7.6 7.3 8.6 9.6 9.1 10.3 11.5 10.9 12.3 13.7 13.0 15.1 16.7 15.9 17.1 19.0 18.0 19.2 21.3 20.3 21.9 24.3 23.1 24.6 27.4 26.0 27.4 30.4 28.9 30.8 34.2 32.5 34.2 38.0 36.1 38.3 42.6 40.5 43.1 47.9 45.5 48.6 54.0 51.3 -
84
Polyolefin Manual
Tolerances of PE 100 HDPE

According to ISO 3327 1996.
PE 100-ISO 4427 :1996 Class 10 Class 12 Class 16 OD Wall Thick Wall Thick Wall Thick Mass Mass Mass MIN MAX MIN MAX NOM MIN MAX NOM MIN MAX NOM P/m P/m P/m mm mm mm mm ID mm mm ID mm mm ID 16.0 16.3 20.0 20.3 25.0 25.3 32.0 32.3 3.0 3.6 25.4 0.29 40.0 40.3 3.7 4.3 32.0 0.44 50.0 50.3 4.6 5.4 40.0 0.68 63.0 63.4 4.7 5.5 52.8 0.89 5.8 6.7 50.5 1.07 75.0 75.5 4.5 5.2 65.0 1.03 5.6 6.5 62.9 1.26 6.8 7.9 60.3 1.50 90.0 90.6 5.4 6.3 78.0 1.49 6.7 7.8 75.5 1.81 8.2 9.5 72.3 2.17 110.0 110.7 6.6 7.6 95.0 2.21 8.1 9.4 92.5 2.68 10.0 11.6 88.4 324 125.0 125.8 7.4 8.6 109.0 2.83 9.2 10.6 105.2 3.44 114 13.2 100.4 4.19 140.0 140.9 8.3 9.6 122.0 3.54 10.3 11.9 117.8 4.32 12.7 14.7 112.6 5.23 160.0 160.0 9.5 11.0 139.0 4.64 11.8 13.6 134.6 5.65 14.6 16.9 128.5 6.86 180.0 181.1 10.7 12.4 156.0 5.87 13.3 15.3 151.4 7.16 16.4 19.7 143.9 8.83 200.0 201.2 11.9 13.7 174.0 7.23 14.7 17.0 168.3 8.81 18.2 21.8 160.0 10.87 225.0 226.4 13.4 15.5 196.0 9.19 16.6 19.9 188.5 11.39 20.5 24.6 179.9 13.79 250.0 251.5 14.8 17.1 218.0 11.27 18.4 22.0 209.6 14.02 227 272 200.1 16.96 280.0 281.7 16.6 19.9 243.0 14.42 20.6 24.7 234.7 17.62 25.4 30.4 224.2 21.24 315.0 316.9 18.7 22.4 273.0 18.27 23.2 27.8 264.0 22.29 28.6 34.3 252.1 26.93 355.0 357.2 21.1 25.3 308.0 23.24 26.1 31.3 297.6 28.28 32.2 38.6 284.2 34.17 400.0 402.4 23.7 28.4 347.0 29.41 29.4 35.2 335.4 35.86 36.3 43.5 320.2 43.39 450.0 452.7 26.7 32.0 391.0 37.28 33.1 39.7 377.2 45.46 40.9 49.0 360.1 54.98 500.0 503.0 29.7 35.6 434.0 46.07 36.8 44.1 419.1 56.13 454 54.4 400.2 67.82 560.0 563.4 33.2 39.8 487.0 57.69 41.2 49.4 469.4 70.40 50.8 60.9 448.3 85.03 630.0 633.8 37.4 44.8 547.0 73.08 46.2 55.4 528.4 88.84 57.2 68.6 504.2 107.72 710.0 714.0 42.1 50.5 617.0 92.76 52.2 62.6 595.2 113.08 800.0 804.0 47.4 56.8 695.0 117.59 58.8 70.5 670.7 143.47 900.0 904.0 53.3 63.8 782.0 148.63 1000.0 1004.0 59.3 71.1 869.0 183.83
SIZE 16.0 20.0 25.0 32.0 40.0 50.0 63.0 75.0 90.0 110.0 125.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0 225.0 250.0 280.0 315.0 355.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 560.0 630.0 710.0 800.0 900.0 1000.0
PE 100 Materials PE 100 is a high performance third generation polyethylene, which allows the use of a higher design stress of 8N/mm2, whilst still maintaining a safety factor of 1.25 at 50 years. It is recommended for applications other than heavy slurry transportation. It has a welding compatibility with both Type 4 and Type 5 pipes and fittings, which are manufactured from PE 80 material.
Tolerances of Econothene High Design Stress HDPE

