Pib 2012

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features
MAY 2012 ========
Page 1 of 19
The objectives were the distribution of 40,000 LLIN (Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets) in two states and supplemented government efforts and by dissemination of knowledge about malaria and raising awareness especially at the community level. The Electronic Challan-cum-Return (ECR) initiative was introduced by the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO). Media freedom entails the right of any person to enjoy freedom of opinion and expression on a public basis. This includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers, as stated in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In India, the constitution, while not mentioning the word "press", provides for "the right to freedom of speech and expression" (Article 19(1) a). However this right is subject to restrictions under sub clause (2), whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of "soverignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preserving decency, preserving morality, in relation to contempt, court, defamation, or incitement to an offense". It is against the background of the quality of access to information that has received world wide concern that the Right to Information Act 2005 passed by the Parliament acquires great significance. The act mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information. Under the provisions of the Act, any citizen may request information from a "public authority" (a body of Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days. The Act also requires every public authority to computerize their records for wide dissemination and to pro-actively publish certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information formally. This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June, 2005 and came fully into force on 13 October, 2005. In short, the act empowers every citizen to ask any questions from the government or seek any information, take copies of any governmental documents, inspect any governmental documents, inspect any work undertaken by the government and take samples of materials of any governmental work.
=========================================================================================================== APRIL 2012 ========== While there were only five Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) with a total investment of 29.00 crore at the time of the First Five Year Plan, there were as many 248 CPSEs (excluding 7 Insurance Companies). Rs.
As against the nominal GDP growth of 18.80 per cent (at current market price) in 2010-11, the gross value addition by all the CPSEs (exclusive of under-recoveries) grew by 10.03 per cent during the year (if however, the under recoveries are added, then the gross value addition by all CPSEs during the year increased by 13.40 per cent). The agriculture sector recorded the highest growth in turnover (23.03%) during 2010-11. This was followed by manufacturing with a (20.64%) growth against a negative growth (-7.76%) in 2009-10. The mining sector had 15.66 per cent growth in turnover during the year as against a negative growth of 0.68% during 2009-10. The turnover in electricity and service sector showed marginal improvement over the previous year with a growth of 17.96% and 12.85% respectively during 2010-11. the best results were achieved by the mining sector with 22.32 per cent growth in profit over the previous year. This was followed by 12.97 per cent growth in profits achieved by electricity sector. The services sector suffered a loss of Rs. 7,639 crore during 2010-11 Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., NTPC Ltd., and Indian Oil Corporation Ltd have ranked first, second and third CPSEs respectively amongst the top ten profit making CPSEs. They are followed by NMDC Ltd., Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Steel Authority of India Ltd., Coal India Ltd., GAIL(India) Ltd., Oil India Ltd. and Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. All the top ten profit making companies are, more or less same in 2010-11 as in 2009-10 (with ranking slightly changed) except for Power Grid Corporation that has replaced the Power Finance Corporation. The Bharat Nirman target of electrification of 1 lac unelectrified villages and providing free electric connection to 1.75 crore BPL households has already been exceeded by achievement of electrification of 1,03,611 villages and 1.91 crore BPL households as on 22 March, 2012. Under the scheme, besides electrification of un-electrified BPL households financed with 100% capital subsidy as per norms of Kutir Jyoti Programme, provision also exists to provide access to APL households, who are required to pay for their electricity connection at prescribed connection charges

for obtaining household connections.
Page 2 of 19
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing Remote Village Electrification Programme for providing financial support for lighting/ basic electrification in those remote un-electrified census villages and un-electrified hamlets of electrified census villages where grid extension is not found feasible by the State Governments and are not covered under the RGGVY. Then Central Public Sector Undertakings are involved in the implementation. Gram Panchayat is involved in the certification of an electrified village. The Infrastructure under RGGVY includes - Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (REDB) with 33/11 kV (or 66/11 kV) substations of adequate capacity and lines to be established in blocks where these do not exist; Village Electrification Infrastructure (VEI) which involves electrification of un-electrified villages and habitations. Under RGGVY electric connections are also provided to un-electrified public places like schools, panchayat offices, community / health care centres, dispensaries, etc. It has been proposed to continue the RGGVY during the 12th Plan with 90% capital subsidy. During the 12th Plan the scheme will aim to cover all remaining habitations irrespective of population and BPL households. It is also proposed to enhance BPL load from the range of 40-60 Watt to 250 Watt and to provide LED in each BPL household. The 12th Plan also proposes to have a separate new scheme for productive loads, mainly agricultural loads. To create a fair competition in the economy and provide a level playing field the Competition Act, 2002, was enacted by the Parliament on 13th January 2003. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established by the Central Government with effect from 14th October, 2003. The Act was subsequently amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007. The provisions of the Act relating to anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position were notified on 20th May, 2009. This Act applies to whole of India, except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Competition Commission of India is now fully functional with a Chairperson and six members. The Competition Act focuses on four key areas: anti competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, combinations regulation and competition advocacy. The Act emphasizes the behavioral approach to examine competition. It is different from the approach of the MRTP Act, which followed the structural approach. The Competition Act covers the following under Chapter II of the Act: U/s 3 Prohibition of anti-competitive agreements. U/s 4 Prevention of abuse of dominance. U/s 5 Regulation of combinations (mergers and acquisitions). U/s 6 Establishment, staffing and powers of the proposed ten members of CCI. There are some CPSEs which yet to go on regular production on a commercial scale as they are at construction stage. Many of these CPSEs are subsidiary companies set up by (Holding) CPSEs. Some of these subsidiary companies are shell companies which have been set up tentatively to facilitate the establishment of Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) or similar other Projects. The objective of shell companies for UPMM is to develop large capacities of power generation in the different parts of the country. It brings in the potential investors in UMPP after obtaining the necessary clearances. The Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFCL) was selected as the Nodal Agency for the development of such power projects by the Central Electricity Authority. Many of the shell companies are subsidiary companies of PFCL. As on 31 March, 2011, there were altogether 28 CPSEs under construction, as against 32 as on 31 March, 2010. While seven CPSEs under construction existing in 2009-10 have been left out, three CPSEs have been added to this list during the financial year 2010-11. Shares of MTNL (ADR) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and GAIL (GDR) and SAIL(GDR) listed on the London Stock Exchange. are
Vellayani Lake, also called Vellayani Kayal is one of the three rain-fed freshwater lakes in Kerala. This very vast picturesque lake surrounded by lush greenery is located about 9 kms away from the Thiruvananthapuram city. Vellayani lake is a rich repository of flora and fauna, and the biodiversity supports the livelihood of people around the lake. About hundred species of wetland birds frequent the lake, including migratory ones. The Panchayat has decided to use Coir Corporations Geo textile technology for strengthening bunds instead of cement and rock. For restructuring and revival of sick CPSEs some of the strategies adopted by the Government are Financial restructuring, Business restructuring and Man Power Rationalization. Financial restructuring involves investment in CPSEs by the Government in the form of equity participation, providing loan (plan/non-plan)/grants and/or write-off of past losses as well as changing the debt equity ratio. Measures such as waiver of loan /interest/penal interest, conversion of loan into equity, conversion of interest including penal interest into loan, moratorium on payment of loan/interest. Government guarantee, sale of fixed assets including excess land, sacrifices by

State Government, one-time settlement with banks/financial institutions, etc.
