This paper was originally published at the "9th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power
into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants."
http://www.windintegrationworkshop.org/previous_workshops.html
Large-Scale Real-Time Simulation of Wind
Power Plants into Hydro-Québec Power System
Richard Gagnon, Gilbert Turmel, Christian Larose, Jacques Brochu, Gilbert Sybille, Martin Fecteau
 Abstract-- This paper is a synthesis of the work done at
Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec for modeling and
simulating wind power plants for power system studies. The
electromagnetic transient model of a wind generator using a
doubly-fed induction generator is presented. Modeling
techniques for simulating large wind power plants are
described. Model validation using field measurements and
simulation study are presented. Real-time simulation of 25
aggregate wind power plants into the series-compensated
Hydro-Québec power systems is finally presented and
illustrates the feasibility of using large-scale electromagnetic
transient simulations for power system studies.
Index Terms—Wind generator, wind power plant,
modeling, model validation, simulation, real-time simulation.
I. NOMENCLATURE
WPP wind power plant
WG wind generator
IREQ Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec
DFIG doubly-fed induction generator
POI point of interconnection
EMT electromagnetic transients
MATLAB/SPS MATLAB/SimPowerSystems
HVDC high voltage direct current
WFMS wind farm management system
II. INTRODUCTION
B Y 2015 Hydro-Québec will be carrying about 4000
MW of wind power over its transmission system.
Integrating WPPs generation under optimal conditions
requires extensive modeling and simulation. Modern WGs
use sophisticated conversion systems including power
electronics and advanced control systems. The diversity of
actual WG technologies, the rapidity with which these
technologies are developing and the difficulties to obtain
technical data from WG manufacturers due to intellectual
properties have for consequence that there is not any
standard WG models for power system studies.
Furthermore, WGs are generally grouped together to form
WPPs. A typical large WPP may count several tens of WGs
connected to a collector system comprising overhead lines
and cables. Due to power computation limitations, it
remains unrealistic to simulate each WG of each WPP of a
R. Gagnon , G. Turmel, C. Larose, J. Brochu, G. Sybille, are with
IREQ Varennes, QC Canada J3X 1S1 (email: gagnon.richard@ireq.ca)
M. Fecteau is with Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, Montréal QC Canada
H5B 1H7.
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power system. Simplified or aggregate models of WPPs are
thus required for power system studies. A major research
project on WPP modeling for Hydro-Québec power system
studies was therefore undertaken at IREQ.
The project objectives were:
 To develop a model of a type-III WG (DFIG)
for EMT studies
 To validate the model with field measurements
 To develop or validate methods to form
aggregate models of WPPs for load flow,
stability and EMT studies
 To validate the aggregate model of an actual
WPP with field measurements
 To develop methods for large-scale EMT
simulation of WPPs.
This paper is a synthesis of the work done in this project.
Most of the topics presented here have already been
published or are submitted for publication. Nevertheless,
none has been published on the integration of the diverse
methods and results issuing from this project for large-scale
real-time simulation of WPPs in the EMT domain. This last
achievement of the project is presented at the end of the
paper.
Knowing that a huge number of simulations would be
required to reach the project objectives we chose Hypersim
simulator with MATLAB/SPS models of WGs as simulation
environment. Hypersim is a fully digital simulator
developed by Hydro-Québec for real-time and off-line
simulation [1]. Hypersim can import the code generated
from a MATLAB/Simulink model through the MATLAB
Real Time Workshop (RTW) [2].
The paper is divided into four sections. The
MATLAB/SPS models of WGs and the modeling
techniques for simulating large WPPs with Hypersim are
respectively presented in sections III and IV. Section V
presents model validation. This includes validation of type-
III WG and WPP models using on-line disturbance
monitoring, validation of aggregation techniques for WPP
modeling and generic equivalent collector system
parameters for large WPPs. The last section presents the
real-time simulation of 25 generic WPPs connected to a
Hypersim 643-bus (3-phase bus) model of the Hydro-
Québec power system. This simulation illustrates the
feasibility of using EMT large-scale simulation for
integrating wind power and to study possible interactions
between series-compensated power system, real HVDC
controls, and massive wind power generation.
 III. WIND GENERATOR MODEL value of the q-axis flux of the generator in order to obtain
The Matlab/SPS model of the type-III WG is shown in the reference rotor current Id_ref that must be injected in the
Fig. 1. The AC/DC/AC converter is divided into two rotor by converter Crotor. The actual Id component is
components: the rotor-side converter (Crotor) and the grid- compared to Id_ref and the error is reduced to zero by a
side converter (Cgrid). Crotor and Cgrid are Voltage- current regulator. The output of this current controller is the
Sourced Converters that use forced-commutated power voltage Vdr that will be generated by Crotor.
electronic devices (IGBTs) to synthesize an AC voltage As for the reactive power, it is measured at the grid
from a DC voltage source. A capacitor connected on the DC terminals of the WG and it is compared to its reference
side acts as the DC voltage source. A coupling inductor L is value (Qref). The error is reduced to zero by an integral
used to connect Cgrid to the grid. The three-phase rotor regulator (var regulator). Qref is the output of the wind farm
winding is connected to Crotor by slip rings and brushes management system (WFMS) that regulates the voltage at
and the three-phase stator winding is directly connected to the POI of the WPP and the power system. The WFMS is
the grid. not described in this paper. The output of the var regulator is
The power captured by the wind turbine is transmitted to the reference voltage Vref at the grid terminals of the WG.
the drivetrain modeled as a two-mass system. The turbine The actual voltage is regulated to its reference value Vref by
model is illustrated in Fig. 2. Turbine and drivetrain an integral regulator. The output of this regulator is the rotor
parameters are given in [3]. The drivetrain mechanical current Iq_ref that must be injected in the rotor by converter
power is converted into electrical power by the induction Crotor. The same current regulator as for the
generator and it is transmitted to the grid by the stator and electromagnetic torque control is used to regulate the actual
the rotor windings. The control systems in Fig. 3 to 5 Iq component to its reference value. The output of the
generate the pitch angle command and the voltage command current controller is the voltage Vqr that will be generated
signals Uctrl_rotor and Uctrl_gc for Crotor and Cgrid by Crotor. The 3-phase voltage (Uctrl_rotor) of Crotor is
respectively. These output signals are used to control the obtained from a d-q to ABC transformation.
speed of the generator, the DC bus voltage and the reactive
power at the grid terminals. turb
X  Cp
..
Wind Kb Cp(,Pitch) Power
Turbine Pitch K*Cp*Wind^3 Torque
X
[Turbine_speed]