According to AS 4130 (Int.) - 1993 for PE 80 material. Density = 0.958 g/cm. Design 6.3 MPa - Mass is based on average wall thickness.
OD Nominal 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 Pressure Class (bar) Class 6 Class 12 Class 16 Nominal Wall Mass Nominal Wall Mass Nominal Wall Mass 15.9 1.9 0.12 15.9 1.9 0.14 28.5 1.6 0.17 35.9 1.9 0.25 44.8 2.4 0.40 56.6 3.0 0.62 67.3 3.6 0.88 80.8 4.3 1.27 98.7 5.3 1.89 -
85
Polyolefin Manual
Dimensions of PP
According to SABS 1315 - 1981. Class 6 to Class 12 Class 6 to Class 12
OD Class 6 Class 10 Class 12 Min Min Wall Nomi- Wall Mass/m Mass/m Thicknal ID Thick(kg) (kg) ness (mm) ness (mm) (mm) 19.9 2.3 0.17 2.4 0.22 25.7 2.9 0.26 2.9 0.33 32.0 3.7 0.41 3.7 0.53 40.1 4.6 0.64 4.6 0.83 50.6 5.8 1.01 5.5 1.17 60.3 6.9 1.43 6.6 1.68 72.5 8.2 2.05 8.1 2.50 88.8 10.0 3.03 9.2 3.23 100.8 11.4 3.93 10.3 4.04 112.9 12.8 4.93 11.8 5.30 129.1 14.6 6.43 13.2 6.66 145.3 16.4 8.13 14.7 8.24 161.5 18.2 10.02 16.5 10.6 181.7 20.5 12.68 18.4 13.2 201.9 22.8 15.65 20.6 16.5 226.2 25.5 19.61 23.2 20.9 254.5 28.7 24.81 26.1 26.4 286.9 32.3 31.52 29.4 33.5 321.5 36.4 40.77 33.1 42.5 361.8 40.9 51.55 36.8 52.4 401.9 45.5 63.69 41.2 65.8 46.3 83.1 -
Nomi- Nomi- Min Wall NomiMass/m nal nal ID Thicknal ID (kg) (mm) (mm) ness(mm) (mm) 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000 45.0 57.0 68.0 81.0 99.0 113.0 126.0 145.0 163.0 181.0 203.0 226.0 253.0 285.0 320.0 361.0 406.0 451.0 505.0 568.0 640.0 721.0 812.0 902.0 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.3 5.2 6.0 6.7 7.6 8.6 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.3 15.0 16.9 19.0 21.4 23.8 26.7 30.0 33.8 38.1 42.9 47.6 0.35 0.56 0.80 1.13 1.67 2.18 2.73 3.53 4.49 5.51 6.97 8.59 10.7 13.6 17.7 22.4 28.3 35.0 43.9 55.5 70.5 89.5 113.3 140.0 27 34 42 53 64 76 93 106 119 136 153 170 190 211 237 266 300 338 381 423 474 533 -
86
Polyolefin Manual
OD Nomi- Nominal nal ID (mm) (mm) 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1000 15 19.0 24.0 31.0 38.0 48.0 57.0 69.0 84 96 107 122 137 152 171 190 213 240 270 305 343 Class 16 Class 20 Min Min Wall Nomi- Wall Mass/m Mass/m Thicknal ID Thick(kg) (kg) ness (mm) ness (mm) (mm) 8 2.0 0.06 11 2.2 0.09 2.3 0.13 14.0 2.7 0.15 2.8 0.19 18.0 3.4 0.22 3.6 0.31 23.0 4.4 0.37 4.5 0.49 28.0 5.5 0.58 5.6 0.76 36.0 6.8 0.89 7.1 1.20 45.0 8.6 1.42 8.5 1.71 53.0 10.3 2.01 10.1 2.44 64.0 12.3 2.88 12.4 3.65 79 15.1 4.31 14.1 4.72 89 17.1 5.6 15.8 5.92 99 19.2 7.11 18.0 7.86 113 21.9 9.27 20.3 9.95 128 24.7 11.75 22.5 12.3 142 27.4 14.5 25.4 15.6 160 30.8 18.3 28.2 19.2 177 34.2 22.6 31.5 24.0 199 38.4 28.4 35.5 30.4 223 43.2 35.9 40.0 38.6 252 48.6 45.5 45.1 49.1 50.7 62.0 -
87
Polyolefin Manual
Tolerances of PP
According to SABS 1315 - 1981. Class 6 to Class 12 Class 16 to Class 20
Outside Nomidiameter de nal mm mm min max 8 8.0 8.3 10 10.0 10.3 12 12.0 12.3 16 16.0 16.3 20 20.0 20.3 25 25.0 25.3 32 32.0 32.0 40 40.0 40.4 50 50.0 50.5 63 63.0 63.6 75 75.0 75.7 90 90.0 90.9 110 110.0 111.0 125 125.0 126.2 140 140.0 141.3 160 160.0 161.5 180 180.0 181.7 200 200.0 201.8 225 225.0 227.1 250 250.0 252.3 280 280.0 282.6 315 315.0 317.9 355 355.0 358.2 400 400.0 403.6 450 450.0 454.1 500 500.0 504.5 560 560.0 565.1 630 630.0 635.7 710 710.0 716.4 800 800.0 807.2 900 900.0 908.1 1000 1000.0 1009.0 Wall thickness e, mm Class 6 min 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.3 5.2 6.0 6.7 7.6 8.6 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.3 15.0 16.9 19.0 21.4 23.8 26.7 30.0 33.8 38.1 42.9 47.6 max 2.9 3.5 4.2 5.0 6.0 6.8 7.6 8.6 9.7 10.7 12.0 13.3 14.9 16.7 19.7 22.1 24.9 27.6 30.9 34.7 39.1 44.1 49.6 55.0 Class 10 Class 12 min max min max - 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.7 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.3 4.6 5.3 5.8 6.6 5.5 6.3 6.9 7.8 6.6 7.5 8.2 9.3 8.1 9.2 10.0 11.2 9.2 10.4 11.4 12.8 10.3 11.6 12.8 14.3 11.8 13.2 14.6 16.3 13.2 14.8 16.4 18.3 14.7 16.4 18.2 20.3 16.5 19.22 20.5 22.8 18.4 21.4 22.8 25.3 20.6 23.9 25.5 28.3 23.2 26.9 28.7 31.8 26.1 30.2 32.3 35.8 29.4 34.1 36.4 42.1 33.1 38.3 40.9 47.3 36.8 42.6 45.5 52.6 41.2 47.6 46.3 53.5 -
88
Polyolefin Manual
Outside Wall thickness e, mm Nomidiameter de nal Class 6 Class 10 Class 12 Class 16 Class 20 mm mm min max min max min max min max min max min max 8 8.0 8.3 2.0 2.4 10 10.0 10.3 2.0 2.4 12 12.0 12.3 2.0 2.4 16 16.0 16.3 2.2 2.7 20 20.0 20.3 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.2 25 25.0 25.3 2.3 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.4 4.0 32 32.0 32.0 2.4 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.7 4.2 4.4 5.1 40 40.0 40.4 2.9 3.4 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.2 5.5 6.3 50 50.0 50.5 2.4 2.9 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.3 5.8 6.4 6.8 7.7 63 63.0 63.6 3.0 3.5 4.6 5.3 5.8 6.6 7.9 8.1 8.6 9.7 75 75.0 75.7 3.6 4.2 5.5 6.3 6.9 7.8 8.2 9.6 10.3 11.6 90 90.0 90.9 4.3 5.0 6.6 7.5 8.2 9.3 10.0 11.8 12.3 13.8 110 110.0 111.0 5.2 6.0 8.1 9.2 10.0 11.2 12.4 13.9 15.1 16.9 125 125.0 126.2 6.0 6.8 9.2 10.4 11.4 12.8 14.8 15.8 17.1 19.9 140 140.0 141.3 6.7 7.6 10.3 11.6 12.8 14.3 15.6 17.6 19.2 22.3 160 160.0 161.5 7.6 8.6 11.8 13.2 14.6 16.3 18.4 20.9 21.9 25.4 180 180.0 181.7 8.6 9.7 13.2 14.8 16.4 18.3 20.2 23.6 24.7 28.6 200 200.0 201.8 9.5 10.7 14.7 16.4 18.2 20.3 22.5 26.1 27.4 31.8 225 225.0 227.1 10.7 12.0 16.5 19.22 20.5 22.8 25.8 29.5 30.8 35.7 250 250.0 252.3 11.9 13.3 18.4 21.4 22.8 25.3 28.5 32.7 34.2 39.6 280 280.0 282.6 13.3 14.9 20.6 23.9 25.5 28.3 31.7 36.5 38.4 44.4 315 315.0 317.9 15.0 16.7 23.2 26.9 28.7 31.8 35.3 41.1 43.2 49.9 355 355.0 358.2 16.9 19.7 26.1 30.2 32.3 35.8 40.4 46.2 48.6 56.1 400 400.0 403.6 19.0 22.1 29.4 34.1 36.4 42.1 45.9 52.1 450 450.0 454.1 21.4 24.9 33.1 38.3 40.9 47.3 50.5 58.1 500 500.0 504.5 23.8 27.6 36.8 42.6 45.5 52.6 560 560.0 565.1 26.7 30.9 41.2 47.6 630 630.0 635.7 30.0 34.7 46.3 53.5 710 710.0 716.4 33.8 39.1 800 800.0 807.2 38.1 44.1 900 900.0 908.1 42.9 49.6 1000 1000.0 1009.0 47.6 55.0 -
Dimensions and Tolerance of Gas Pipe

