Chapter 1 Answers to Problems

Convert the following 8 problems from U.S. customary units to SI units or from SI to U.S. units. Show correct abbreviations. 1.1 (a) 17 ft2, 2.4 ft2, 450 in.2, 5000 ft2 to meters2 (m2) (b) 0.15 in.2, 0.035 in.2, 20.61 in.2 to millimeters2 (mm2) Answer: a) 17 x 0.929 = 1.58 m2 2.4 x 0.929 = 0.22 m2 (450/144) x 0.929 = 0.29 m2 5000 x 0.929 = 464.5 m2 b) 0.15 x 645.16 = 96.8 mm2 0.035 x 645.16 = 22.58 mm2 20.61 x 645.16 = 13,300 mm2

1.2 (a) 18 pounds force (lb-f) to newtons (N) (b) 180,000 lb-f, (with appropriate prefix for newtons) (c) 1.8 x 106 lb-f to newtons, (with appropriate prefix for newtons) Answer: a) 18 x 4.4482 = 80.1 N b) 180,000 x 4.4482 = 800,680 N, 800.7 kN c) 1.8 x 106 x 4.4482 = 8,006,800 N, 8.0 MN

1.3 (a) 18 ft, 2.0 ft to meters (m) (b) 10 in., 0.01 in., 100 in., 0.00015 in. to millimeters (mm) Answer: a) 18 x 0.3048 = 5.4864 m = 5.5 m 2.0 x 0.3048 = 0.6096 m = 0.61 m b) 10 x 25.4 = 254 mm 0.01 x 25.4 = 0.25 mm 100 x 25.4 = 2540 mm 0.00015 x 25.4 = 0.0038 mm

1.4 (a) 15 ounce mass (ozm) to kilograms (kg) (b) 25 tons to kilograms (kg) (c) 1400 kg to pounds mass (lb-m) Answer: a) 15 x 28.35 = 0.42 kg b) (25 x 2000) x 0.4535 = 22,675 kg c ) 1400 x (1/0.4535) = 3087 lb-m

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1.5 (a) 15 pounds-mass/ft3 (lbm/ft3 = density) to kilogram/meter3 (kg/m3) (b) 180 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3 Answer:

1 ft 3 15lb 0.4535kg x x = 240.29kg / m 3 a) 2 3 3 1lb 1 ft 2.831x10 m

b)

180kg 1m 3

2.831x10 2 1lbm = 11.24lbm / ft 3 x x 3 0.4535kg 1 ft

1.6 (a) 180 feet/minute (fpm), 500 fpm to meters/second (m/s) (b) 180 inches/second (in./s), 1855 in./s to meters/min (m/min) Answer: a) 180 ft/min x 0.3048 m/ft x 1/60 min/s = 0.914 m/s 500 x 0.3048 / 60 = 2.54 m/s b) 180 in/s x 60 s/min x 2.54x10-2 m/in = 274 m/min 1855 x 60 x 2.54x10-2 = 2827 m/min

1.7 (a) 0.37 ft3, 125 ft3, 700 ft3 to meters3 (m3) (b) 0.01 in.3, 12 in.3, 150 in3 to millimeters3 (mm3) (c) 1000 yards3 to m3 (d) 250 mm3, 80 mm3, 1500 mm3 to in. 3 Answer: a) 0.37 x 0.30483 = 0.01 m3 125 x 0.30483 = 3.54 m3 700 x 0.30483 = 19.82 m3 b) 0.01 x 1.639x104 = 163.9 mm3 12 x 1.639x104 = 196,640 mm3 150 x 1.639x104 = 2,458,000 mm3 c) (1000x27) x 2.831x10-2 = 764.4 m3 d) 250 x (1/1.639x104) = 0.015 in3 80 x (1/1.639x104) = 0.00488 in3 1500 x (1/1.639x104) = 0.0915 in3

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1.8 (a) 800 ft3/min, 65 ft3/sec to m3/s (b) 1000 m3/s, 75 m3/s to ft3/min Answer:

800 ft 3 2.831x10 2 m 3 1 min x x = 0.377 m 3 / s a) 3 1 min 60 s 1 ft 65 ft 3 2.831x10 2 m 3 1 min x x = 0.031m 3 / s 3 1 min 60 s 1 ft 1 ft 3 1000m 3 60s x x = 2,119,392 ft 3 / min b) 2 3 1s 1 min 2.831x10 m 3 1 ft 3 75m 60s x x = 158,954 ft 3 / min 1s 1 min 2.831x10 2 m 3
Use Table 1.1 for Problems 1.9 to 1.12.

