Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
SECTION
MULTI-TEST
REPORT
INTERPRETATION
GUIDE
CYP450-2C9
&
VKORC1
SINGLE
REPORT
INTEREPRETATION
GUIDE
CYP450-2C19
SINGLE
REPORT
INTEREPRETATION
GUIDE
CYP450-2D6
SINGLE
REPORT
INTEREPRETATION
GUIDE
CYP450-3A4/3A5
SINGLE
REPORT
INTEREPRETATION
GUIDE
THROMBOSIS
PANEL
SINGLE
REPORT
INTEREPRETATION
GUIDE
CYP450-2C9
&
VKORC1
GENOTYPING
INTEREPRETATION
SUMMARY
CYP450-2C19
GENOTYPING
INTEREPRETATION
SUMMARY
CYP450-2D6
GENOTYPING
INTEREPRETATION
SUMMARY
CYP450-3A4/3A5
GENOTYPING
INTEREPRETATION
SUMMARY
THROMBOSIS
RISK
TEST
GENOTYPING
INTEREPRETATION
SUMMARY
PAGE
NUMBER
3-4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14-15
Patient Name: Robert Simone Referrer: Dr. Tommy Brown Date Collected: 5/1/2012
Date of Birth: 10/11/1963 Sample Type: Buccal Swab Date Received: 5/2/2012
Laboratory Director: Vincent Aoki, Ph.D., HCLD (ABB) Natural Molecular Testing Corp.
TEST RESULTS
Assay: CYP450-2C19
*2 Normal *3 Normal
Genotype: *1/*1
*4 Normal *5 Normal
Assay: CYP450-2C9
Genotype: *1/*1
*2 Normal
Assay: VKORC1
Genotype: G/A
Assay: CYP450-2D6
*2 Normal *3 Normal *4 Normal
Genotype: *1/*1
*6 Normal *7 Normal
Assay: CYP450-3A4
*12 Normal
Genotype: *1/*1
*2 Normal
Assay: CYP450-3A5
*1D *1D-Mutant
Genotype: *1D/*1D/*3/*3
*2 Normal *3B
Normal
THROMBOSIS PANEL Assay: FACTOR V LEIDEN Genotype: G/G Phenotype: Normal Thrombosis Risk
1691 G>A G/G
2. These are the Raw Data. Each table under the corresponding assay shows all mutaJons tested in the top row and the result in the bobom row. All genes are reported as Normal except those for which a mutaJon is detected. SomeJmes abbreviaJons are used. Het denotes a heterozygous gene mutaJon and Mut denotes a homozygous mutaJon. All of these data are summarized in the result secJon (refer to 1 above).
Assay: MTHFR
Natural Molecular Testing Corp 223 SW 41st Street, Renton, Washington 98057, 1-888-442-8881 CLIA Certified DNA Testing Lab Since 2009 Credential Number MTSC.FS.60063043, CLIA #50D1092274
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Page 1 of 2
TEST INTERPRETATIONS
CYP2C19 - NORMAL METABOLIZER
The subject is a normal metabolizer (NM). NM genotypes consist of two active CYP2C19 alleles. CYP2C19 NMs are the common phenotype for CYP2C19 enzyme activity. In general, they can be administered CYP2C19 metabolized drugs following standard dosing practices. Consult label for dosing guidance.
3. These are the Lab Test InterpretaEons. Each secJon gives a narraJve explaining what the test result (shown on page 1 of the report) means. Each interpretaJon explains what consJtutes both the genotype and phenotype for the test result. The interpretaJon also includes a brief explanaJon of how paJent treatment may be aected by the geneJc test results.