[Pitch_deg]
TurbineSpeed

Pitch_deg TurbTorque_puMec
Drive Train
TurbTorque_puMec TurbineSpeed_pu [Turbine_speed]
..
Wind
1
WindSpeed_m/s
WindSpeed_m/s
GenSpeed Tm_Shaf tTorque_pu -K- [T m_pu] turb
[wr_pu]
DFIG
c [Vabc_B1] [Tm_pu] Tm m
Fig. 2. Turbine model
1 A
A a A a
2
B
3
b
B
B b Speed Regulator
C
c C c
C

meas
A
B
C
A
B
C

1 Porder
Filter Choke
X s +1 X Tem cmd
meas ..
Q=50
C
A
B

[Vabc_grid_conv]
[Iabc_grid_conv]
+_ PI
Control System [Uctrl_grid_conv] [Uctrl_rotor_conv] meas
ref
c
A

[Vabc_B1] Vabc_stator_pu
c g
+ +
g Pmeas
Uctrl_gridconv [Uctrl_grid_conv] aB A A cA [Vabc_rotor]
[Iabc_stator] Iabc_stator_pu
C1 a A a
b B B
B
[Iabc_grid_conv] Iabc_gridconv _pu - - b B b
C
c C C
cC C c
[Iabc_rotor] Iabc_rotor_pu

[Vdc_V] Vdc_V
Uctrl_rotor_conv [Uctrl_rotor_conv]
Cgrid Crotor Ideal
Transformer
Pitch Control
Qref_pu
2 Qref _pu
1 Pitch
[angle_rotor_rad]

[wr_pu]
angle_rotor_rad
Pitch_deg [Pitch_deg]
PI ++ s +1
wr_pu

Pitch Compensation
Fig. 1. Matlab/SPS model of the type-III WG Porder
+_ PI
A. Crotor control system
1
The rotor-side converter controls the generator speed and
the reactive power measured at the grid terminals. The Fig. 3. Speed regulator, pitch control, and pitch compensation control loops
speed regulator is illustrated in Fig. 3. The pitch and the
Tem cmd
pitch compensation control loops are also illustrated in the X Id ref + Vdr
Flux Phi q ..
_
dq Uctrl_rotor
same figure. See [3] for more details. Estimator
K
Id meas Current to
Regulator
The speed is controlled in order to follow a pre-defined Vqr
abc
Q ref V ref Iq ref
power-speed characteristic, named tracking characteristic. Ki _ Kv +_
+_ s + s
The actual power Pmeas is measured at the grid terminals of Q meas V meas Iq meas
the WG and the corresponding speed of the tracking Fig. 4. Control system for rotor-side converter
characteristic is used as the reference speed for the speed
regulator. The output of the regulator is the electromagnetic B. Cgrid control system
torque (Tem cmd) that must be generated by the generator. The converter Cgrid is used to regulate the voltage of the
Fig. 4 illustrates control of the electromagnetic torque DC bus capacitor and to keep grid converter reactive current
and of the reactive power. The d-axis of the rotating to zero. The control system, illustrated in the Fig. 5 consists
reference frame, used for d-q transformation, is aligned with of a DC voltage regulator and a current regulator. The
the positive-sequence of stator voltage using a phase-locked rotating reference frame used for d-q transformation is the
loop. The reference torque (Tem cmd) is divided by a scaled same as for Crotor control system. The output of the DC

