TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN 1007-0214 14/23 pp216-220 Volume 10, Number 2, April 2005

Mechanical Characteristics of Oil-Damping Shock Absorber for Protection of Electronic-Packaging Components*

YANG Ping ( )**

Research Center of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Research Center of Advanced Design and Manufacturing, Guilin Institute of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China Abstract: A microstructure oil-damping shock absorber was designed for the protection of electronic-

packaging components in vibration-impact environments. The nonlinearity of the oil viscosity, the oil flow characteristics, and the coupling between the oil and the physical structure were included in a mathematical model of the oil-damping shock absorber to attenuate vibrations. The results of multi-parameter-coupled dynamic tests show that the mathematical model accurately simulates the actual physical system of the oildamping shock absorber. The model could be used for engineering designs of vibration-impact isolation of electronic-packaging components. Key words: oil-damping shock absorber; damping characteristics; electronic-packaging components; packaging

Introduction
Research on the design of shock absorbers to improve the dynamic characteristics of electronic information equipment in moving vehicles has rapidly increased in recent years. Most designs include a vibration isolator or shock absorber to moderate violent impacts and to attenuate vibrations so as to improve vibration-impact safety. An accurate characterization of the shock absorber is of paramount importance for sufficiently precise mathematical models of the shock absorber or vibration isolator for design purposes[1-12]. This paper describes a new shock absorber, the
Received: 2003-05-02

micro-oil-coupled shock absorber with oil damping with coupling among the oil, the rubber, and the spring that is designed to resist violent impact and to attenuate vibrations in electronic information equipment. The shock absorber damping force is strongly nonlinear in dynamic vibration tests. Physical tests of a shock absorber were used to understand the nonlinear phenomena occurring within the shock absorber.

1 Description of Physical Structure and Model of the Micro-OilCoupled Shock Absorber

Figure 1 shows a mechanical model of the micro-oilcoupled shock absorber. Two types of oil-damping structures were designed for the oil-damping, the first was a damping pot, which circulates oil between inner and outer tubes with orifices in the inner tube. The second structure was a piston damper with a piston in a cylinder containing a rebound chamber and a compression chamber with orifices in the piston. Both structures were used in the micro-oil coupled shock absorber.

Supported

by the Natural Science Foundation of the Guangxi

Zhuang Autonomous Region (Nos. 0339037 and 0141042), the National Defense Science Foundation of China (No. 00J16.2.5.DZ 0502), the National Science Foundation of Jiangsu University (No. 04JDG027), and the Innovative Science Foundation of Jiangsu University

E-mail: yangpingdm@ujs.edu.cn; yangping1964@163.com

YANG Ping (

)Mechanical Characteristics of Oil-Damping Shock

217

K (k1 , k2 ,...) , nonlinear stiffness; c1, c2, cf, ca, viscous, quadratic, Coulomb, and additional damping coefficients

Fig. 1 Mechanical model of the micro-oil-coupled shock absorber

2 Test of the Shock Absorber Working Characteristics

Figure 2a shows a scheme of the experimental setup with a picture of the test system in Fig. 2b. The vibration attenuation of the shock absorber was tested by the system. The shock absorber was mounted on an electrodynamic shaker, with the lower end fixed to the vibrating table of the shaker and the opposite end

attached to a mass. The signal producer and power amplifier in Fig. 2a were used to control the shaker, while the time histories of the input and output state variables were measured by the two accelerometer sensors and a data acquisition system. The oscilloscope was used to observe all the signal components. Large amounts of test data were measured for the shock absorber filled with hydraulic oil. The tests investigated the influence of the amplitude and frequency of the sine excitation, as well as the influence of fluid viscosity, oil damping area ratio, and additional damping forces and friction. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate some of the measured damping forces. The curves are presented as damping force versus relative velocity and relative displacement to clearly show the effect of the sine excitation. Comparing Figs. 3 and 4 shows that the nonlinear effect changed as the excitation frequency increased with the higher-frequency giving lower output at the maximum velocity point. The test results show that

1, Signal producer; 2, Power amplifier; 3, Oscilloscope; 4, Electrodynamic shaker; 5, Shock absorber; 6 and 8, Accelerometer sensors; 7, Mass; 9, Electricity amplifier; 10, Data acquisition equipment; 11, Computer

Fig. 2

Experimental setup

Fig. 3

Damping force variations for a sine excitation frequency of 10 Hz

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Tsinghua Science and Technology, April 2005, 10(2): 216220

Fig. 4

Damping force variations for a sine excitation frequency of 20 Hz

the shock absorber has strongly nonlinear dynamic characteristics and effectively attenuates vibrations. The experimental results were used as the basis for the engineering model.