ASSAY INFORMATION
Co-administration of other drugs. Genotype results should be interpreted in context of the individual clinical situation including co-administration of other drugs, hepatic and renal function. In all cases monitor for co-administration of inhibitors which may convert patients to poor metabolizer status. Potential adverse outcomes included overdose toxicity or treatment failure particularly for prodrugs. Clinical Indication for Testing: Patients taking medicines metabolized by the cytochrome P450s with a personal or family history of adverse reactions including treatment failure, to confirm the presence or absence of relevant genotypes and as an aid to dosing and co-medication administration. DNA testing does not replace the need for clinical and therapeutic drug monitoring. Methodologies: PCR based assays detect listed alleles, including all common and most rare variants with known clinical significance at analytical sensitivity and specificity >99%. CYP2C19: 10 variants (active *1; inactive *2, *3, *4, *6, *7, *8, *9, *10; rapid *17). CYP2D6: 15 variants (active *1, *2; inactive *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, *12, *14; partially active *9, *10, *17, *29, *41; gene duplications XN; gene deletion XN). CYP2C9: 3 variants (active *1, inactive *2, *3). VKORC1: 1 variant (-1639G>A). Rare variants of CYP2D6 (*7, *8, *12, *14) may not have been observed at NMTC. These assays have been developed and performance characteristics determined by NMTC. Rare false negative or false positive results may occur. CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 have not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance is not necessary. These tests are used for clinical purposes and should not be considered as investigational. CYP450-3A4: 6 variants (active *1, *1B, *3; inactive *2, *12, *17). CYP450-3A5: 8 variants (active *1, *1D, *2, *7; inactive *3, *3B, *6, *8, *9). variants of CYP450-3A4 and 3A5 may not have been observed at NMTC. These assays have been developed and performance characteristics determined by NMTC. Rare false negative or false positive results may occur. CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 have not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance is not necessary. These tests are used for clinical purposes and should not be considered as investigational. Factor V Leiden: 1 variant (1691G>A). Factor II Prothrombin: 1 variant (20210G>A). MTHFR: 2 variants (677C>T and 1298A>C). false negative or false positive results may occur. Each test in this assay has been cleared by the FDA for in vitro diagnostic use.
4. This is GENERAL TEST INFORMATION. It gives a brief summary of clinical signicance and test methodologies. In general, this is non-essenJal informaJon for clinicians but required by CLIA to be reported with the test report.
Natural Molecular Testing Corp 223 SW 41st Street, Renton, Washington 98057, 1-888-442-8881 CLIA Certified DNA Testing Lab Since 2009 Credential Number MTSC.FS.60063043, CLIA #50D1092274
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Patient Name: Don Smith Referrer: Dr. Vasquez, MD Date Collected: 05/19/2011
NMTC Laboratory # 384 Sample Type: Buccal Swab Date Reported: June 5, 2011
DST-CYP2C9 *1/*1 Normal Warfarin Metabolizer DST-VKORC1 Low Warfarin Sensitivity (G/G)
Laboratory Director: Vincent Aoki, Ph.D., HCLD (ABB) Natural Molecular Testing Corp.
Result
Normal Normal LowSensitivity(G/G) PASS PASS
Co-administration of other drugs: Genotype results should be interpreted in context of the individual clinical situation including coadministration of other drugs, hepatic and renal function. In all cases monitor for co-administration of inhibitors which may convert patients to poor metabolizer status. Potential adverse outcomes included overdose toxicity or treatment failure particularly for prodrugs.
Clinical Indication for Testing: Patients taking medicines metabolized by the cytochrome P450s with a personal or family history of adverse reactions including treatment failure, to confirm the presence or absence of relevant genotypes and as an aid to dosing and co-medication administration. DNA testing does not replace the need for clinical and therapeutic drug monitoring. Methodologies: PCR based assays detect listed alleles, including all common and most rare variants with known clinical significance at analytical sensitivity and specificity >99%. CYP2C19: 10 variants (active *1; inactive *2, *3, *4, *6, *7, *8, *9, *10; rapid *17). CYP2D6: 15 variants (active *1, *2; inactive *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, *12, *14; partially active *9, *10, *17, *29, *41; gene duplications XN; gene deletion XN). CYP2C9: 3 variants (active *1, inactive *2, *3). VKORC1: 1 variant (-1639G>A). Rare variants of CYP2D6 (*7, *8, *12, *14) may not have been observed at NMTC. These assays have been developed and performance characteristics determined by NMTC. Rare false negative or false positive results may occur. CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 have not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance is not necessary. These tests are used for clinical purposes and should not be considered as investigational.
Patient Name: Patricia Kingsberry Referrer: Dr. Franklin Wefald Date Collected: 3/13/2012
NMTC Laboratory # 11314- 17 Sample Type: Buccal Swab Date Reported: 3/22/2012
Laboratory Director: Vincent Aoki, Ph.D., HCLD (ABB) Natural Molecular Testing Corp.
CYP450'2C19'Allele' *2# *3# *4# *5# *6# *7# *8# *9# *10# *13# *17#
Result' Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# Normal# *173Het#
Co-administration of other drugs. Genotype results should be interpreted in context of the individual clinical situation including coadministration of other drugs, hepatic and renal function. In all cases monitor for co-administration of inhibitors which may convert patients to poor metabolizer status. Potential adverse outcomes included overdose toxicity or treatment failure particularly for prodrugs.