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voltage regulator is the reference current Id_ref for the
current regulator. The current regulator controls the
magnitude and phase of the voltage generated by converter
Cgrid (Vgc) from the Id_ref produced by the DC voltage
regulator and Iq_ref = 0.
Vdc ref Vd gc
Id ref
+_ PI +_
Current dq Uctrl_gc
Vdc meas Id meas
Regulator
Vq gc abc
Iq ref = 0
+_
Iq meas
Fig. 5 Control system for grid-side converter
IV. MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULATING
LARGE WWPS
A detailed EMT model of WPP, with all WGs
represented with the collector system, is required to validate
any aggregate model of WPP.
However, using traditional EMT simulation tools, it is
unrealistic to simulate each WG of a large WPP since
simulation time becomes extremely long as the network size
and number of WGs increase. On the other hand, progress
in simulator and supercomputer now allow real-time
simulation of large networks using EMT models.
IREQ’s real-time simulation expertise has been used to
develop efficient modeling techniques for WPPs. As a
result, a large WPP can now be simulated in detail, with
each WG individually represented, in real-time or close to
real-time. The resulting EMT simulation, performed on a
parallel supercomputer, is fast enough to fulfill simulation
needs in the time frame of EMT and transient-stability for
validating aggregate model of WPPs. The next sections
present a brief overview of the modeling techniques
developed for large WPPs. More details are available in [4].
A. Modeling of power electronics in a wind generator
Modern WGs (type-III and IV) use power electronic
converters with PWM switching frequencies in the 1- to 5-
kHz range. The simulation of PWM switching is very
demanding for EMT simulation, since each switching
implies matrix manipulation that is very costly in
computation time. Instead of using detailed switch model,
two different approaches were implemented. These are
identified as the average model and the switching-function
model.
In the average model, the converter is represented by a 3-
phase controlled voltage source. These sources are driven
by the control voltages of the PWM converters. The
capacitor voltage variation is also considered in this
representation, since the AC power flowing in or out the
converter must be kept equal to the DC power. The average
converter model implies no switching and no change in
circuit topology, offering very fast simulation speed. As
harmonics are not represented, time step as large as 20-50
µs can be used to conduct various power system studies.
Fig. 6 depicts the implementation of the average model for
back-to-back PWM converters of the type-III WG.
to
Fig. 6. Average modeling of a back-to-back PWM converter
The second approach is the switching-function model.
The same techniques of controlled voltage source is used,
except that theses sources inject switched output voltages
derived from the PWM control signals and PWM
generators. Smaller time step is required for precise results
and this representation includes harmonics generated by
PWM switching.
B. Decoupling of WPP power system equations for parallel
processing on a supercomputer
Real-time digital simulators, based on multi-processor
system, have been relying on power system equation
decoupling for more than a decade. Using this technique,
part of the natural propagation delay of a transmission line
is absorbed by the communication time between two
processors. As a result, the large system impedance matrix
can be divided into multiple smaller matrices and can be
solved in parallel on many processors without numerical
error. The reduced matrix size drastically diminishes the
computation effort, thus improving simulation speed.
This technique is only applicable for overhead (O/H) line
or underground (U/G) cable that are long enough, in order
to have a total propagation delay that is longer than the
simulation time step. Unfortunately, WPP collector
networks use short lines, so the technique cannot be applied
directly.
It is known that the propagation delay (tpropag) of a line
involves its length (l) and its propagation speed (v), as in the
following equation:
t propag  l
v
and  1 (1)
LC
In order to decouple WPP collector system, the
propagation delay of some selected U/G cables needs to be
artificially increased. To do so without affecting the
precision of the simulation results, this artificial increase is
done by virtually moving and grouping the C from the
surrounding power system components. Doing this, the
global capacitance of the system is not modified, and only
nearby capacitances are grouped to a punctual location.
To minimize the impact on simulation results, the virtual
displacement of capacitances should be done in order to
preserve the same total positive- and zero-sequence
capacitance. Using this technique, the collector system can
be decoupled in numerous sub-networks for very fast
simulation time. Fig. 7 a) depicts this technique.
Similarly, each WG present on the WPP can be
decoupled from the collector system for faster simulation. In
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this case, decoupling is done at the U/G cable, or at the
equivalent collector system impedance of an aggregate
WPP, that interconnects the generator transformer to the
collector system. If the total capacitance of surrounding U/G
cables is not sufficient for decoupling, part of the
transformer leakage inductance can be also moved to the
decoupling cable. However this virtual displacement of the
leakage inductance can only be done with a transformer
with delta connection, to avoid impact on the zero-sequence
impedance of the system. Fig. 7 b) depicts this technique.
a) Decoupling the WPP collector system
b) Decoupling a WG from the WPP collector system
IG
Fig 7. Moving of L and C from surrounding components to allow
decoupling of WPP collector system equations.
V. MODEL VALIDATION
A. Validation of type-III wind generator and WWP models
using on-line disturbance monitoring
For the purpose of model validation, on-line monitoring
equipment has been installed on a typical WPP connected to
the Hydro-Québec power system. This WPP is composed of
seventy-three 1.5-MW type-III WGs. Fig. 8 shows the
WPP, with the voltages and currents monitored and their
locations at the generator, feeder and POI levels. From 2007
to 2009, various disturbances (e.g. faults and frequency
deviations) were recorded. Those recordings have been used
to validate the type-III WG model in the EMT domain.
34.5kV
POI Feeder Selected type-III WG
230kV
V I
V I
To other I
V I
feeders V performed for validating the adequacy of the National
Grounding
transformer
V Voltage measurement To other WGs
I Current measurement
Fig. 8. Measurement points of a wind power plant
The model validation process used is based on playback