So, the throttling damping force along the flow path can be calculated as
F1 = Ag P = 1

Ag3 Z 2 (t ) sign( Z (t )) 2 2Cd2 12 An

(3)

3 Mathematical Model
A mathematical model of the shock absorber was developed by analyzing the characteristics of the hydraulic fluid flows[9-12]. The model included the relationships between the pressure and flow rate for each flow path as well as the damping and elastic effects. With some simplifications, the model was used to analyze effects of the geometric dimensions and mechanical properties of the shock absorber and its components, the oil damping, additional damping effects, and Coulomb friction in the system. 3.1 Oil damping

2) Laminar flow damping force along the flow path Using the same principle, the pressure drop for the laminar flow losses through the orifices can be calculated as
Q=n d 4 P2 128 L Ag n( 2 d ) 4

(4)

Therefore,
P2 = 128 L Z (t )

(5)

So, the oil damping force along the flow path due to the laminar flow losses can be calculated as F2 = Ag P2 = 128L Ag2 n ( 2 d ) 4 Z (t ) (6)

During shock absorber motion, the oil flow through the orifices varies with time, not only in value but also in sign. The various damping effects of the hydraulic oil were included in the model. Assuming that the oil is incompressible, the oil damping force is given by the following[9-12]: 1) Throttling damping force along the flow path

3) Inertia flow damping force along the flow path The pressure drop due to the inertia flow loss can be calculated as Ag (7) P3 = L Z (t ) 1 An

Q = Ag Z (t )

(1)

F3 = Ag P3 = L
3.2

Ag2 An

Z (t )

(8)

Laminar flow theory yields Poiseuilles equation, where the pressure drop for the throttling loss can be calculated by
Q = Cd 1 An 2 P 1

Structural damping force

sign(P ) 1

(2)

The system will produce additional damping forces as the relative displacement changes. Harris and Crede[1] showed that a system with micro-damping material

YANG Ping (

)Mechanical Characteristics of Oil-Damping Shock

219

expresses a strong damping force as the amplitude increases which can be evaluated as F4 = Fw Z (t ) (9)
3.3 Friction damping force

The friction damping force is given by

F5 = Ff sign( Z (t ))

(10)

3.4

Mathematical model

Combining these five forces into a mathematical model of the shock absorber dynamics gives:
3 Ag Z 2 (t ) sign( Z (t )) + mZ (t ) + 2Cd2 12 An2

128L L Ag2

Ag2 n( 2 d )4

Z (t ) +

1 An

Z (t ) + Fw Z (t ) +

Ff sign( Z (t )) + Fk , j ( z (t )) = mX (t )

(11)

where X (t ) is the input signal modeled as a sine curve. The model contains all the physical parameters of the shock absorbers, so it can be used for shock absorber design.
3.5 Simulation of shock absorber characteristics

Fig. 5

Numerical results for same variations as in Fig. 3

The numerical simulation results using Eq. (11) are given in Fig. 5. Equation (11) was solved using the Runge-Kutta method. Cd is a discrete function of time and the Reynolds number based on the relative velocity. The numerical results agree well with the test data for the actual characteristics of the shock absorber. The slight differences in the simulation results occurred because the model did not include the oil compressibility which will be included in a future mathematical model of the shock absorber.

physics in the shock absorber. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data, so the model can be used for the design of engineering system. 3) Small differences between the experimental and the numerical results occurred because the model did not consider the oil compressibility.
Notations
Q Oil flowrate between the two oil chambers Ag Average piston area minus the rod area

Z (t ) , Z (t ) , and Z (t ) Relative displacement, velocity, and acceleration

Cd

Dynamic discharge coefficient of the oil Hydraulic oil density Oil orifice diameter Orifice area Oil kinematic viscosity Oil orifice length Estimating coefficient for the additional damping System friction estimation

d
An

4 Summary
1) The dynamic damping characteristics of an oil damping shock absorber were analyzed experimentally and analytically. 2) A mathematical model of the dynamic behavior of the shock absorber was developed to describe all the

L Fw
Ff

220 Fk , j Spring force n Number of orifices Pressure drops Equivalent orifice area coefficient for circulating flow
P , P2 , P3 1

Tsinghua Science and Technology, April 2005, 10(2): 216220

[6] Ravindra B, Mallik A K. Performance of nonlinear vibration isolator under harmonic excitation. J. of Sound and Vibration, 1994, 170(3): 325-337. [7] Yang Ping, Zhong Yifang, Zhou Ji, Liu Yong. CAD/CAE of the working characteristics of a new type of fluid coupling shock absorber. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2002, 15(3): 222-227. [8] Chandra N, Hatwal H. Response of nonlinear dissipative shock isolators. J. of Sound and Vibration, 1998, 214(4): 589-603. [9] Sheng Jingchao. Hydraulic Fluid Mechanics. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1980. (in Chinese) [10] Audenino A L, Belingardi G. Modelling the dynamic behavior of motorcycle damper. J. of Automobile Engineering, 1995, 209: 249-262. [11] Surace C, Worden K, Tomlinson G. On the nonlinear characteristics of automotive shock absorbers. J. of Automobile Engineering, 1992, 206: 3-16. [12] Wallascbek J. Dynamics of nonlinear automotive shock absorbers. Int. J. Nonlinear Mechanics, 1990, 25: 299-308.

1 2

Equivalent orifice diameter coefficient for circulating flow

References
[1] Harris C M, Crede C E. Shock and Vibration Handbook. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 1990. [2] Surace C, Worden K, Tomlinson G R. An improved nonlinear model for an automotive shock absorber. Nonlinear Dynamics, 1992, (3): 413-429. [3] Masri S F, Caughey T K. A nonparametric identification technique for nonlinear dynamic problems. J. of Applied Mechanics, 1979, 46: 433-447. [4] Masri S F, Sassi H, Caughey T K. Nonparametric identification of nearly arbitrary nonlinear system. J. of Applied Mechanics,1982, 49: 619-628. [5] Gonsalves D H. The dynamics and design of a nonlinear vibration absorber, Part C. J. of Mechanical Engineering Science, 1993, 207: 363-374.