1.9 A casting costs U.S. $17.50 per unit. Determine the spot value of the casting: (a) in euros? (b) in British pounds? (c) in Canadian dollars? Answer: a) 17.50 x 1.0732 = 18.781 b) 17.50 x 0.6846 = _11.9805 c) 17.50 x 1.5326 = Can $27.5415

1.10 If a catalyst is worth $85 per gallon in the U.S., calculate an equivalent value (a) in euros and metric units? (b) in yen and Sl? Answer: a)

$85 10.732euro 1gal x x = 24.1009euro / l gal $ 3.785l

b) $85/gal x 124.34 /$ x 3.785x10-3m3/gal = 40.0033 / m3

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1.11 International export opportunities may send materials from one country to another and back to the originating country because of labor cost or a technology advantage. An electronic product is transported to Japan, and a value of 12,434 is added. (a) What is the U.S. value? (b) If a value of $110 is estimated for equivalent U.S. work, then what is the exchange rate that is indifferent to the decision? (Hint: Indifference means that the decision can go either way, or is indeterminate.) (c) For the work to remain in the U.S., must the exchange rate increase or decrease relative to the indifference rate? Answer: a) 12,434 x (1/124.34) = $100 b) 12434 / 110 = 113.036 /$ c) Decrease the amount of per $.

1.12 An American businesswoman travels from New York to four countries. She will start with U.S. currency and exchange her dollars in each country by using that country's prevailing exchange rate. In each country she will buy the next airfare and will incur business expenses. Travel and expense budget, expressed in the currency of the country, are as follows: U.S. to Canada U.S. $875 Canada to England Can $2200 England to France 1600 France to Japan 3500 Japan to U.S. 250,000

What is the minimum amount of U.S. cash she will need in New York? Answer: Currency U.S. $ Can $

Amount 875 2200 1600 3500 250,000

Exchg. Rate --1/1.5326 1/0.6846 1/1.0732 1/124.34 Total

U.S. $ 875.00 1435.47 2337.13 3261.27 2010.62 $9919.49

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Challenge Problems
1.13 A small country is preparing for its anniversary, and a politician wants 2500 busts of the president for distribution. A copper alloy will be used, but the weight of the bust depends on the copper alloy. When the master of the bust is submerged in water, it displaces 0.00098 m3 of water. An 80-20% copper-zinc alloy requires $2.50 per kilogram for copper and $2.07 per kilogram for zinc. The densities of copper and zinc are 8906 kg/m3 and 7144 kg/m3 respectively. Your billing price is figured at seven times the metal cost. The country's currency is renolas, figured at a current exchange rate of 14.3 units / U.S. $1. (a) Find the price for 2500 units in renolas and U.S. dollars. (b) Convert the values to U.S. customary units and repeat. Answer: a) The volume of the master bust is 0.00098 m3 of which 80% or 0.000784 m3 is copper and 20% or 0.000196 m3 is zinc. Volume (m3) 0.000784 0.000196 Density (kg/m3) 8906 7144 Weight Unit cost Metal Cost / (kg) ($/kg) Bust ($) 6.982 2.50 17.46 1.400 2.07 2.90 Total Metal Cost $20.36

copper zinc

Billing cost: 20.36 x 7 = $142.27 / unit For lot of 2500: Metal cost: 20.36 x 2500 = $50,882 Billing cost: 142.27 x 2500 = $356,177 In renolas: 356,177 x 14.3 = 5,093,338 renolas b) Similar solution for U.S. customary units.

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1.14 A U.S. contractor will design and fabricate equipment for a fossil-fuel power plant, and supervise its installation in country X. Designing and fabricating are performed in the United States, while installation is in country X using the national labor of country X. The deal is agreed to at base time zero and will be adjusted for inflation within country X and exchange rate. The contract at time zero is as follows: Time 0 U.S. Material $6 million U.S. Cost for Installation in Country X $2 million

Engineering believes that the rate of inflation will be 10% and 25% annually in the U.S. and country X respectively. The exchange rate of country X to the U.S. base is 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 for years l, 2, and 3. U.S. material cash flow is spread evenly over the first two years while erection will occur during year 3 in country X. The contract requires that the full lump sum is paid at year-end 3, adjusted for inflation and exchange rate. (Hint: Assume that the inflation and exchange rates are independent.) (a) If the U.S. material costs are spread uniformly over the first two years, then roughly what is the total amount spent including inflation? (Hint: Consider inflation to increase at a compound amount, and that money spent at the start of the year will inflate for the entire year while money spent at the end of the year will not inflate for that year. Thus, consider average inflation and the time period.) (b) If the contractor will pay the national labor in that country's currency during year 3, what is the cost in U.S. dollars? How many country X currency units are roughly expected? (c) What approximate sum of U. S. dollares is due to the contractor at year-end 3? What is that in country X currency? Answer: a) 6,000,000 / 2 = $3,000,000 / year year 1: 3,000,000 x (1 + 0.1/2) = $3,150,000 year 2: 3,000,000 x (1 + 0.1) x (1 + 0.1/2) = $3,465,000 $6,615,000 b) 2,000,000 in year 3, adjust for inflation 2,000,000 x (1+0.25) x (1+0.25) x (1+0.25/2) = $3,515,625 convert currency: 3,515,625 x 31 = 108,984,375 country X currency c) End of contract Adjust equipment for additional year of inflation: 6,615,000 x (1 + 0.1) = $7,276,500 Add installation $3,515,625 $10,792,125 Convert currency: 10,792,125 x 31 = 334,555,875 country X currency