techniques, where the model is fed with recorded voltages
from the actual WG, and validation is confirmed when the
model produces the same current as those recorded during
the disturbance. Following the same approach of waveform
playback, the entire WPP model has also been validated,
using recorded voltages and currents at the POI level. The
WFMS was also modeled and validated in the mean time.
Fig. 9 shows a comparison between simulation results
and field measurements for a remote fault. It can be seen
that the conformity of the model with the field
measurements is very good for this particular event. Such
good correspondence of the model for a number of different
operating conditions and recorded disturbances has greatly
contributed to increase the confidence in the validity of the
model. Fine-tuning the model is a process relatively
straight-forward for small disturbance, but it becomes more
complex with large and/or unbalanced disturbance due to
various non-linearities. Regardless of the disturbance
severity, this approach requires a good understanding of
internal dynamics and control strategies of the WG to
model.
Fig 9. Comparison of recorded and simulated waveforms at the type-III
WG level during a fault on the transmission network
B. Validation of aggregation techniques for WPP modeling
Use of the WPP aggregate models is required for power
system studies. However, until recently, precision and
validity of such models remained to be evaluated.
In order to validate the precision of aggregate models for
EMT simulation, a detailed model of an actual 109.5-MW
WPP was developed. Its 73 WGs of 1.5 MW are connected
to a 34.5-kV collector system comprising 17 km of
overhead lines and 62 km of cables. The detailed EMT
model was developed using the modeling techniques
presented in section IV.
IG With the availability of the fast-simulating detailed
V I model of this WPP, an exhaustive simulation study [5] was
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) equivalencing
method [6]-[7] for modeling WPPs. This method, promoted
by the Wind Generation Modeling Group (WGMG) of the
Western Electricity Coordinating Council is illustrated in
Fig. 10. Aggregated WGs of a WPP are represented by an
equivalent WPP comprised of only one equivalent WG, one
equivalent collector system (ECS) and actual station step-up
and grounding transformers.
The simulation study demonstrates that the method
proposed by NREL appears to offer precise results for
various types of disturbances and operating conditions, for
both EMT and stability studies. Fig. 11 shows the
performance of the NREL method for WPP modeling. In
this figure, a 2-phase fault is applied to 4 different models of
WPP: the detailed 73-WG model, and three different
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aggregate WPPs consisting of 1, 2 and 4 equivalent WGs.
Fig. 10. Single-machine equivalent WPP promoted by the WGMG.
Fig. 11. Comparison of a detailed WPP model with a 1-, 2- and 4-WG
equivalent WPP models. More than one equivalent WG is not necessary for
modeling a WPP when all WGs are exposed to the same wind speed.
C. Generic equivalent collector system parameters for
large WPPs
The equivalent collector systems of 17 WPPs rated
between 50 and 300 MW were analyzed. Using this sample,
a set of generic equivalent collector system parameters were
calculated to be used for prospective studies of WPPs for
which little or no information is available yet. An
exhaustive sensitivity study based on EMT simulations has
confirmed the adequacy of the generic equivalent collector
system parameters [8].
VI. LARGE-SCALE REAL-TIME SIMULATION OF WPPS
The objective of this section is to integrate the modeling
techniques explained in the previous sections in order to
simulate in real-time WPPs connected to the Hypersim
model of the series-compensated Hydro-Québec power
system.
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A. Description of the Hypersim model of Hydro-Québec
power system
The Hypersim model of the main part of Hydro-Québec
power system is illustrated in Fig. 12. The eastern part of
this power system, connected at Lévis substation, is
illustrated in Fig. 13. In these figures the location of WPPs,
including WFMS, is shown by wind turbine pictures. For
the main part of the power system, all 735-kV buses are
represented, the main 315-kV and 230-kV buses and some
161- and 120-kV buses are also represented. As for the
eastern part of the power system, all 315- 230- 161- and
120-kV and some 69-kV buses are represented. The major
part of the lower voltage transmission and distribution
system, including the loads and generation, are represented
by reduced equivalents. The hydroelectric generators
models include turbine, automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
and stabilizer. The line series compensation is also
represented [9]. The simulated power system includes the
following main components:
 643 three phase buses
 34 hydroelectric generators (turbine, AVR,
stabilizer)
 1 steam turbine generator
 25 WPPs
 7 static VAR compensators
 6 synchronous condensers
 167 three-phase lines
 More than 150 transformers including magnetic
saturation
The total production is 35000 MW including 2700 MW
of wind power. 1800 MW of wind power are produced by
16 WPPs in the eastern power system. The 9 WPPs
connected to the main power system produce the remaining
900 MW.
The 25 WPPs are each modeled as single-machine
equivalents using the validated NREL method with generic
equivalent collector system parameters presented in section
V. Although various WG technologies could have been
used, all WPPs simulated here use the type-III model
presented in section III. In order to achieve real-time
simulation performance the modeling techniques presented
in section IV are used for decoupling WPP equations. The
average model is used to simulate the power electronic
converters of WGs.
B. Illustrative example of real-time simulation
The power system of Fig. 12 and 13 is simulated in real-
time using a SGI Altix 4700 supercomputer using 72
processors, at a 50 s time step.
In steady-state each WPP is producing its nominal power
and zero reactive power. The speed of each WPP is 1.2 pu
(synchronous speed is 1 pu).
Simulation results shown in Fig. 14 illustrate the system
response to a 6-cycle single-line-to-ground fault. The fault
is applied at t = 0.1s at 315-kV Lévis bus and it is
eliminated at t = 0.2s.
The first column of Fig. 14 illustrates the three-phase
voltage at 315-kV Lévis bus and the positive-sequence
voltages at 735-kV Boucherville bus close to Montréal and
230-kV Matane bus in the eastern system. The terminal
voltage, the speed and the active and reactive powers of the
synchronous generator at Manic 5 are illustrated in the
second column of this figure. Finally, the two last columns
illustrate the active and reactive powers, the DC bus