Page 3 of 19
Business restructuring involves change of management, hiving off viable units from CPSEs for formation of separate company, closure of unviable units, formation of joint ventures by induction of partners capable of providing technical, financial and marketing inputs, change in product mix, improving marketing strategy, etc. on case to case basis. Man Power Rationalization - Salaries and wages are often a major component of cost for an enterprise. In order to shed excess manpower, CPSEs have often resorted to Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) from time to time. In case of CPSEs found unviable and where a decision has been taken to close the unit, it is the Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS) that is introduced. Retrenchment of employees is adopted only as the last resort and in exceptional circumstances. The Government constituted the Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises (BRPSE) as an advisory body to the Government to address the task of strengthening, modernizing, reviving, and restructuring of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), and advise the Government on strategies, measures and schemes related to them. In comparison to the Board for Industrial & Financial Reconstruction(BIFR) which sanctioned 14 cases of revival (between 1992 to 2007), BRPSE has recommended 159 revival cases (between 2005 to 2011). For the purpose of making a reference to BRPSE, a company is considered sick if it has accumulated losses in any financial year equal to 50% or more of its average net worth during 4 years immediately preceding such financial year, and it is a company within the meaning of Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (SICA). The approval of the Government in the 45 CPSEs fall under the categories: revival through restructuring package as a PSE; revival through joint venture/disinvestment; revival through merger/ takeover and closure. The Government has issued guidelines for declaring a sick CPSE as turnaround CPSE. These guidelines define a turnaround CPSE as one which is in the list of sick CPSEs of BRPSE, has shown Profit Before Tax (PBT) in each of the three preceding accounting years and has a positive net worth after implementation of the revival package. The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 is the most important multi-sectoral legislation in India and is intended to promote efficient use of energy in India. The Act specifies energy consumption standards for equipment and appliances, prescribes energy consumption norms and standards for consumers, prescribes energy conservation building codes for commercial buildings and establishes a compliance mechanism for energy consumption norms and standards. In order to implement the various provisions of the EC Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was operationalised with effect from 1st March, 2002. The EC Act provides a legal framework for energy efficiency initiatives in the country. The Act has mandatory as well as promotional initiatives. During the 11th Plan Period, the Government of India initiated a number of programmes to promote energy efficiency. This has resulted in avoided generation capacity of 10,000 MW in the last five years. Some of the principal programmes launched included Standards and Labeling of Equipment and Appliances, Energy Conservation Building Code, Energy Efficiency in Industry and Residential Lighting. Labeling has been introduced for 16 major energy consuming appliances, providing users with information on the energy use of a model and its relative efficiency. Labeling has been mandatory for 4 products- air conditioners, refrigerators, distribution transformers and tube lights. With the market for star-rated labeled products growing, there is now a move towards making appliances super efficient i.e. appliances that save as much as 30-50% energy than the most energy efficient versions available in the market. To accelerate this shift and make such appliances affordable, BEE is in the process of launching the Super Energy Efficient Program (SEEP) that would provide manufacturers incentives to produce super efficient appliances. It forms a part of Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE) initiative, one of the four initiatives of the National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency. Super efficient appliances have a high cost of production as well as uncertainty of demand. The program envisions that incremental cost can be compensated by incentives on one hand and cost reduction due to economy of scale on the other. A National Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) has been prepared for the design of new commercial buildings. The Government has notified the energy efficieny improvement targets for the 478 most energy intensive industrial units in 8 sectors. Together, they account for about one third of the total energy consumption in India. Issued under the Energy Conservation Act, 2011 the targets are to be achieved by 2014-15. Overall, industrial units used 166 million tonnes of oil equivalent energy in 2009-10, which has to be reduced by 6.6 million tonnes of oil equivalent in the target year. The Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) provides energy-efficient Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) to households at the cost of incandescent bulbs as the former are expensive and hence not able to penetrate in the domestic sector. Over 20 million CFLs have already been distributed under the BLY programme. The scheme targets to replace 400 million bulbs leading to a possible reduction of 6000MW and about 24

million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions.
Page 4 of 19
BEE has initiated an Ag DSM programme in which pump set efficiency upgradation would be carried out through Public-Private Partnership mode. The BEE has also registered a country-wide Programme of Activities (POA) under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which enables quick registration of each investor led project as a CDM project under the POAs. In India, the small scale sector contributes to 40% of manufacturing. The small industries sector also contributes substantially to the exports. In the past, the Small Scale Sector existed in a relatively sheltered environment. The levels of protection were high, several goods were reserved for production in the Small Scale Sector, special fiscal incentives were extended to the units in the sector and a number of support programmes were also drawn up to ensure the Small Industries survived. The Government announced formulation of National Competitiveness Programme in 2005 with an objective to support the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in their endeavor to become competitive and adjust the competitive pressure caused by liberalization and moderation of tariff rates. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has finalized a five-year National Manufacturing Programme. Ten schemes have been drawn up including schemes for promotion of ICT, mini tool room, design clinics and marketing support for SMEs. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), in the year 2006, approved in principle the setting up of Integrated Check Posts at 13 locations and Land Ports Authority of India as a statutory body. Of these, 7 ICPs are to be constructed in Phase I and 6 ICPs in Phase II. ICP Attari is the first to be completed. The other six ICPs planned in the first phase are, Raxaul and Jogbani in Bihar, Agartala (Tripura), Petrapole (West Bengal), Dawki (Meghalya) and Moreh (Manipur). The Land Ports Authority of India (LPAI) is to provide better administration and cohesive management of entry points/land ports and entrusted with the task of development and management of Integrated Check Posts on the land borders and would be vested with the powers on the lines of similar bodies like Airports Authority of India. The Land Ports Authority of India has been established from 1st March, 2012 as a statutory body which will function as a body corporate under the administrative control of the Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home Affairs. Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) is given the responsibility to function as custodian in accordance with customs regulations. Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) has been given the responsibility of catering and passenger facilitation. DST launched a modest programme called Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NIST) in 2001 in Nano Sciences. The Nano Mission is successor of this programme. The Government approved this as Nano Mission in 2007 with an allocation of Rs 1000/- crore for 5 years. The Nano Mission has been structured in a manner to achieve synergy between the national research efforts of various agencies in this field and launch new programmes in a concerted fashion. Nano Mission is also striving for developments of products and processes for national development, especially in the area of national relevance like safe drinking water, materials development, sensors development, drug delivery etc. The objectives of Nano Mission include basic research promotion, infrastructure development, Nano applications and technology development, human resources development and international collaboration. The other discovery of flow of various liquids and gases over a mat of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles generate electrical signals. The National Solar Mission has targeted to deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022. India is blessed with about an estimated 5000 TWh of solar radiation. Karnataka > Tamil Nadu > Rajasthan > Gujarat (Grid solar power projects commissioned so far)
The Mission has set an ambitious target to create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022 and to ramp up capacity of grid-connected solar power generation to 1000 MW. The Solar Mission has set a target of 1000 MW by 2017, which may appear small, but its reach will add up to bringing changes in millions of households .For the first phase,a target has been fixed to set up 1,100 MW of grid connected solar power plants by March, 2013. Asias first and largest Solar Park has been set up at Charanka in Gujarat. The 3000 acre state of the art park has generation capacity of 500 MW with training facilities as well. Incidentally, Gujarat has taken the lead in solar power generation and has been contributing 2/3rds of total 900 MW solar power generated in the country. The state government is also working on a solar energy policy, which is likely to be launched soon. India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over Indias land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day. Hence both technology routes for conversion of solar radiation into heat and electricity, namely, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic, can effectively be harnessed providing huge scalability for solar in India. Of late, the Government has set up a National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms which
Page 5 of 19
will be addressing the issues of delays and arrears in the judicial system as well enforcing better accountability at all levels through a variety of methods which will include setting and monitoring of performance standard, enhancement of capacity through training at various levels etc. Fast Track Courts were constituted as per the recommendations of the 11th Finance Commission. For these courts a provision of Rs. 502.90 crore was made for 2000-05. This scheme was extended later till 2010-11. As per the reports received, 1192 fast track courts were functional in the country as on 31.3.2011. Nearly 33 lakh cases were disposed of by the fast track courts over a period of 11 years of central assistance from 2000-01 to 2010-11. The 13th Finance Commission has recommended a grant of Rs.5,000 crore for the states over a period of 5 years between 2010-2015. The Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 has been enacted for establishment of Gram Nyayalayas at the grassroots level for providing access to justice to citizens at their doorstep. The Central Government is providing assistance to States towards non-recurring expenses for setting up of Gram Nyayalayas subject to a ceiling of Rs. 18.00 lakh per Gram Nyayalaya. The Central Government also provides assistance towards recurring expenses for running these Gram Nyayatayas subject to a ceiling of Rs. 3.20 lakh per Gram Nyayaiaya per year for the first three years. For legal empowerment of the marginalized people in India an externally aided Project Access to Justice for Marginalized People in India is being implemented in the selected 7 States, with the support of UNDP. These 7 States are: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The interventions under the Project are focused on strengthening access to justice for the poor, particularly women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and minorities. The Project seeks, on the one hand, to improve the institutional capacities of key justice service providers to enable them to effectively serve the poor and disadvantaged. On the other hand, it aims to directly empower the poor and disadvantaged men and women to seek and demand justice services.