Clinical Indication for Testing: Patients taking medicines metabolized by the cytochrome P450s with a personal or family history of adverse reactions including treatment failure, to confirm the presence or absence of relevant genotypes and as an aid to dosing and co-medication administration. DNA testing does not replace the need for clinical and therapeutic drug monitoring. Methodologies: PCR based assays detect listed alleles, including all common and most rare variants with known clinical significance at analytical sensitivity and specificity >99%. CYP2C19: 8 variants (active *1; inactive *2, *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8; rapid *17). CYP2D6: 17 variants (active *1, *2; inactive *3,*4, *5, *6, *7, *11, *12, *14, *15; partially active *9, *10, *17, *41; gene duplications *1, *2, *4, *10, *41). CYP2C9: 5 variants (active *1, Inactive *2, *3, *4, *5, *6). VKORC1: 1 variant (-1639G>A). Rare variants of CYP2D6 (*7, *8, *11, *12, *14, *15) and CYP2C9 (*4) may not have been observed at NMTC. Assays developed and performance characteristics determined by NMTC. Rare false negative or false positive results may occur.
4. This is GENERAL TEST INFORMATION. It gives a brief summary of clinical signicance and test methodologies. In general, this is non-essenJal informaJon for clinicians but required by CLIA to be reported with the test report.
Patient Name: Donald Ellison Referrer: Dr. Vasquez Date Collected: 5/16/2011
NMTC Laboratory # 348 Sample Type: Buccal Swab Date Reported: June 2, 2011
Laboratory Director: Vincent Aoki, Ph.D., HCLD (ABB) Natural Molecular Testing Corp.
4. This is GENERAL TEST INFORMATION. It gives a brief summary of clinical signicance and test methodologies. In general, this is non-essenJal informaJon for clinicians but required by CLIA to be reported with the test report.
For more complete information: www.naturalmolecular.com. 1-888-442-8881 Natural Molecular Testing Corporation Credential Number#: MTSC.FS.60063043, CLIA No. 50D1092274.
Patient Name: Thomas Guillory Referrer: Dr. Brian Le Date Collected: 11/14/2011
Date of Birth: 5/20/1960 Sample Type: Buccal Swab Date Received: 11/15/2011
Laboratory Director: Vincent Aoki, Ph.D., HCLD (ABB) Natural Molecular Testing Corp.
Co-administration of other drugs: Genotype results should be interpreted in context of the individual clinical situation including co-administration of other drugs, hepatic and renal function. In all cases monitor for co-administration of inhibitors, which may convert patients to poor metabolizer status. Potential adverse outcomes include overdose toxicity or treatment failure particularly for prodrugs. Clinical Indication for Testing: Patients taking medicines metabolized by the cytochrome P450s with a personal or family history of adverse reactions including treatment failure, to confirm the presence or absence of relevant genotypes and as an aid to dosing and co-medication administration. DNA testing does not replace the need for clinical and therapeutic drug monitoring. Methodologies: PCR based assays detect listed alleles, including all common and most rare variants with known clinical significance at analytical sensitivity and specificity >99%. CYP450-3A4: 6 variants (active *1, *1B, *3; inactive *2, *12, *17). CYP450-3A5: 8 variants (active *1, *1D, *2, *7; inactive *3, *3B, *6, *8, *9). Rare variants of CYP450-3A4 and 3A5 may not have been observed at NMTC. These assays have been developed and performance characteristics determined by NMTC. Rare false negative or false positive results may occur. CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 have not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance is not necessary. These tests are used for clinical purposes and should not be considered as investigational.
4. This is GENERAL TEST INFORMATION. It gives a brief summary of clinical signicance and test methodologies. In general, this is non-essenJal informaJon for clinicians but required by CLIA to be reported with the test report.
Natural Molecular Testing Corporation Credential Number#: MTSC.FS.60063043, CLIA No. 50D1092274 .
Patient Name: Ralph Villarreal Referrer: Dr. Bruce Bowers Date Collected: 10/10/2011
Date of Birth: 11/2/1950 Sample Type: Buccal Swab Date Received: 10/14/2011
PHENOTYPE Normal Thrombosis Risk Normal Thrombosis Risk Significant Thrombosis and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Laboratory Director: Vincent Aoki, Ph.D., HCLD (ABB) Natural Molecular Testing Corp.