voltages and the speeds of WPP7 and WPP9. WPP7 is
located in the far eastern part of the power system and
WPP9 is located in the south of Montréal. Speeds and
voltages of all synchronous generators and WPPs recover
after fault clearing. This particular power system
configuration is therefore stable for this particular WPPs
location.
VII. CONCLUSION
The WPP modeling project conducted at IREQ has
delivered the following models and methods: 1) a type-III
WG model, 2) validation of an aggregation method for
modeling WPPs and 3) validation of the WG and WPP
models of an actual WPP connected to the Hydro-Québec
power system. Field measurements have been used for
model validation.
The modeling techniques developed in this project for
simulating WPPs on a supercomputer allow rapid EMT
simulations of WPPs on large-scale power systems. Real-
time simulation has been achieved to simulate 25 WPPs on
the Hydro-Québec power system.
It is now feasible to study possible interactions between
series-compensated power system, real HVDC controls, and
massive wind power generation.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] V.Q. Do, J.C. Soumagne, G. Sybille, G. Turmel, P.Giroux, G.
Cloutier, S. Poulin « Hypersim, an integrated real-time simulator for
power network and control systems », Third International Conference
on Digital Power System Simulators (ICDS), Vasteras, Sweden, May
25-28, 1999.
[2] MATLAB, Simulink and Real Time Workshop User’s Guides, The
Mathworks Inc., 1990-2010.
[3] Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators;
Prepared by: Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. Sanchez-
Gasca; October 27, 2003, Version 3.0; GE-Power Systems Energy
Consulting; Copyright 2002 General Electric Company, U.S.A..
Available:
http://www.easthavenwindfarm.com/filing/high/modeling.pdf
[4] C. Larose, R. Gagnon, G. Turmel, P. Giroux, J. Brochu, D. McNabb
and D. Lefebvre, “Large Wind Power Plant Modeling Techniques for
Power System Simulation Studies”, in Proc. 8th International
Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power
Systems. Bremen, Germany, Oct 2009, pp. 472-478.
[5] J. Brochu, C. Larose and R. Gagnon, "Validation of single- and
multiple-machine equivalents for modeling wind power plants,"
submitted in April 2010 for publication in the IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion.
[6] E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield, A. Ellis, J. Mechenbier, J. Hochheimer,
R. Young, N. Miller, R. Delmerico, R. Zavadil and J.C. Smith,
"Equivalencing the collector system of a large wind power plant,"
presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,
Montreal, Qc, June 2006.
[7] E. Muljadi, S.Pasupulati, A. Ellis and D. Kosterov, "Method of
equivalencing for a large wind power plant with multiple turbine
representation," presented at the IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in
the 21st Century, 2008.
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[8] J. Brochu, C. Larose and R. Gagnon, "Generic equivalent collector
system parameters for large wind power plants," submitted in April
2010 for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
[9] D. Paré, G. Turmel, J.-C. Soumagne, V.Q. Do , S. Casoria, M.
Bissonnette, B. Marcoux, , D. McNabb; " Validation Tests of The
Hypersim Digital Real Time Simulator with a Large AC-DC
Network," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power
Systems Transient IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA.
IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Richard Gagnon obtained his B.Sc.degree in physics engineering in
1990, his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 1992 and his Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering in 1997, all from Université Laval
(Québec). From 1996 to 2001, he was professor of electrical engineering at
Université du Québec à Rimouski. Since 2001, he has been a research
engineer at IREQ (Hydro-Québec’s research institute). His professional
interests include modeling and simulation of power system devices and
wind generators.
Gilbert Turmel obtained is DEC in 1980 in Longueuil, Canada. He
joined the Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) in 1980. He is
working in the power system simulation group since 1991. He is a senior
operator of the real-time simulator. His work involved the specification,
validation and operation of the Hypersim real-time simulator for power
system studies and also in giving training session on the use of the
Hypersim simulator.
Christian Larose received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering
in 1995 and M.Sc. degree in 1998, both from École de Technologie
Supérieure (Montréal, Canada). He joined Institut de recherche d'Hydro-
Québec (IREQ) in 1996 as a development engineer in the Power System
Simulation Laboratory. His main interest includes modeling and real-time
simulation of power systems.
Jacques Brochu obtained his B.A.Sc. and M.A.Sc. degrees in electrical
engineering from Université Laval in Québec City in 1981 and 1986
respectively and his Ph.D. degree from École Polytechnique de Montréal in
1997. From 1981 to 1983, he was production engineer for Canadian
General Electric. He is currently a research engineer at IREQ (Hydro-
Québec’s research institute) where he has worked since 1985. His main
areas of interest include power electronics and power flow control devices
for power systems. He has been involved in the development of the
Interphase Power Controller (IPC) technology and is the author of a
reference book on the subject.
Gilbert Sybille received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
ESEO, Angers, France, in 1970 and M.Sc. degree from Laval University,
Quebec City, QC, Canada, in 1978. In 1978 he joined Hydro-Québec Power
System Simulation Department, Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec
(IREQ), as a Research Engineer. He has been project leader in many
simulation studies where he developed an expertise in real-time testing of
FACTS controllers. He has also developed various models and software
programs for the IREQ’s real-time simulator. He is the technical leader and
one the key developers of the MATLAB SimPowerSystems simulation
software.
Martin Fecteau, ing. received a B.SC.A in electrical engineering in
2001 from Laval University in Québec city. Since 2002 he has worked for
Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie in the system studies group of the
transmission system planning department where he has been involved in
several studies concerning wind farm integration, grid code issues,
protection and EMTP modelling. Mr. Fecteau is a member of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society and is a registered professional engineer in the
province of Québec.
 Hydro
Quebec IREQ Power System Simulator