=========================================================================================================== MARCH 2012 ========== Afro-Asian Rural Development Organisation (AARDO) is the culmination of a unique camaraderie and resolve in exploring innovative and effective ways and means to strengthen cooperation between Asia and Africa in the field of rural development. AARDO is one of the earliest examples of South-South cooperation in rural development in the Afro-Asian region. It is an autonomous inter-governmental organisation. To banish extreme poverty and allied scourges from the face of the earth in a time bound manner by 2015 through a global partnership, UN adopted the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As a natural corollary, AARDO in its New Delhi Declaration of 2007 undertook to achieve the internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and agreed to carry forward the spirit of cooperation for rural development, to begin with, among AARDO member countries and strive to enlarge cooperation with others in the year to come. The principal objective of AARDO has been the promotion of understanding among member countries for better appreciation of each others problems. To realise these objectives, AARDO has been implementing a number of concerted programmes on triennial basis. During the triennium 2006-2008, all out efforts were made to consolidate the existing activities of AARDO, namely, training programmes, workshops, seminars, deputation of experts, development pilot projects, dissemination of information and at the same time, initiate new programmes such as new training courses, regional level workshops/seminars and study visits, action research studies, meeting of heads of training institutes and regional representatives to discuss and review technical programmes, etc. AARDO also aims to help the member countries in obtaining financial and technical assistance for rural development programmes from the financial and other specialised institutions like World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), African Development Bank (AFDB) etc. Tenth Five-Year Plan had outlined Indias human development goals and targets for the next five to 10 years. Most of these are related to and are more ambitious than the Millennium Development Goals. Emanating from this is Bharat Nirman a time bound business like programme for specific targets of rural infrastructure development by 2015. The formation of Afro-Asian Rural Development Organisation (AARDO) (earlier known as Afro-Asian Rural Reconstruction Organisation) in 1962 underscored the far-sightedness of the social and political leaders of Asia and Africa in recognising the need for cooperation among the countries in the field of agriculture and rural development. The forthcoming Golden Jubilee celebration of AARDO being held in New Delhi on 5-6th, March, 2012 shall provide a new fillip and also an apt platform to the 29 member nations to share their experiences and explore new areas of cooperation. To combat these difficulties and to bring efficiency and commercial viability in the power sector,
Page 6 of 19
RestructuredAccelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (R-APDRP) was launched by the Ministry of Power as a central sector scheme for improving the urban power distribution sector in the country with Power Finance Corporation (PFC) as the nodal agency for its operationalisation and implementation. The focus of the programme is on actual, demonstrable performance in terms of sustained loss reduction, establishment of reliable and automated system for sustained collection of accurate base line data, and the adoption of Information Technology (IT) in the areas of energy accounting as the necessary pre-conditions before sanctioning any project. The programme aims at reduction of AT&C losses upto 15% level through strengthening & up-gradation of Sub Transmission and Distribution network and adoption of Information Technology during XI Plan. The roots of this scheme can be traced back to the Accelerated Power Development Programme (APDP) launched by the Government in the year 2000-01 when due to poor financial health of State Electricity Boards incurred huge losses. APDP aimed at (i) renovation and modernization, life extension, up rating of old thermal and hydel plants (ii) up gradation and strengthening of Sub Transmission & Distribution networks (below 33kV or 66kV) including energy accounting and metering in distribution circles. In 2002-03, APDP was renamed as Accelerated Power Development and Reforms programme (APDRP). APDRP had wider scope than the APDP. It aimed at increasing revenue collection, reduction of Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT & C) losses, improving customer satisfaction and quality of power supply. It was in 2008 that R-APDRP was launched as a Central Sector Scheme with a programme size of Rs.51,577 Crore. Its focus was on actual demonstrable performance by utilities in terms of sustained AT& C loss reduction. The projects under the scheme are taken up in two parts: Part A and Part B. Part A: It covers preparation of baseline data for the project area covering Consumer Indexing, Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping, Metering of distribution Transformers and Feeders, automatic Data Logging for all Distribution Transformers and Feeders. Part B: Its focus is on loss reduction on sustainable basis. It involves renovation, modernization and strengthening of 11 kV level substations, Transformers/Transformer centers, Re- conducting of lines at 11 kV level and below, Load Bifurcation, feeder separation, load balancing, High Voltage Distribution Systems (HVDS), Aerial Bunch Cabling in dense areas, replacement of electromagnetic electricity meters with tamper proof electronic meters, installation of capacitor banks and mobile service centers. Mobile tower radiation and excessive use of chemical fertilizers are aggravating the problem and have been identified as potent sparrow killers. In addition, sparrows have also become targets of poachers, who have been marketing them as aphrodisiac and a permanent cure for sexual ailments. There have been many theories put forward for the almost worldwide decline of the House Sparrow. It is said that sparrow chicks, who require insect food for their survival in their early days, have not been getting adequate supply from their parents. This has triggered large scale deaths of chicks leading to gradual decline of their population. Mohammed Dilavar is rightly called the sparrow man of India, as he has been successful in drawing the attention of the world about the declining number of house sparrows. The reason being that house sparrows are important bio-indicators and their decline is a grim reminder of degradation of the urban environment and the danger from it to the humans in the long run. Silent Valley National Park is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad District in Kerala. The park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of South Western Ghats rain forests and tropical moist evergreen forest in India. It is the core of the Nilgiri International Biosphere Reserve and is part of The Western Ghats World Heritage Site. The area is locally known as "Sairandhrivanam" literally, in Malayalam: Sairandhri's Forest. Silent Valley is home to the largest population of Lion-tailed Macaque, an endangered species of Primate. The Kuntipuzha River drains the entire 15 km length of the park from north to south into the Bharathapuzha River. The river is characterized by its crystal clear and perennial nature. The Mudugar and Irula tribal people are indigenous to the area and they live in the adjacent valley of Attappady Reserved Forest. Also, the Kurumbar people occupy the highest range outside the park bordering on the Nilgiris. The Solar City programme aims to consolidate all the efforts of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and address the energy problem of the urban areas in a holistic manner. The various initiatives of the Ministry which include promoting solar water heating systems in homes, hotels, hostels, hospitals and industry; deploying Solar Photo Voltaic(SPV) systems/devices in urban areas for demonstration and awareness creation; establishing Akshya Urja Shops; designing Solar Buildings and promoting urban and industrial waste/ biomass to energy projects would be streamlined under the programme. In a Solar City all types of renewable energy based projects like solar, wind, biomass, small hydro, waste to energy etc. will be installed in an energy efficient manner as well as commensurate with the requirements of the city. The Solar City aims at minimum 10% reduction in projected demand of conventional energy and increasing energy production through renewable energy. A total of 60 cities/towns were identified to be supported for development as Solar Cities during the 11th Plan period. At least one city in each State to a maximum of five cities in a State may be

supported by the Ministry as Solar City.
Page 7 of 19
Setting up of Design Clinics Centre along with four regional centres for intervention on the design needs of the MSME Sector. National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad has been designated as the Nodal agency for the scheme. The biggest advantage with hydrogen is that it has the highest energy content per unit mass among known fuels and it burns to produce water as a by-product. It is, therefore, not only an efficient energy carrier but also an environmentally benign fuel as wel Consequently, a National Hydrogen Energy Road Map was prepared in 2005 which provides for various pathways for development of hydrogen energy i.e. production, storage, transport, safety, delivery and applications. However, the current technologies for use of hydrogen are yet to be optimized and commercialized but efforts for the same have already started. Hydrogen is found only in combined state on earth and therefore its production involves the process of its isolation from its compounds, a process which itself requires energy. Globally, about 96% of hydrogen is produced presently using hydrocarbons. About 4% hydrogen is produced through electrolysis of water. Refineries and fertilizer plants are major in-situ producers and consumers of hydrogen in India. It is also produced as a by-product in chloro-alkali industry. Hydrogen production falls into three categories: thermal process, electrolytic processes and photolytic processes. Some thermal processes use energy resources while in others heat is used in combination with closed chemical cycles to produce hydrogen from feed-stocks such as water. These are known as thermo-chemical processes. But this technology is in early stages of development. Steam Methane Reformation, gasification of coal and gasification of biomass are other processes of production of hydrogen. The advantage with coal and biomass is that both are locally available resources and biomass is a renewable resource too. Electrolytic processes use electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and can even reduce the emission of green house gases emission if the source of electricity is clean. The most common method of storage is