Note: Measurement of ovality shall be made at the point of manufacture (before being coiled).
OD Min Max 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 16.3 20.3 25.3 32.3 40.4 50.4 63.4 75.5 90.6 110.7 125.8 140.9 161.0 181.1 201.2 226.4 251.5 281.7 316.9 357.2 Wall thickness Ovality SDR 11 (S=5)7 Prior bar (gas) After to coiling Mass coiling Min Max M/kg 3.0 3.4 0.12 1.9 1.2 3.0 3.4 0.16 1.9 1.2 3.0 3.4 0.21 1.9 1.2 3.0 3.4 0.28 1.9 1.3 3.7 4.2 0.43 2.4 1.4 4.6 5.2 0.67 3.0 1.4 5.8 6.5 1.06 3.8 1.5 6.8 7.6 1.47 4.5 1.6 8.2 9.12 2.14 5.4 1.8 10.0 11.1 3.17 6.6 2.2 11.4 12.7 4.11 2.5 12.7 14.1 5.12 2.8 14.6 16.2 6.73 3.2 16.4 18.2 8.50 3.6 18.2 20.2 10.48 4.0 20.5 22.7 13.27 4.5 22.7 25.1 16.32 5.0 25.4 28.1 20.46 9.8 28.6 31.6 25.90 11.1 32.3 35.7 32.96 12.5
89
Polyolefin Manual
Dimensions and Tolerances of HDPE Coils