Hydro−Quebec Network Churchill

3 gr
hartjaune

VD11 *MS11

y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe

churchill_A1aA11

2
H
hartjaune_T4T5

La Grande
1

s140

2
A
P
D T1aT11
POW

L1695 1

s138

churchill_T71aT76
390 MW
VD12 *MS12 1
39 Mvar
*MS19 y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w 1
y normand_T5T6
Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe
churchill_b2360

2
laforge1_A11aA16
lagrande4_A1aA9 churchill_b760

H
H laforge1_b365 VD9 *MS9 P
2
VD17 *MS17 y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w
laforge1_T11aT16
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe nikamo_b465
normand_T2T3 DefCHUR

brisay_A1A2
1
1 2
lagrande2A_A1aA12 L3170_L3171
s14a s146
H
L3172_L3173
H
laforge2_b366 s132 L7051
s145 L7053 L7052

2
normand_b3170
*MS18 1 2
VD15 *MS15 2 L3166_L3167
y Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe lagrande4_T1aT3 VD31
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w
VD16 brisay_T1T2
L3039 y 1/Z u
*MS31

*MS16

y 1/Z u
1
tilly_T2T3
330 MX Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w

Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe
lagrande3_A1aA12 L3168_L3169
2 VD13 *MS13
lagrande1_A1aA12 1

H lagrande4_charge y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe

stemarguerite3_A1A2

H sgu = 0.164 lagrande2a_T21aT26 lagrande2_A1aA16

B7051_c H
tilly_b724
1 H laforge2_A1A2
1
1
lagrande2a_b349
H CXC51 CXC51_ZnO
2

Manic
CXC53 1
s13 2 s9
CXC52
2 s167 montagnais_T2T3 2
s159
2
1 2 2
L3162_L3163
L7056 L7055 1 2 stemarguerite3_T1T2
lagrande1_T1aT12 L7054
2 1
2
lagrande1_T21T27
L1498 laforge2_T21T22 1
1 lagrande3_charge
lagrande2_T1aT8
montagnais_b710 s338

lagrande1_b361 radisson_b1020 1 1
lagrande3_T1aT3
165 MX

lagrande2_b749 lemoyne_b723

L7060
2.1
1.1
L3115_L3116
VD25 *MS25

radisson_chargePQ_R
*VD3 *MS3 L7057
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
VD26 *MS26

L7089 L7088 y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe

manic5_A1aA8 L7031 L7032 L7033
eastman_A1aA3
L3152_L3153 SW1 H arnaud_b309
chisasibi_b2799 H manic5PA_A1aA4
990 MX 1
radisson_b720
330 MX H
arnaud_T7T8

1 P manic5_b41
s335
2
L7061 L7059 L7069_7070 2
radisson_T2T3 s337
2 s328
DefRAD
manic5_T51aT58 1 1
2 1
2
2 eastman_T1aT3

1 CXC31 CXC32
manic5pa_T41aT44 CXC33_ZnO
CXC33
1 arnaud_T3T5
s317
radisson_b320 BUS3
1 2
L7063 manic5_b41_R 2 2
L7062 1
1.1 2.1 s319
*VD33 *MS33
arnaud_b1609
330 MX *MS29
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
VD29