in gaseous state in pressurized cylinders, however, it being the lightest element requires high pressures. It can be stored in liquid form in cryogenic systems but would require high amounts of energy. It is also possible to store it in solid state in the form of metal hydrides, liquid organic hydrides, carbon nanostructures and in chemicals. A development cum demonstration project for use of H-CNG as fuel in select vehicles (buses, cars and 3wheelers) is also under implementation. Besides, hydrogen fuelled generator set is being developed by BHU and IIT, Delhi. Another application of hydrogen energy is the fuel cell, an electrochemical device converting chemical energy of hydrogen directly into electricity without combustion. It is a clean and efficient process of electricity generation. It can be used in UPS systems, replacing batteries and diesel generators. Most wastes that are generated find their way into landfills and water bodies. Significantly, these are disposed off without proper treatment and hence emerge as sources of green house gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Biomethanation First and foremost is Anaerobic Bigestion or Biomethanation. In this process, the organic waste is segregated and fed into a biogas digester. The waste undergoes biodegradation under anaerobic conditions to produce methane rich biogas. The so produced biogas can be used for cooking, heating, generating electricity etc. The sludge can be used as a manure depending on the composition of the input waste. Combustion/Incineration The next procedure is Combustion/Incineration which is direct burning of wastes in the presence of excess air (oxygen) at high temperatures (about 800C). It results in conversion of 65%-80% of heat content of organic matter into hot air, steam and hot water. The steam generated can be used in steam turbines to generate power. Pyrolysis/Gasification Pyrolysis/Gasification is another process of chemical decomposition of organic matter through heat. The organic matter is heated in the absence or restricted supply of air till it breaks down into smaller molecules of gas (known collectively as syngas). The gas so produced is known as producer gas which constitutes carbon monoxide (25%), hydrogen and hydrocarbons(15%), carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%). The producer gas is burnt in internal combustion (IC) generator sets or turbines to produce electricity. Landfill Gas Recovery
Page 8 of 19
Landfill Gas Recovery is another measure of recovering gas from waste dumps wherein the waste slowly decomposes to produce Landfill gas. This gas consists of high percentage of methane (approx.50%) and has a high calorific value of about 4500kcal/cubic metre and hence can be used for heating cooking and generating power. Plasma Arc Plasma Arc is a relatively new technology for disposal of wastes, particularly, hazardous and radioactive wastes. Since it involves nearly complete destruction of waste while producing energy, it is less polluting. It does not produce oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and makes toxic ash left in the process easier to handle. However, the technology is costly and has not been tried in India. Advantage of Using Waste for Energy Another significant advantage of using waste for energy is reduction in the demand for landfills in land scarce cities. The cost of transportation of wastes is also reduced. In some cases, it can produce fertilizer as a by- product. But, on the flip side, the technologies are at present often expensive and even imported in India. The approximate cost per MW for waste to energy projects based on different technologies is high. While for Biomethanation, it ranges between 6-9 crores, for Gasification and Combustion, it is in the order of 9-10 crores. However, there is a financial support provided in the scheme ranging from 20 lakhs to 3 crores. It is estimated that there is a potential of generating 3600MW of power from urban, municipal and industrial wastes in the country and it is likely to be increased to 5200MW by 2017. It can be set up by the urban local bodies, government as well as participation by the private developers. At the end of February, 2012 the cumulative achievement of grid interactive power from waste was 36.20 MW in urban sector and 53.46 MW in industrial sector. In off-grid/ captive power cases the cumulative achievement of waste to energy capacities was 3.50 MWeq for urban sector and 90.15 MWeq for industrial sector. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is encouraging such feats to bring in an era of sustainable development by deriving energy through wastes. Small Hydro Power (SHP) in India has been standardized up to the level of 25MW. India has an estimated SHP potential of about 15,000MW of which only 20% has been tapped. Hence, there is lot to be utilized in the near future to meet our growing needs. It is proposed to install 2000MW additional power generation capacity from SHP in the Twelfth Five Year Plan. This capacity addition is expected to come mainly from private investment. These projects can be set up on rivers, canals or at dams. They are classified as Micro hydro (up to 100kW), Mini hydro (101-2000kW i.e. 2MW) and Small hydro (above 2MW up to 25MW). SHP is economical and at the same time is compatible with use of water for other purposes like drinking, irrigation etc. It can also provide electricity in a decentralized manner. It gives the flexibility of installation and operation in a distributed mode. The power generation is environmentally friendly because it causes negligible or no submergence; minimal deforestation and hence reduced impact on flora, fauna and biodiversity. The standard indigenous technologies for the SHP are available and hence only minor adaptation to specific site conditions is required. Water mills also known as gharats in the northern part of the country are traditionally used for mechanical energy. The Himalayan region alone is the house for about 100,000 water mills and are used for mechanical applications like grain grinding and oil extraction. Water mills have, generally, low conversion efficiency and hence improved water mills have been developed for mechanical applications as well as electricity generation. The scheme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy for development of water mills is being operated with the help of local organizations such as Water Mills Associations, cooperative societies, registered NGOs, local bodies and state nodal agencies. Under the scheme, subsidy up to Rs.30,000 in mechanical mode and Rs.1 lakh in electrical/ electrical plus mechanical mode. The state of Uttarakhand has the distinction of already setting up over 500 such water mills in its remote and isolated areas. While about 3342 MW capacity has been installed in the small hydro power sector, 2025 water mills/ micro hydel projects were also functional at the end of February, 2012. The small hydro power sector is expected to get further boost in the Twelfth Plan.
=========================================================================================================== FEBRUARY 2012 ============= Bagasse, a residue of crushed sugarcane used in sugar mills is the principal fuel used to raise steam in sugar mills. With the technological innovations, the high pressure steam generated in boilers can in turn be used to rotate the turbo generator blades to produce electric current. The process employed here to generate power is called cogeneration which essentially implies the production of two forms of energy, electricity and heat. The power thus generated can be used for meeting the requirements of the
Page 9 of 19
sugar mill and the surplus can be fed into the grid. Cogeneration or production of electricity in combination with another industrial process is not limited to sugar mills alone. There are several other industries such as paper and pulp, textile, fertilizer, petroleum, petrochemicals and food processing which require electrical as well as thermal energy for their operations and therefore can use cogeneration as a process. The total fuel consumption is significantly reduced when co-generation or combined heat and power (CHP) is applied. The overall efficiency of energy use in cogeneration mode can be up to 85 per cent and above in some cases. While bagasse cogeneration is essentially sugar mills oriented non-bagasse biomass cogeneration can be used in biomass industry. India is the worlds second biggest producer of sugarcane. Indian sugarcane production during 2010-11 is estimated at 340 million tonnes. Indias 527 working sugar mills crush around 240 million tonnes of cane per year and generate 80 million tonnes of wet bagasse (50% moisture), of which they consume around 70 million tonnes for meeting captive requirements of power and steam. Thus, electricity production through cogeneration in sugar mills in India is an important avenue for supplying low cost, non-conventional power. The industrial sector today consumes approximately 35% of total electricity generated in the country. BOOT (Build, Own, Operate, Transfer) Model Cogeneration Projects in Cooperative Sugar Mills: Provision for Central Financial Assistance has been made for bagasse cogeneration projects taken up through BOOT model in cooperative sector sugar mills set up by Special Purpose Vehicle or an Independent Power Producer. In this case, the investment in cogeneration power plant with concurrent modernisation is done by BOOT developers. This model has advantage in terms of non-requirement of equity and loans by cooperative sugar mills and nil liability to repay and limited risks. .The Shakshar Bharat Mission was started by the Union Government in 2009 with an objective to further promote and strengthen adult education, especially among the women. The mission reaffirms the national commitment to literacy and was initiated at Khamdong Block in 2010 where 26 centres of adult education have been set up with nearly 400 students. The learning materials have been designed and provided by the State Human Resource Development Department, Sikkim, as per the guidelines of the National Literacy Mission for Shakshar Bharat to literate and non-literate learner of Sikkim. The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, launched in 1975 is the major component of these programmes. It has been expanded in three phases in the years 2005-06, 2007-08 and 2008-09. Under the scheme, 6771 ICDS Projects and 12.95 lakh AWCs (Anganwadi Centers) are working as at present. Union Governments decision to formulate a national policy and curriculum framework on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE). This policy is to be put into operation through the strengthened and restructured ICDS. This will result in the AWCs being re positioned as the Early Childhood Development Centres. These centres, in turn, will function as an enabling environment for promotion of early childhood development, with a sharp focus on delivering quality ECCE. Communication and Education (ICE) packages fro the Indian Rural Women have to be formulated. The following are some of the major points that will be covered by such packages. No marriage before the girl is eighteen years old.