677$C>T$ 1298$A>C$
Clotting Risk and Other Genes: Genotype results should be interpreted in context of the individual clinical situation including administration of drugs and other individual clinical characteristics. The Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin (Factor II), and MTHFR mutations represent a few of a growing panel of hereditary thrombophilia risk factors. The risk of thromboembolism in individuals with more than one genetic risk factor is synergistic and should be considered severe. Therefore, evaluation for the presence of coexisting genetic abnormalities should be considered. Clinical Indication for Testing: Patients with a history of thromboembolism, coronary artery disease, and/or stroke, history of pregnancy complications including recurrent pregnancy loss, relatives of individuals with history of events and gene mutations. Methodologies: PCR based assays detect listed alleles, including all common and most rare variants with known clinical significance at analytical sensitivity and specificity >99%. Factor V Leiden: 1 variant (1691G>A). Factor II Prothrombin: 1 variant (20210G>A). MTHFR: 2 variants (677C>T and 1298A>C). Rare false negative or false positive results may occur. Each test in this assay has been cleared by the FDA for in vitro diagnostic use.
FACTOR II PROTHROMBIN
MTHFR
Thrombosis Risks C667T: 5-10% in Caucasians Wildtype general population: 1 in 1000 A1298C: 30% in the General Population Heterozygotes: 3-5 fold increase 11% in Venous thromboembolism cases Homozygote Mutants: 15-fold increase 19% in artery disease cases Incidence Each 5 mol/L increase in total homocysteine levels ~3% in Healthy Individuals (primarily whites) = a 60% increase (men) and a 80% increase (women) 18% in known familial cases of coronary artery disease 6-8% in Venous thrombosis cases 3-5% in Arterial thrombosis cases Natural Molecular Testing Corporation Credential Number#: MTSC.FS.60063043, CLIA No. 50D1092274 .
CYP2C9 GENOTYPING INTERPRETATION SUMMARY CYP2C9 PHENOTYPE Normal Metabolizer Intermediate Metabolizer Poor Metabolizer VKOCR1 PHENOTYPE Low Sensitivity Intermediate Sensitivity High Sensitivity
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
INTERPRETATION/RECOMMENDATION Subject is a normal metabolizer of warfarin. Normal warfarin metabolizer genotypes consist of two active function CYP2C9 alleles. Refer to Table 1 below for dosing guidance. Subject is an intermediate metabolizer of warfarin. Intermediate warfarin metabolizer genotypes consist of one active function CYP2C9 allele and one reduced function CYP2C9 allele (Increased caution should be observed with *3 variants). Refer to Table 1 below for dosing guidance. Subject is a poor metabolizer of warfarin. Subject will not effectively metabolize warfarin. Poor warfarin metabolizer genotypes consist of two reduced function CYP2C9 alleles. Particular caution should be observed with *3 variants. Refer to Table 1 below for dosing guidance. INTERPRETATION/RECOMMENDATION Subject is expected to experience low sensitivity to warfarin. Refer to Table 1 below for dosing guidance. Subject is expected to experience intermediate sensitivity to warfarin. Refer to Table 1 below for dosing guidance. Subject is expected to experience high sensitivity to warfarin. Refer to Table 1 below for dosing guidance.
! ! ! ! ! !
Avoid using warfarin with CYP2C9 inhibitors. Patient care and other standard therapies are always the judgment of the managing physician Specific pharmacological questions should be directed to a qualified pharmacogeneticist or Pharm-D.
Table 1: Range of Expected Therapeutic Warfarin Doses Based on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Genotypes CYP2C9 VKOCR1 *1/*1 *1/*2 *1/*3 *2/*2 *2/*3 *3/*3 5-7 mg 5-7 mg 3-4 mg 3-4 mg 3-4 mg 0.5-2 mg G/G 5-7 mg 3-4 mg 3-4 mg 3-4 mg 0.5-2 mg 0.5-2 mg G/A 3-4 mg 3-4 mg 0.5-2 mg 0.5-2 mg 0.5-2 mg 0.5-2 mg A/A
Table is taken directly from the warfarin package insert. Ranges are derived from multiple published clinical studies. Other clinical factors (eg, age, race, body weight, sex, concomitant medications, and comorbidities) are generally accounted for along with genotype in the ranges expressed in the table. VKORC1 1639G>A (rs9923231) variant is used in this table. Other co-inherited VKORC1 variants may also be important determinants of warfarin dose. Patients with CYP2C9 *1/*3, *2/*2, *2/*3, and *3/*3 may require more prolonged time (>2 to 4 weeks) to achieve maximum INR effect for a given dosage regimen.