L3176_3177 y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe arnaud_b709

toulnustouc_b476 s332

2.2
1.2
outardes4_A1aA4 toulnustouc_A1A2 1 1 1
1 2
1.2 2.2
H H
BUS4 CXC28
1 1 toulnustouc_T1T2 CXC27 CXC29
1
1
1 1 L3031_L3032
2 CXC70 2
CXC59_ZnO 2 2
CXC59 CXC69
manic3_A1aA6
CXC63
CXC62 CXC61 nemiscau_T1T2
2 2 2
s327 y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe L7027
L3033_L3034 H
2
2
2
2
VD24
*MS24 1320 MX
1
outardes4_T41aT44 L3123
nemiscau_b780 albanel_b782

1.1 2.1
1
L7079
1 s227
1
s321 2
SVC_albanel
SVC_nemiscau
manic3_T31aT36
s3CY
2 330 MX 2
L3035_L3036
SVC_ALB_s 1 *VD37 *MS37
P
BrManic5 s121 y 1/Z u
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
SVC_NEM_s
U
L7078 L7076_7077
L7081 L7080 micoua_b306 L7028 L7029
L7082
660 MX SVC_ALB
I
U L3027_L3028 manicouagan_CS1CS2
Efd_Vstab
y

I Rp96 H
SVC_NEM
2
RpOY abitibi_CS1CS2 s114

H micoua_T1aT4 2

1.2 2.2
1 micoua_T8T9 2
L7011

1 manicouagan_T23T24
s14I 1
1 VD23 *MS23
1 1 1
1
2 y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe
1

CXC78 micoua_b706 manicouagan_b705

CXC81 CXC76
CXC77
CXC82 CXC80 abitibi_T61T62 manic2_A21aA28
P
2 2 SW5
2
2
1 2 2 H
1
abitibi_b713 chibougamau_b783 s374 manic2_T1aT4
L3021_L3022_L3023_L3024
L7090 1
1.1 2.1 manicouagan_T1aT4
1.1 2.1 2 1
P
1 1 SW6 *VD7 *MS7
chibougamau_T2T3

y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt s244

s245 2

TrSVC_chibougamau
abitibi_T1aT3
2 495 MX
manicougan_b305 hauterive_b643
2 VD8 *MS8 L3010
s281 L7004_A bersimis2_A1aA5
2 1
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe
L7019 H
SVC_CHI_s
L3026 hauterive_T1aT3T5aT7
L3013_L3014
660 MX 990 MX bersimis1_A1aA8
L7086 L7084_7085 2
U
L7094 L7092_7093 H s234
s251
WT17_Park L3029_L3030

Levis
I s258 L7008_A
L7007_A L7023_A
SVC_CHI 1
T1
*WTI7
Rp6I
V_BusHT outardes2_T21aT23
2
chibougamau_b1683 s255

2
L3151 L3150
FL LF_WT17
2 bersimis2_T1aT5

1 s252
s32HY s257
1 1
RHU s1HV bersimis1_T1aT8
1 2 1 2
Périgny hauterive_b1643
1.2 2.2 1
CXC04

315 kV
CXC19 1
1.2 bersimis2
2.2
outardes3_T31aT34
1 2 bersimis2_b433 bersimis2_b434
1 1 YgD_HT DYgHW
2

T1
2 H
1 1 CXC86 L3009
1 CXC85 CXC84
outardes2_A1aA3
CHX P
s166
SW7

Eastern
CXC94 CXC92 2 2
CXC93 2
*ZZ_HRaa
saguenay_b718
chamouchouane_b7312
2 2 VD27
2 *MS27

1 H y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe

s61 s59 s57
laverendrye_b714 1 charlevoixA
L7026 1 1
1
outardes3_A1aA4
saguenay_T1aT3
TrSVC_chamouchouane
1 CXC7 CXC8 CXC23
levis_b303
2 2 *MS28
*VD28

Network
lebel_b528
TrSVC_laverendrye LF SVC_CHO_s WT14_Park y 1/Z u 2 2 2
s165 Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
LF_Cha L_CLC_cham
T1
2
*WT14
s60 s58 s56
SVCsecLVD7
660 MX V_BusHT
150 Mvar U
L3001_L3002_L3003_L3004
L3020_L3012_L3011
U
I
LF_WT14
LF 166 MX

Quebec
SVC_CHO
I Rp3U
SVC_LVD7 s329A
s197 R96
2 1 2 1
L7004_B
Rp16

DYg98 YgD_95 saguenay_b1618

L7045

T1

C99

*ZZ_93

WT13_Park
L7007_B L7008_B
L7023_B
T1
*WT13 Ba3I
lafontaine_T2T3 s80 s78 L7044 laurentides_b304 V_BusHT
L7018
L7016 laurentides_SRC
s338a
2
2 1
FL LF_WT13
L3058_L3059
laurentides_T1T2 s32PD U
RP9 s1PA
1 2 T2W
1 2 I XC36
grandbrule_b770 1 SVC_LEV

laurentides_b304_R 3
L3058_L3059_tmp
L7025 1
B1280_capac 1 laurentides_b704 YgD_P8 DYgPB
2
levis_T12aT14
345.7 MX grandbrule_T2T3 charlevoixB
T1
Tr433J
1
CPC 1 2 H33
lafontaine_b1280 2 XC35
TrSVC_laurentides *ZZ_P6