Breast feeding the child is equally important for the health and immunity - not only of the child, but also of the mother. The mile stones of the child development must be watched for and noted. It is the responsibility of not only the health worker, or the mother! Rather it is the responsibility of the whole family!! (Important milestones include the fixing of the head, sight and hearing abilities, appropriate increase in weight etc). The immunization schedule for the child should be strictly followed. The immunization card provided by the rural health worker can be of great aid in providing an added vigour to following the schedule. The father of the child has an equally important role in the growth of the child. It is he who provides the fledgling child with a sense of security and confidence to take on life as part of a society. The rate of the growth of intelligence of a child increases when the child is brought up by both the father and the mother rather than when by a single parent. Prior to the establishment of the RBI in 1935, the principal functions of a central bank were performed by the Government of India primarily, and to a smaller extent, by the Imperial Bank of India, since its establishment in 1921. The regulation of note issue, the management of foreign exchange and the custody of the nation are metallic and foreign exchange reserves were the responsibilities of the Government of India. The Imperial Bank acted as banker to Government and to a limited extent as a bankers bank, in addition to its primary functions as a commercial bank. By the
Page 10 of 19
time the Reserve Bank came to be established, organized banking in India had developed to an extent and an important element of this sector which comprised foreign banks were generally referred to as Exchange Banks. Indias approach towards Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is enshrined in Article 47 of the Constitution of India which mandates that the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. India now has a National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
The National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances shows the intent of the Government in tackling all problems pertaining to drugs while ensuring, at the same time, that their availability for legitimate medical and scientific purposes does not suffer. The policy recommends production of Concentrate of Poppy Straw (CPS) in India by a company or body corporate. This would enable India to retain its status of a traditional supplier of Opiate Raw Material (ORM) to the rest of world, while remaining competitive. The consumption of poppy straw by addicts will be gradually in a time frame decided by the States. reduced and finally stopped
On the illicit cultivation of poppy and cannabis, the policy emphasizes use of satellite imageries for detection of illicit crop and its subsequent eradication and development of alternate means of livelihood in respect of cultivators in pockets of traditional illicit cultivation. The private sector may be allowed production of alkaloids from opium. At present alkaloids from opium are produced only in Government Opium and Alkaloid Factories (GOAFs). Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the largest steel maker of India and amongst the top public sector enterprises in terms of turnover with the prestigious status of Maharatna. Five special health centre (Kalyan Chikitsalyas) have been set up at plant locations for poor and needy people, where free medical treatment and medicines are provided. SAIL organizes health camps in the range of more than 3,000 every year, reaching out to people needing primary health support.A special project Akshaya for providing free investigation to TB patients of under privileged sections of society and project Chetna for treatment of sickle cell anaemia are run in Rourkela. As an endeavour to address the issue, Government of India introduced a nation-wide rural sports programme called Panchayat Yuva Krida Aur Khel Abhiyaan. PYKKA was conceived by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in 2008-09 by creating a network of basic infrastructure and equipment throughout the rural India for promoting excellent sports culture among both boys and girls. The underlying motive behind PYKKA is to universalise the Sports culture across India so that it not only becomes a part of formal curriculum, but also a dominant part of our lifestyle. Presently, PYKKA covers 20 Sporting disciplines. PYKKA has three major components: Infrastructure Component, Competition Component and Capacity-building Component. PYKKA has already extended its reach to all 28 states and 5 UTs (rest 2 UTs, i.e. Delhi and Chandigarh, have no Panchayats). As many as 20,000 playing-fields have been constructed under PYKKA at rural level. PYKKA competitions have noted huge levels of participation which run into several thousands. The North- Eastern states competitions have started to restore the feelings of integration amongst the people from those regions. The Womens Competitions are acting as vehicles of self-confidence for women who deserve at least as much spotlight and focus as their male counterparts. Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) is a national programme implemented by the Ministry of Science & Technology for attraction of talent amongst the students to study Science and pursue career with research. The programme has 3 components: Scheme for early attraction of talents for Science (SEATS), which has two sub-components INSPIRE Award of Rs. 5000/- and Mentorship through global Science leaders at a science camp. Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) at the rate of Rs. 80,000 for continuing education at B.Sc and M.Sc levels. Assured Opportunity for Research Career (AORC) for young researchers which also has two subcomponents INSPIRE Fellowship and INSPIRE Faculty. While the first component of the Scheme - INSPIRE Award is being implemented centrally through the States/UTs, the other components of the Scheme are being implemented centrally by Department of Science & Technology (DST) through the concerned academic/research institutes and Universities etc. The objective of INSPIRE Award Scheme is to motivate and catch the young students in the age group of 10-15 and facilitate them in experiencing the joy of innovating and thereby attracting them to pursue
Page 11 of 19
careers in Science. Under the scheme, as approved for the 11th Five Year Plan, two students are selected from each school of the country (from class 6th to 10th) during the Five Year Plan period for an INSPIRE Award of Rs. 5000 each for preparing a science project/model. The scheme envisages selection of one million (10 lakh) students during the Five Year Plan period @ of 2 lakh awardees per year. There are about 4.5 to 5 lakh schools in the country which would have classes 6 to 10. The scheme was launched during December, 2009. However, implementation could start only in 2009-2010, and 1.26 lakh Awards were sanctioned during that year. Today, India is the fifth largest producer of wind energy globally after China, the U.S.A., Germany and Spain with a cumulative installed capacity of over 16000 MW till the end of January 2012. The total potential for wind power in India was first estimated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai at 45 GW and has been recently increased to 49.13GW. In fact, in the twelfth five year plan the Government proposes to add 15000 MW of capacity through new wind energy projects. Currently, wind technology is being primarily used in three ways: (i) Wind pumps, which use mechanical energy from wind mainly for water-pumping purposes (used for drinking and irrigation). (ii) Wind energy generators (WEGSs), connected to turbines, which are used to produce electricity, to be distributed on electricity grids and are meant for rural and/or urban use. (iii) Wind-electric battery chargers which produce electricity and store it in batteries To promote the use of wind energy in the country the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is promoting two programmes: (i) Wind Energy Programme and (ii) Small Wind Energy & Hybrid Systems Programme. Wind Energy Programme The programme aims at large scale commercialization of cost effective generation of grid quality wind power. Wind energy programme covers surveys and assessment of wind resource, facilitation and implementation of demonstration and private sector projects through various fiscal and promotional policies. Wind Resource Assessment is done for deciding the potential sites. he Ministry of New and Renewable Energy implements the scheme on Generation Based Incentive (GBI) for Wind Power Projects. Under the Scheme, an incentive of Rs 0.50 per unit of electricity fed into the grid by wind power projects is being provided over and above the tariff given by the state utilities, with an overall cap of Rs 62 lakh per MW to be availed in a period not less than four years and maximum period of 10 years. GBI scheme is available for the projects which do not claim the accelerated depreciation benefit. A total capacity of around 16000 MW has been established up to January, 2012, mainly in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Wind electric generators of unit sizes between 225 kW and 2.5 MW have been deployed across the country. Small Wind Energy & Hybrid Systems Programme The aim of the programme is to develop technology and promote applications of water pumping windmills and aero-generators/wind-solar hybrid systems useful for meeting water pumping and small power requirements in rural/semi urban/urban windy areas of the country. It also undertakes research & development for improvement of designs and efficiency of these systems. The users mainly involve individuals, farmers, NGOs, Central/State Government agencies, local bodies and Panchayats, Autonomous Institutions, Research Organizations, Cooperative Societies, Corporate Bodies, Small Business Establishments, Banks, etc . Under the scheme, financial support is provided to the beneficiaries installing the aero-generators, wind-solar hybrid systems and water pumping wind mills. India can exploit the potential of microgeneration technologies and meet the energy needs under the distributed generation mode. An aerogenerator is a small wind electric generator having a capacity of upto 50 kW and is suitable for unelectrified areas having adequate wind speeds. It produces optimum power at the rated wind speed of 30 km per hour. The wind-solar hybrid system mainly consists of one or two aero generators along with SPV panels connected with battery bank to supply AC power. The power generated from both wind and solar components is stored in a battery bank for use whenever required. Water pumping wind mills pump water from wells, ponds etc. and can lift water when wind speed approaches 8-10 Km per hour. They are capable of pumping water in the range of 1000 to 8000 litres per hour. Aranmula in Pathanamthitta District of Kerala is noted for its ancient temple dedicated to Lord Krishna (Parthasarathy), and the Snake Boat Regatta held in the holy river Pampa and for the metalic mirror (Aranmula Kannadi) .Aranmula is a major tourism centre of Kerala. The UNESCO has declared Aranmula as a global heritage village. But a unique object that has made the place world-famous and a symbol of craftmanship is the metal mirror. The Aranmula mirror, a wonder for all, resembles the metal mirrors which were in vogue among the Etruscans of Italy in 2000 BC, in Crete in 3000 BC, in Western India about 500 years ago and excavated from Mohan-JodaroHarappa in 1922. Four thousand years later, Aranmula is perhaps the only place where the metal mirror is made.