Pipe size Diameter 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 902 110 OD (mm) 850 950 1 100 1 250 1 950 2 300 2 300 2 700 2 900 Coil size ID Width Length (mm) (mm) (mm) 700 300 100 700 300 100 750 300 100 1 000 320 100 1 350 320 100 1 850 320 100 1 850 350 50 2 000 400 50 2 200 400 50
Permissible Bending Radii for PP and HDPE Pipes

At a temperature of 20C the bending radii below are to be applied as minimum values: Permissible bending radius R
Pressure Rating Class 4 Class 6 Class 10 PP HDPE 45 x d 30 x d 30 x d 20 x d 30 x d 20 x d
d = outside diameter of pipe at a temperature of 0C these values are to be increased by a factor 2.5. NOTE: Class 4 Pipe is NOT Recommended for Coiling
90

Poly Olefin Handbook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Poly Olefin Handbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Polyolefin Manual

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Physical Properties and their Relationship

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Typical Values of HDPE

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Typical Values of PP Co-polymer Table 1

Melt Flow Index

g/10 min g/10 min N/mm2 % N/mm2 %

Ultimate tensile strength 30 Elongation at break 850

Mod.Charpy: 23C 39 Mod.Charpy: 0C 15

Crystalline Melting Range

Vicat Softening Point

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Typical Values of PP Co-polymer Table 2

C 160 164 -1 -4 K 1 2 x 10 W 0.22 mK

Comparison of HDPE and uPVC Pipes

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Comparison of HDPE and PP with Other Plastic Pipe Material

Yes Slight Stabilised good Fusion Yes

0.2 0.40 0.42 0.955 240 8 000

0.15 0.19 0.4 0.905 320 15 000

0.08 0.14 0.23 1.42 550 30 000

0.07 0.14 0.23 1.5 550 30 000

0.12 0.20 0.47 0.92 200 5 000

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Typical Values of HDPE

ISO TR 10837 Granules

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Advantages of HDPE and PP

Even a thin walled pipe will revert to its original shape

A thick walled pipe shows enormous resistance against compression

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Butt Fusion Welding

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Polyolefin Manual Constants for Butt Welding

Socket Fusion Welding

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Flanging (HDPE & PP)

Class 4 & 6 B C 105 64 120 70 122 77 135 85 145 96

Class 4 - 10 B C 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 60 70 60 70 80 70 90 80 90 100 100 110 110 103 108 120 -

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Polyolefin Manual Specifications - Galvanised Steel Backing Rings

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Victaulic Jointing System

Compression Type Couplings

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Taklamp Jointing Clamp

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com

Tapered shoulders (2) compress when Taklamp (1) is tightened.

Rubber seal-ring (3) improves sealing with increased pressure.

Rubber seal-ring (3) improves sealing with increased vacuum.

Copyright Main Industries www.mainind.com