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CYP2C19 GENOTYPING INTERPRETATION SUMMARY PHENOTYPE Normal Metabolizer INTERPRETATION/RECOMMENDATION ! Subject is a normal metabolizer (normal activator) of clopidogrel. ! Subject will convert clopidogrel into its active metabolite at a normal rate. ! Clopidogrel dosage should be standard (300 mg loading dose continued with 75 mg daily maintenance dose). ! Subject is a normal-intermediate metabolizer (normal-intermediate activator) of clopidogrel. ! Subject will convert clopidogrel to its active metabolite at a slightly lower efficiency than normal metabolizers. ! Clopidogrel dosage should start at standard levels but consider using a platelet function assessment to monitor the drugs effects. If the effect of daily maintenance dose is not sufficient, consider using a larger daily maintenance does (150 mg). ! Subject is an intermediate metabolizer (intermediate activator) of clopidogrel. ! Subject will convert clopidogrel to its active metabolite but at a lower efficiency. ! Clopidogrel dosage should start at standard levels but consider using a platelet function assessment to monitor the drugs effects. If the effect of daily maintenance dose is not sufficient, consider using a larger daily maintenance does (150 mg). ! Subject is a poor metabolizer (poor activator) of clopidogrel. ! Subject will not effectively convert clopidogrel to its active metabolite. ! Consider starting clopidogrel at 600 mg (loading dose) with a 150 mg daily maintenance dose. ! Pharmacological effects of clopidogrel should be monitored closely. ! Other drugs should be considered in lieu of clopidogrel. ! Other genotypes include combinations of heterozygotes (i.e. *2/*3, *2/*4, *2/*5, etc.) ! Subject is a rapid metabolizer (rapid activator) of clopidogrel. ! Subject readily converts clopidogrel to its active metabolite. ! Consider starting clopidogrel at 300 mg (loading dose) with a 75 mg daily maintenance dose. Pharmacological effects of the drug should be monitored closely and if necessary consider lowering daily dosage, or consider another drug in lieu of clopidogrel. ! Rapid metabolizers may be at increased bleeding risk. ! Subject is an ultra rapid metabolizer (rapid activator) of clopidogrel. ! Subject readily converts clopidogrel to its active metabolite at very elevated rates. ! Consider starting clopidogrel at lower loading dose and lower daily maintenance dose. Pharmacological effects of the drug should be monitored closely and if necessary consider lowering daily dosage, or consider another drug in lieu of clopidogrel. ! Ultra rapid metabolizers may be at increased bleeding risk. GENOTYPE(S) *1/*1
*2/*17 *3/*17 *4/*17 *6/*17 *1/*2 *1/*3 *1/*4 *1/*6 *2/*2 *3/*3 *4/*4 *6/*6
*7/*17 *8/*17 *9/*17 *10/*17 *1/*7 *1/*8 *1/*9 *1/*10 *7/*7 *8/*8 *9/*9 *10/*10
Intermediate Metabolizer
Poor Metabolizer
Rapid Metabolizer
*1/*17
Ultra-Rapid Metabolizer
*17/17
* Avoid using clopidogrel with omeprazole (a CYP2C19 inhibitor). Patient care and other standard therapies are always the judgment of the managing physician Specific pharmacological questions should be directed to a qualified pharmacogeneticist or Pharm-D.
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INTERPRETATION/RECOMMENDATION ! Subject is a normal metabolizer of 2D6 metabolized drugs ! 2D6 metabolized drug dosage should be standard ! Normal 2D6 metabolizer genotypes consist of two active function CYP2D6 alleles (*1 or *2).