Page 12 of 19
The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. It is the estuarine phase of the Ganges as well as Brahmaputra river systems. It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and is spread across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, forming the seaward fringe of the delta. The typical littoral forests of Sundarbans comprises of a host of trees species adopted to the peculiar estuarine condition of high salinity, lack of soil erosion and daily inundation by high tides. The tidal forms and the mangrove vegetation in Sundarbans are responsible for dynamic ecosystem vigorous nutrient cycling both terrestrial and aquatic. The whole eco-system is sensitive to change in salinity and the continuous cycle of erosion and deposition is affecting the plant continuously adjusting to the new conditions. The forest covers of 4,000 sq km are on Indian Side. It has been declared as a UNESCO world heritage site in 1997. The Sundarbans are separately listed in the UNESCO world heritage list as the Sundarbans for India and the Sundarbans National Park, Bangladesh, which is 6000 sq km area. Sundarbans was designated a Ramsar site on May 21, 1992. This is the first mangrove forest in the world which was brought under scientific management. Under the Forest Act, 1865 (Act VIII of 1865), a large area was declared as reserved forest in 1875-76 and the remaining portions of forests was declared as reserve forest the following year. The control was changed from the civil administration district to the Forest Department. Within the buffer zone, Sajnekhali Wildlife sanctuary was created in 1976 covering an area of 362.335 sq. km. considering the importance of the biogeographic region of Bengalian River Forests and its unique biodiversity the National Park area of the Reserve was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1985. The whole Sundarbans area was declared as Biosphere Reserve in 1989. Physiography To the south the forest meets the Bay of Bengal; to the east it is bordered by the Baleswar River and to the north there is a sharp interface with intensively cultivated land. The total land area today is 4,143 km2 and the remaining water area of 1,874 sq km encompasses rivers, small streams and canals. Rivers in the Sundarbans are meeting places of salt water and freshwater. Thus, it is a region of transition between the freshwater of the rivers originating from the Ganges and the saline water of the Bay of Bengal. Biotic factors here play a significant role in physical coastal evolution. For wildlife, a variety of habitats have developed including beaches, estuaries, permanent and semi-permanent swamps, tidal flats, tidal creeks, coastal dunes, back dunes and levees. The mangrove vegetation itself assists in the formation of new landmass and the intertidal vegetation plays an important role in swamp morphology. People living in this area may face two of the greatest challenges in coming years- rising salinity and sea levels caused mostly by subsidence in the region and partly by climate change. The Bengal Basin is slowly tilting towards the east due to neo-tectonic movement, forcing greater freshwater input to the Bangladesh Sundarbans. This might increase the salinity of the Indian Sundarbans. Dolphin is the other target specie for planning wildlife management and tourism development. This unique ecosystem has provided extensive habitats for the River Terrapin (Betagur baska), Indian flap-shelled turtle (Lissemys punctata), peacock soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx hurum), yellow monitor (Varanus flavescens ), water monitor- Salvator Lizard (Varanus salvator), Indian python (Python molurus) and wild pigs. Cheetal, wild boar, rhesus macaque are the main prey species of tiger. This area serves as the nesting ground for endangered marine turtles like Olive Ridley, Green Turtle and Hawks Bill Turtles. The aquatic endangered mammals like Gangetic Dolphins thrive within mangrove creeks close to sea. Numbers of heronries are formed here during monsoon as well as during winter. It is home for Trans-Himalayan migratory birds. The Reserve has received effective protection under Project Tiger since its creation. The core area is free from all human disturbances like fishing, collection of wood, honey and other forest produces while in buffer zone, fishing honey collection and wood cutting are permitted to a limited extent. Sundarbans mangrove is the home of a number of endangered and globally threatened species. The creeks of Sundarbans form the home of Estuarine Crocodile and Horse Shoe or King Crab. Aquatic animals like the crabs and fishes are also eaten by Sundarban tiger which occupies the pinnacle of both terrestrial as well as aquatic food-web. The Reserve has successfully launched a special programme to conserve the highly endangered Olive Ridley Turtles. Hatching of Olive Ridley Turtles and River Terrapin is done at Sajnekhali to replenish their population. In other words, a Negawatt (a negative Megawatt) produced by reducing energy needs, saves more than a Megawatt generated. This is the idea behind the Demand Side Management (DSM) or the management of
Page 13 of 19
rapidly growing demand of electricity at the end user side. In India the installed generation capacity in the utility sector has increased to about 1,85,500 MW. But the demand is also constantly increasing in domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors. During April-November, 2011 there was a peak shortage of 13,491 MW and energy shortage of 44,788 MU. In all, DSM aims at load management to make the load curve flat. The Government has an important role in promoting and implementing DSM. The Ministry of Power is the nodal agency for energy conservation with Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) coordinating initiatives and activities on energy conservation. The Energy Conservation Act 2001 reflects the importance which the Government attaches to promote efficient use of energy in India. Further, the Electricity Act of 2003 lays significant emphasis on energy conservation and environmental protection. he DSM programmes can be in the field of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL), timer control in air conditioners, energy audit programmes for large customers, street lighting, etc. The load management programmes likely to get boost are: Dynamic/Real Time Pricing based on real time system of supply and demand, Time of Use Rates where customers are offered different rates for electricity usage at different times of the day and Automated/Smart Metering for implementing dynamic/ real time pricing or time of use rate structure and billing accordingly. n the times to come energy demand will increase tremendously with the development in rural areas. DSM will play an important role in saving the energy and optimal utilization of resources. There is a deficit of about 14,000 MW electricity demand in peak time and 8% deficit in energy. The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd., a Public Sector Undertaking under the administrative control of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises was established in 1955. NSIC has been engaged in promoting, aiding and fostering the growth and development of MSMEs in the country. Incubation i.e. providing hand holding support to MSMEs in selection and operation of selected enterprises is one of the best ways to nurture entrepreneurship. NSIC has set up three such Trainingcum-Incubator Centres (TIC) at New Delhi, Howrah and Guwahati for providing hands on training to small enterprises. NSIC is providing information services with respect to tender and trade information, technological resources in India and abroad, national and international leads, joint ventures opportunities, Government schemes/programmes, large data base with respect to MSMEs etc. NSIC, accordingly adopted Consortia Approach and built groups/consortia of units manufacturing same products, thereby easing out marketing problem of MSMEs. The Corporation explores market and secures orders for bulk quantities. NSIC is implementing the scheme on behalf of Ministry of MSME. The Scheme aims to create awareness amongst micro and small enterprises (MSEs) about the strengths and weakness of their existing operations and to provide them an opportunity to enhance their organizational strengths and credit worthiness. To extend the benefits of the various schemes and increasing its reach, NSIC has entered into Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with various industry associations so that information about the schemes and their benefits can be extended to larger number of MSMEs through them. Biogas plant is a unit which converts organic, biodegradable waste matter into useful gaseous fuel which helps in reducing carbon emission. The plant type set up in SMV School is fixed dome and the hydraulic retention time is 45 days. Students say that setting up of biogas plant has given them hands on experience in solid waste management. One of the three types of wild poliovirus wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) has been eradicated globally. The last case of WPV2 was in Aligarh, India, in October, 1999. The two polio-endemic states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have not reported any case of polio since April 2010 and September 2010, respectively. The transmission of the most dangerous WPV1, which caused 95 per cent of polio in India until 2006, dropped to record low levels in 2010. Uttar Pradesh, the epicenter of most polio outbreaks in the country, has not reported any WPV1 cases since November 2009. This progress follows intensive immunization campaigns focusing on areas at highest risk of transmitting polio and the most vulnerable populations, such as newborns (>500,000 children are born in UP and Bihar each month) and migrants; use of the more efficacious monovalent oral polio vaccines and, since 2010, the bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) which protects against both P1 and P3 concurrently. Deltiology is the study and collection of post cards.
=========================================================================================================== JANUARY 2012 ============ The Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF), launched by the Prime Minister at Barpeta in Assam on 19th February 2007, signifies a new approach to addressing persistent regional imbalances in development. The programme subsumed the Rashtriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY), a scheme earlier being administered by the Planning Commission. The BRGF Programme covers 250 districts in 27 States, of
Page 14 of 19
which 232 districts fall under the purview of Parts IX and IX-A of the Constitution dealing with the Panchayats and the Municipalities, respectively. The remaining 18 districts are covered by other local government structures, such as Autonomous District and Regional Councils under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution and state specific arrangements as in the case of Nagaland and the hill areas of Manipur. The BRGF programme represents a major shift in approach from top-down plans to participative plans prepared from the grassroots level upwards. The guidelines of the Programme entrust the central role in planning and implementation of the programme to Panchayats in rural areas, municipalities in urban areas and District Planning Committees at the district level constituted in accordance with Article 243 ZD of the Constitution to consolidate the plans of the Panchayats and Municipalities into the draft district plan. First, the approach of putting the Panchayats and the Municipalities at the centre stage of planning and implementation. Second, no Central funding stream is as untied as the BRGF the funds can be applied to any preference of the Panchayat/ Municipality, so long as it fills a development gap and the identification of the work is decided with peoples participation. Third, no other programme spends as much funds, nearly 11 percent of the total allocation, for capacity building and staff provisioning. The BRGF has adopted the National Capability Building Framework (the NCBF) which envisages strengthening of institutional arrangements, including the infrastructure as well as software support for capacity building of elected representatives, the functionaries and other stakeholders of PRIs and thereby improving the vigour of grassroots level democracy. As was indicated at the beginning, the PIN code is a six digit number. The first digit will indicate one of these eight zones. The second and third digits together indicate the district where in the delivery post office is situated. The next three digits will indicate the particular post office where the letter is to be delivered. In short, the first 3 digits together will indicate the sorting or revenue district where the letter is to be basically routed. The last 3 digits refer to the actual post office where the article is to be finally delivered. The objective of the Ministry of Tourism is to increase Indias share in world tourist arrivals to 1% by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) was introduced by Ministry of Power in April, 2005 and it aims to provide access to electricity to all households and give electricity connection to BPL households, free of charges. The scheme envisages creation of a robust Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone, which will ensure availability of quality and reliable power supply in rural areas. The nodal agency for the scheme is the Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC). The scheme envisages 90% grant from Central Government which provides sufficient funds to the States to implement this scheme. Balance 10% will be loan assistance to States by REC. For projects to be eligible for capital subsidy under the scheme, prior commitment of the States has been obtained before sanction of projects under the scheme for a minimum daily supply of 6- 8 hours of electricity in the RGGVY network and deployment of franchisees for the sustained management of rural distribution. The Bharat Nirman Target for RGGVY is to electrify 1.00 lakh un/de-electrified villages and to release free electricity connection to 175 lakh BPL Households by March, 2012. Targets exceeded! :) The Government launched the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises in August, 2000 with the objective of making available credit to Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) for loans up to Rs. 100 lakh without collateral/third party guarantees. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) - A Model to Protect Traditional Knowledge TKDL is a collaborative initiative between Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of Science and Technology and Earth Sciences, and Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and a maiden Indian effort to prevent misappropriation of traditional knowledge belonging to India at International Patent Offices. TKDL has overcome the language and format barriers by scientifically converting and structuring the traditional medical knowledge of Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha in 34 million A4 size pages of the ancient texts in languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Tamil into five international languages, namely, English, Japanese, French, German and Spanish, with the help of information technology tools and a novel classification system Traditional Knowledge Resource Classification (TKRC). Biomass, which implies biological material from living or recently living organisms, can be used as an important source of energy. It is a renewable and carbon natural source of energy. Biomass resources in India are estimated to be about 565 million tonnes per year. It includes agriculture residues and forest residues. Agriculture residues result from crop harvesting and processing. They include rice husk, bagasse, sugar cane tops and leaves, groundnut shells, cotton
Page 15 of 19
stalks and mustard stalks. Forest residues result from logging and wood processing. They include small trees, branches, tops and un-merchantable wood left in the forest. The surplus biomass resources available for power generation annually are about 189 million tonnes, which could support roughly 25 GW of installed capacity. Further, co-generation plants provide both heat energy, used in the mill, and electricity, which is typically sold to the grid. Biomass includes three distinct categories: Solid Biomass, which includes tree, crop residues like rice husk, bagasse, coconut shells, jute waste, etc. and animal and human waste. Biogas which is obtained by anaerobically digesting organic material to produce combustible gas methane. Liquid biofuels which are obtained by subjecting organic materials to one of various chemical or physical processes to produce usable combustible liquid fuels. There are basically three types of conversions: Thermal Conversion- A process in which heat is used to convert biomass into another chemical form. Chemical Conversion - A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms so that fuel may be used more conveniently, transported or stored. Biochemical Conversion- It involves anaerobic digestion fermentation and composting. National Biomass Cookstove Initiative(NBCI): In rural areas a large percentage of population continues to depend on biomass. Clean and efficient energy is provided for energy deficient section of population through smokeless chulha, where different types of fixed and portable cookstoves are made available to rural household. Family Type Biogas Plant: In family type biogas plants cattle and other organic wastes are used to produce energy and manure. India supports the largest cattle wealth and this scheme helps to answer the growing energy crisis. In this technology, anaerobic fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass , sewage, green waste, etc. is done to produce biogas which mainly comprises of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas is used for cooking purposes in the households. Biomass Gasification System: In the scheme various biomass gasification systems are set up in rural areas to provide electricity supply in villages as well as develop the industries there. Various gasifiers fed on rice husk, wheat husk , maze , etc are set up in the area depending on the sustainable source of supply available from agriculture or plantation. In gasification process organic material is converted into methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide . It is obtained by reacting the material at high temperature (>7000C) without combustion with a controlled amount of oxygen / steam and the resulting gas mixture is called Syngas or Producer Gas which itself is a fuel. Biofuels Biofuels are a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. It includes fuels derived from biomass conversion as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various bagasses. Biodiesel and bio-ethanol can be used as diesel additive and gasoline additive respectively. Biofuel development in India mainly centres around the cultivation and processing of JATROPHA plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). Jatropha oil can be used directly in diesel generators and engines. While a target of 20% blending of biofuels in diesel and petrol by the year 2017 has been indicated in the National policy on Biofuels announced in December 2009, a mandatory target of 5% blending of ethanol with petrol and recommendatory target of 5% blending of bio-diesel with diesel is in force since October 2009. Indian Railways has already started using Jatropha oil mixed with diesel for meeting the fuel requirements. To rehabilitate the children withdrawn from work, the Government is implementing the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme in 266 districts of the country. The NCLP Scheme started in 1988. Under the Project, children withdrawn from work are enrolled in special schools, where they are provided education, vocational training, nutrition, stipend, health care, etc. before mainstreaming them into formal education system. This is a major scheme for the rehabilitation of child labour. Under the scheme, Project Societies at the district level are fully funded for opening up of special school/Rehabilitation Centres for the rehabilitation of child labour. The special schools/Rehabilitation Centres provide non-formal education, vocational training, supplementary nutrition, stipend etc. to children withdrawn from employment. NIC has developed a generic e-Procurement solution called GePNIC (Government e-Procurement system from NIC) which can easily be adopted by the government organizations for all kinds of procurement

activities such as Goods, Services and Works.
Page 16 of 19
The major activities of IICPT include -Conducting basic, applied and adoptive R&D in post harvest processing, preservation and value addition of food crops. A Bharat Nirman Volunteer (BNV) is an individual who comes voluntarily from a rural household to act as an organic link between a group of families and hosts of various line departments with a purpose to ensure the unreached households to access benefits under various government sponsored progarmmes. In other words, they are the last mile human connectivity between programmes and the unreached. Till date, 31,000 volunteers have enrolled as BNVs in different states of the country and the target is to enrol around one lakh sixty thousand by March this year. Project Arrow Coverage of the much appreciated Project Arrow, which focuses at upgrading the quality of service of mail delivery, financial services and counter operations, was significantly extended. Upgraded services under Project Arrow are now available to customers in about 15,000 major post offices. Look and Feel of 1530 post offices has already been upgraded and made user-friendly. During the current financial year, 225 more post offices are being covered under Look and Feel. Today, Indian telecom network is the second largest in the world after China. The total number of telephones has increased from 206.83 million on 31st March, 2007 to 917.35 million on 30th November 2011 resulting in an increase in teledensity from 18.31% to 76.18% during this period. This has been possible due to phenomenal growth of wireless connections, which has reached 884.38 million connections at the end of November 2011 constituting 96.41% of the total telephones up from 80.29% at the end of March, 2007. Although there has been rapid increase in the number of telephones, there has been relatively less penetrations in rural areas with 310.92 million telephones by the end of November, 2011 and teledensity of 37.02 % against 166.45% Urban teledensity. Besides huge gap between urban and rural teledensity, Broadband has lagged behind the growth of telephones in India. Government has approved a project for National Optical Fiber Network in October, 2011 for providing Broadband connectivity to all 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats at a cost of Rs. 20,000 crore. The plan is to extend the existing optical fiber network up to Panchayats. The Network will be available to telecom service providers for providing various services to the citizens in non-discriminatory manner. The Network will provide a highway for transmission of voice, data and video in rural areas. It will enable the broadband connectivity upto 2 Mbps, capable of providing various services like e-education, e-health, e-entertainment, e-commerce e- governance etc. to people and businesses. The project will be funded by Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). The project will be executed by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) which will be a company incorporated under Indian Companies Act 1956 and initially will be fully owned by Central Government, with equity participation from Government and interested Central Public Sector Units (CPSUs) (BSNL, Railtel, Powergrid, GAILTEL, etc.) and action is being taken to establish and operationalize a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). Programmes Under USOF The Universal Service Obligation Fund(USOF) was established with the fundamental objective of providing access to Basic telegraph services to people in the rural and remote areas at affordable and reasonable prices. Subsequently the scope was widened to provide subsidy support for enabling access to all types of telegraph services including mobile services, broadband connectivity and creation of infrastructure like OFC in rural and remote areas. 5,79,814 villages i.e. about 97.68% of the Census 2001 inhabited revenue villages have been covered with Village Public Telephone (VPT) facility as on November 30, 2011. VPT facility is likely to be provided in remaining inhabited revenue villages by May, 2012. National Auto Fuel Policy The Auto Fuel Policy gives a roadmap for upgradation of the quality of auto fuels (Petrol and Diesel) to Bharat Stage (BS) IV in 13 identified cities (Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad including Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Agra, Solapur and Lucknow) and BSIII in the rest of the country effective from 1st April, 2010. Accordingly, supply of BS-IV Petrol and Diesel commenced from 1st April, 2010 in all 13 identified cities as per the roadmap laid out in Auto Fuel Policy. BS-III fuels were introduced in the country in a phased manner completed on 22nd September 2010. Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitaran Yojana The Vision-2015 adopted for LPG sector, inter-alia, focuses on raising the population coverage of LPG with the focus on rural areas and areas where LPG coverage is low. The Vision-2015 aims to achieve 75% population coverage in the country by releasing 5.5 crore new LPG connections by 2015 especially in rural areas and under-covered areas.