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1.15 A reactor vessel can be built in Germany, England, or Japan and shipped to country Y for integration in a refinery. Quotes are received from contractors and ratioed to the U.S. estimate in terms of U.S. currency by using Table 1.1 and spot exchange rates. According to the contract, payment is transacted between the two parties on the day the reactor reaches the port of entry of country Y. The exchange rate for the scheduled arrival is, however, different from that listed by the table and is shown as a relative change to the table. Germany England Japan Ratio of subcontract bid to U.S. estimate 0.9992 1.0065 1.0062 Exchange rate on arrival compared to +0.3% -0.5% +0.01% Table 1.1 The U.S. estimate for the reactor is $100 million. (a) In which country should the vessel be built, and what is that cost in U.S. currency? (b) What is the dollar penalty if the next-lowest country is selected? (c) Where does non-numerical judgment enter the decision process? Answer: Country Germany England Japan Quote in U.S. $ 9,992,000 10,065,000 10,062,000 Adjustment For Arrival x (1 + 0.003) x (1 - 0.005) x (1 + 0.0001) Expected Cost at Arrival U.S. $ 10,021,976 10,014,675 10,063,006

a) At the time of estimate, Germany is cheapest, however, at time of arrival, Englands machine should be cheapest. Order the machine from England. b) If the next lowest quote for arrival cost, Germany, is chosen, then there will be an expected $7,300 penalty. c) In addition to cost, factors such as quality, reliability of equipment and delivery schedule, confidence in expected exchange rates and inflation, etc.

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION The Internets educational value for engineering cost analysis and estimating prompts this practical application. You have already developed cyber skills, which can enhance your learning in the course you are taking. From time to time assignments are given to examine the Internet for information that adds to the instructional value of this book. You are to study several Internet search engines and hunt for websites that associate closely with the course objectives that your instructor will identify. Once you have located useful sites and information, transmit this information to another student (or to the instructor or to your college department, or to your company, if you work for a business that might be interested). There are many other Internet home pages for you to find. Be sure that you verify that the sites you select are reputable. (The Internet is not like printed publications, in that there are no editors to ensure the validity of the posted material.) Conference proceedings, papers, abstracts, patent searches, governmental information and a great deal more are candidates for this searching. Your instructor will add more objectives. The transmission of the information can be to the intranet email system, or to the mailto function on the colleges or the instructors or your companions home page on the Internet. Your instructor will discuss the desired information, a plan for your work, and the rules on grading. Answer: A few of the major professional organization websites for this topic are: www.sme.org www.asme.org www.ieee.org www.iienet.org www.aacei.org And there are many, many others.

CASE STUDY: PROFESSOR JAIRO MUOZ Good morning, Professor Muoz. Im Rusty, and Im in your eight oclock engineering cost class. Uh huh, replies the professor without looking up from the desk. What can I do for you, Rusty? Well, its like this. Im not sure that I belong in your class. Rusty smiles and continues as the professor looks up. Oh, its not you, Professor, but I really want to be a (make your own selection) and its unclear what this course will do for me later on. Yes, go on, says Professor Muoz, leaning forward in his chair. What are you looking for? I do want a career-oriented program, but will cost analysis and estimating help me in that direction? Rusty looks at the professor expectantly. Thats an important question, Rusty. There are many, many considerations. Help the professor answer Rustys question. Consider the following: Call and talk to an engineer involved in cost analysis. Check the newspaper want ads, trade journals, technical magazines, and your college career office for employment opportunities. Determine the educational requirements and the experiences needed for these careers. Consider tangential opportunities that require cost analysis. Are these positions in the management area? List the job titles and their relationship to engineering cost analysis. Do these situations change after 1 year, 5 years, or 10 years? Which coursesbasic and engineering science, mathematics, humanistic and social science, technical elective, or designshould you emphasize to reach your goal? What do you enjoy doing? Once the investigative part of the case study is concluded, write a prospectus for an internship that you may submit to a company. Provide a copy of the prospectus to your instructor. Answer on next page
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Case Study Answer: Position: Internship in Cost Analysis Duration: 14 Weeks Topics: Rotation through the following departments/sections to learn the processes used relative to cost analysis and estimating. Department Accounting Purchasing Material Planning Engineering Manufacturing Production control Marketing Processes to be studied Accounts organization, historical data, operating budgets Specifications, competitive bids, negotiation of contracts and terms Determining order quantities and timing, monitoring of inventory costs Determining engineering costs, cost estimates for design concepts, early project cost estimates, rough order of magnitude estimating Detailed and lesser detailed cost estimating, labor requirements, Scheduling, span times, total times, status Price setting, market pricing, customer specifications

Objective: Learn the relevance and processes of cost analysis in a manufacturing organization by working in each of the seven organizations for a period of two weeks each. Direct exposure to the activities in these areas, guided by a mentor in each area, will allow the intern to see how the concepts learned in the classroom are implemented in an actual functioning company.

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