GENOTYPE(S) *1/*1 *1/*2 *2/*2 *1/*3 *1/*4 *1/*5 *1/*6 *1/*8 *1/*9 *1/*10 *1/*12 *1/*14 *1/*17 *1/*29 *1/*41 *3/*3 *4/*4 *5/*5 *6/*6 *8/*8 *9/*9 *2/*3 *2/*4 *2/*5 *2/*6 *2/*8 *2/*9 *2/*10 *2/*12 *2/*14 *2/*17 *2/*29 *2/*41 *10*10 *12/*12 *14/*14 *17/*17 *29/*29 *41/*41
Intermediate Metabolizer
! Subject is an intermediate metabolizer of 2D6 metabolized drugs ! Subject will clear 2D6 metabolized drugs or activate 2D6 metabolized drugs (pro-drugs) to their active metabolites but at a lower efficiency. ! Dosage should start at standard levels but with increased caution ! Intermediate 2D6 metabolizer genotypes consist of one active function (*1 or *2) and one poor function CYP2D6 allele (*3, *4, *6, *5, *8, *9, *10, *12, *14, *17, *29, *41 ).
Poor Metabolizer
! Subject is a poor metabolizer of 2D6 metabolized drugs. ! Subject will not clear 2D6 metabolized drugs nor activate 2D6 metabolized drugs (pro-drugs) to their active metabolites. ! Pharmacological effects of 2D6 metabolized should be monitored closely. ! Alternative drugs should be considered. ! Poor 2D6 metabolizer genotypes consist of two poor function CYP2D6 alleles (*3, *4, *6, *5, *8, *9, *10, *12, *14, *17, *29, *41 ). ! Other genotypes include combinations of heterozygotes (i.e. *3/*4, *4/*5, *3/*10, etc.) ! Subject is a rapid metabolizer of 2D6 metabolized drugs. ! Subject readily clears and converts 2D6 metabolized drugs to their active metabolites. ! Rapid 2D6 metabolizer genotypes consist of two active function alleles (*1 or *2) and a CYP2D6 gene duplication (*XN ).
Rapid Metabolizer
Patient care and other standard therapies are always the judgment of the managing physician Specific pharmacological questions should be directed to a qualified pharmacogeneticist or Pharm-D.
12
Intermediate Metabolizer
Poor Metabolizer
Intermediate Metabolizer
Poor Metabolizer
Patient care and other standard therapies are always the judgment of the managing physician Specific pharmacological questions should be directed to a qualified pharmacogeneticist or Pharm-D.
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FACTOR V LEIDIN
PHENOTYPE Normal Thrombosis Risk Moderate Thrombosis Risk High Thrombosis Risk INTERPRETATION/RECOMMENDATION ! Subject has a normal genotype for Factor V (1691 G/G) ! Based on Factor V genotype the patient has no increased risk of thrombosis. ! Subject is heterozygous for the Factor V Leiden Mutation (1691 G/A) ! Factor V Leiden heterozygosity is associated with an increased risk (approximately 4 to 8-fold higher than normal genotypes) of developing an abnormal blood clot and may carry as high as a 1 in 100-125 risk of thrombosis (vs. 1 in 1000 in the general population) ! Subject is a homozygous mutant for the Factor V Leiden Mutation (1691 A/A) ! Factor V Leiden homozygosity is associated with a significant risk (approximately 80-fold higher than normal genotypes) of developing an abnormal blood clot and may carry as high as a 1 in 12 risk of thrombosis (vs. 1 in 1000 in the general population) GENOTYPE(S) 1691 G/G
1691 G/A
1691 A/A
FACTOR II PROTHROMBIN
PHENOTYPE Normal Thrombosis Risk Moderate Thrombosis Risk High Thrombosis Risk INTERPRETATION/RECOMMENDATION ! Subject has a normal genotype for Factor II Prothrombin (20210 G/G) ! Based solely on Factor II genotype the patient has no increased risk of thrombosis. ! Subject is heterozygous for the Factor II Prothrombin mutation (20210 G/A) ! Factor II Prothrombin heterozygosity is associated with a moderate risk (approximately 3 to 5-fold higher than normal genotypes) of developing an abnormal blood clot. ! Thrombosis risk increases synergistically in the presence of Factor V Leiden mutations. ! Subject is a homozygous mutant for the Factor II Prothrombin Mutation (20210 A/A) ! Factor II Prothrombin homozygous mutants are rare and carry a significant risk of developing an abnormal blood clot. ! Thrombosis risk increases synergistically in the presence of Factor V Leiden mutations. GENOTYPE(S) 20210 G/G
20210 G/A
20210 A/A
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! Subject is a homozygous mutant for the MTHFR 677 C>T Mutation (677 T/T) ! Homozygosity for the of 677C>T MTHFR mutation is associated with increased plasma homocysteine and a threefold increase in premature cardiovascular disease.
677 T/T
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