New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP)
Page 17 of 19
New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) was formulated in 1997-98 which provides a level playing field to the private investors including foreign companies by giving them the same fiscal and contract terms as applicable to National Oil Companies (NOCs) for the exploration acreages offered. NELP became effective in February, 1999. blocks are offered under NELP bid rounds through international competitive bidding system on the basis of transparent and quantifiable Bid Evaluation Criteria (BEC) indicated in Notice Inviting Offers (NIO). Under NELP, so far, eight round of bids have been concluded and Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) for 235 exploration blocks have been signed. The process of award of blocks and signing of Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) under NELP-IX will be concluded by March, 2012. NHs comprises only 1.7% total road network and carry about 40% of the road traffic. At present, total length of NHs in the country is 71,772 km. About 22 per cent of the total length of National Highways (NHs) is single lane/intermediate lane, about 53 per cent is two lane standard and the balance 25 per cent is four lane standard or more. The development and maintenance works are being implemented on agency basis. The State Governments (State PWDs), Border Roads Organization (BRO) and National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) are the implementing agencies. The Government has embarked on a major programme - National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) for development of NHs being implemented mainly by NHAI. Government has approved a scheme for development of about 1,125 km of National Highways and 4,352 km of state roads in Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected areas as a special project estimated to cost about Rs. 7,300 crore. Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North-East region (SARDP-NE) The scheme has been envisaged to be taken up under three parts as under - Phase A of SARDPNE approved by the Government envisages improvement of about 4,099 km length of roads (2041 km of NH and 2058 km of state roads) and is expected to be completed by March, 2017. Special Programme For 2-Laning Of Entire Balance NH Network Ministry has taken initiatives to develop 6,700 km of single lane/intermediate lane National Highways to minimum 2 lane standards on corridor concept. Ministry of Mines is responsible for survey and exploration of all minerals, other than natural gases, petroleum and atomic minerals; mining and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals like aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, gold, nickel etc. and for administration of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 in respect of all mines and minerals other than coal, natural gas and petroleum. New Legislation The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2011 The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2011 prepared by the Ministry to replace the existing Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 has been approved by the Cabinet and the bill has been introduced in the Winter Session of Parliament. During the Field Season 2010-12 GSI has made significant augmentation/discoveries in Gold, Molybdenum, Basemetal, Iron Ore and Manganese in the States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa respectively. Every year National Voters Day (NVD) is observed on 25th January, a practice that was initiated in 2011 to commemorate the foundation day of the Election Commission of India and also to enhance the participation of the voters, especially the youth, in the democratic process. In order exercise year, in enrolled to effectively deal with this problem, the Commission has decided to take up a vigorous to identify all the eligible voters attaining the age of 18 years as on 1st of January every each of the 8.5 lakh polling station areas of the country. Besides registration, these newly voters are also administered a pledge
Recognizing the unmet needs of AGs, Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls Sabla has been launched as a comprehensive intervention for Adolescent girls in the age-group of 11-18, with a focus on out of school girls. To begin with, the Scheme is being implemented in 200 districts of the country on a pilot basis. Using the ICDS platform, this scheme is reaching out to nearly 1crore adolescent girls between 11 18 years of age in 200 districts across the country with an integrated package of services. Sabla aims at all-round development of adolescent girls of 11-18 years (with a focus on all out-of-school AGs) by making them self reliant. At the Anganwadi Center, supplementary nutrition providing 600 Kcal and 18-20 g of protein and micronutrients is provided every day at the anganwadi centers either as hot cooked meal or as take home rations to out of school adolescent girls in 11-14 years and all girls between 14-18 years for 300 days in a year.
Page 18 of 19
In addition, out of school adolescent girls are being provided non- nutrition services which include life skills education, supervised weekly IFA (100 mg of elemental iron and 0.5 mg of folic acid) supplementation and nutrition counselling, sexual and reproductive health education and counseling, skills in leadership, problem solving, decision making and accessing public services. In addition, older adolescent girls (16 - 18 year olds) are being given vocational training to make them self reliant. The Scheme also emphasizes convergence of services under various programmes such as Health, Education, Youth affairs and Sports, and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) to achieve the programme objectives. With the support of community-based frontline workers (anganwadi workers) and civil society groups, adolescent girls have been organized in groups called Kishori Samoohs. Each Samooh is led by a peer leader (Kishori Sakhi) and meet at least 5-6 hours a week to receive programme services and function as a peer support group. Every girl enrolled in Sabla are given a Kishori Card, an entitlement tool to monitor girls access to and uptake of the services under Sabla. The non-nutrition services under the Sabla programme interventions also reach out to the non-school going adolescent girls through adolescent groups i.e., Kishori Samoohs meetings. A tripartite Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) was signed on 25.11.2011 between the Central Government, Government of Assam and United Peoples Democratic Solidarity (UPDS) in the presence of Union Home Minister Shri P. Chidambaram and Assam Chief Minister Shri Tarun Gogoi. The Union Home Minister said that this MoS provide for enhanced autonomy for Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council in Assam and also a special package for speedier socio-economic and educational development of the area. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana providing for smart card based cashless health insurance cover of Rs.30000/- per annum on a family floater basis to BPL families (a unit of five) in the unorganized sector, was formally launched on October, 1, 2007 and became operational from April 1, 2008. As per the salient features of the scheme the Government contributes 75% of the annual premium. State Governments contribute 25%. In case of North-East region and Jammu & Kashmir, the premium is shared in the ratio of 90:10; The beneficiary family pays Rs. 30 per annum per family as registration or renewal fee. Administrative cost is borne by the State Governments; Beneficiaries are entitled to smart card based cashless health insurance cover of Rs. 30,000 per family per annum on a family floater basis; Coverage of all pre-existing diseases and coverage of hospitalisation expenses, including maternity benefit, plus payment of transportation cost of Rs.100/- per visit. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana has also been extended to building and other construction workers registered under the Building and other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Condition of Service) Act, 1996 and street vendors, beedi workers, MGNREGA beneficiaries (who have worked for more than 15 days during the preceding financial year and domestic workers. Skill Development Initiative (SDI) Scheme In pursuance of excellence in vocational training, a new strategic framework for skill development for early school leavers and existing workers has been developed since May, 2007 in close consultation with industry, State Governments and experts. The Scheme offers multi-entry and multi-exit options, flexible delivery schedule and lifelong learning. Modular Employable Skills (MES) Framework envisaged under this Scheme involves the minimum skills set which is sufficient for gainful employment. Emphasis in the curricula is also on soft skills. Courses are also available for persons having completed 5th standard and attained the age of 14 years. Employees State Insurance (ESI) Scheme The promulgation of Employees State Insurance Act, by the Parliament, in 1948, was the first comprehensive Social Security legislation in independent India. The Act envisages social protection for workers in the organised sector in contingencies, such as sickness, maternity, disablement and death due to employment injury. Based on the principle of pooling of risks and resource, this unique multidimensional health insurance scheme provides full medical facilities to the beneficiaries. Besides, adequate cash compensation to insured persons for loss of wages or earning capacity in times of physical distress arising out of sickness or employment injury is also provided. Under the scheme medical care is also provided to families of the insured persons. The First C-Band Polarimetric Doppler Radar of the country started working in Delhi on January 15th, 2012 i.e. from the 137th Foundation Day of India Meteorological Department. Most weather radars transmit radio wave pulses that have a horizontal orientation. Polarimetric radars transmit radio wave pulses that have both horizontal and vertical orientation. The horizontal pulses essentially give a measure of the horizontal dimension of cloud (cloud water and cloud ice) and precipitation (snow, ice pellets, hail and rain) particles while the vertical pulses essentially give a measure of the vertical dimension. Since the power returned to the radar is a complicated function of each particle size, shape and ice density, this additional information results in improved estimates of rain, snow rate, better detection of large hail location in storms, and improved identification of rain/snow transition
Page 19 of 19
regions in winter storms. Doppler radar has added capability of being able to measure a frequency shift that is introduced into the reflected signal by the motion of the cloud and precipitation particles. This frequency shift is then used to determine wind speed. It is independent of calibration errors and has fine tuning. Recently the Ministry of Corporate Affairs has taken a number of steps under the e-Governance initiative taken by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The sole purpose is to encompass and facilitate stakeholders for access to database which would be of immense value further business operations. This database in particular relates to the creation/subsistence of charges created against advances sanctioned and released by stake holders to the the corporate world. Revamp Of MCA And MCA21 Portal The revamped portal is more user friendly and explanatory for a user visiting MCA21 for the first time. The Portal has defined sections related to the most frequently used functionalities of MCA21 and a detailed step wise process has been defined to assist the user. The users who are well acquainted with MCA21 portal functionalities have been provided with Quick Links within all the sections. A special tab Investor Services was also added keeping in mind the protection of the interests of investors. This tab consists of link to all relevant websites like IEPF which help protect the interest of investors. Mandating Electronic Stamping For The Whole of India Estamping through the MCA21 system has been mandated for all the states and union territories in India.
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================

Pib 2012

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pib 2012

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

MAY 2012 ========

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

File: /home/swapnil/Desktop/PIB Features

You might also like