2 L7010
vignan_b458 chenier_T4aT6 levis_b703
s333 petitenation_b577 L7047
F7_3V
2 1 F5_3W
2 1 Load3
L3052_L3053_B L3052_L3053_A L7024 L3104
L7020

vignan_T2aT4 330 MX
1 *CS3
*VD_CS3
U
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
I levis_T1aT4
B1258_capac grandbrule_b1170 SVC_LAU

L7005 L7035
2 1 L7097 2 levis_CS1CS2

L7017
petite_nat_T1T2 330 MX H
chenier_b715 duvernay_b702
vignan_b1256
L7046
L7009

jacquescartier_b717
B1277_capac L7002
RpNL
s158
1 *MS22
1
s1 2
VD10 *MS10 WT16_Park y Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe
lanaudiere_b462
y 1/Z u Efd Vt
duvernay_T2T3T5 lanaudiere_T2aT4
jacquescartier_T2 y
nicolet_b707
appalaches_b790 levis_T31T32
petitenation_b1277
*VD_CS2 V_BusHT 1
s3YS L3054_L3055 *CS2 nicoletslack
2 1
1/Z
2
2 *MS34 1 1
carillion_A1aA14 carillion_b1507 y u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
H appalaches_T2T3 s189

H 2 1 Load1 FL LF_WT16 B_jacquescartier_b317 gentilly2 Vt_w_Pe Efd_Vstab

nicolet_T2aT4
L1265_L1353_etc L3054_L3055_1
s277
s321V T 2
L7042 duvernay_CS1aCS3 B1262_capac R1R s11S
chomedey_T2T4T5 L3070_L3071_1
1 2 1 2 2
s359 *MS2
VD2 1 s331

y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w s334

2 1 2 1
duvernay_T8aT11
L1126
s25
H lanaudiere_b1262 YgD_1Q DYg1T
L3069 B317_capac s157 L2382
carillon_T1aT14 duvernay_T21T22T23 2 B2003_capac
2 T1

L3070_L3071
B302_capacA L3102_L3110_L3106_L3107 165 MX
beauharnois_A1aA14 s119 C1U gentilly2_T2 L2375 L2329
becancour_b2072
L3015 levis_b2003
jacquescartier_b317
H B1230_capac chateauguay_T12
*ZZ_1Oas 1
L2381
L3016
L3046_L3047_L3048_1 L3100_L3101
chomedey_b430 duvernay_b302
1 2 L2390

L7096 L7095
B1103_capac s322
L2383
lachute_b8210 s118
s3ZC chateauguay_b719 nicolet_b2007_A
chomedey_b1230
s113 L3046_L3047_L3048
L3057_L3056_L3061 L3019_L3098 L3005 mauricie_b488
2
y Vt
s116
2 1 1
duvernay_b1102_b1103 carignan_b730
beauharnois_T1aT7 s17
s10 delery_T2T4 1 lagabelle_b2217
delery_b483
1 B2072_capac
mauricie_T1T2
L1437_A_L1438_L1439 L3086L3087 R3_bidon
1 chateauguay_T1aT3
2 1 boutdelile_T3T4T8 B2290_capac
carignan_T2T3 2
B_saraguay_b1231
mauricie_b2188 L2346

2 norskhydro_b2074_et_b2073
L1256_L1257_A 2 lagabelle_A1aA5
s36
1 2 s29a thetford_b2290
B_notredame_b427
s6 H gentilly2_b2100 BUS1
s169
L3091_L3092 2 1 2 la_gab_T1aT5
L3046_L3047_B
L1256_L1257_A1
saraguay_T1aT8 L2386
L2371_L2378
L7014 L2372 L2379
L3091_L3092_1
B1283_capac
B319_capac s54 1 descantons_b755
notredame_b427
carignan_b2030_C L2385_A
s3050 saraguay_b431 2 *VD30 1

1
1
B1228_capac
carignan_b2030_R
s7T
y 1/Z u
s110 L2358_B
delery_b1283 L1256_L1257_B boucherville_T3T4 trenche_b2220 descantons_T2aT4
rapideblanc_T1aT6
L1263 L1131 lescedres_T3 s2
langlois_T2T3 s7 WT10_Park
2
L1435 dessources_b7280 boutdelile_b1228 L2331_B becancour_b2272 T1
1 2
2 1 2 *WT10
2 B1231_capacA L2380 L2331_A H *MS30 s184 V_BusHT
boucherville_b701
rapideblanc_A1aA6
s19a s91 1 Vt Efd_Vstab
B_langlois_b1275 rapideblanc_b2219
CX7U
saraguay315_25 1 trenche_T1T6
FL LF_WT10
VD35 *MS35
330 MX
saraguay_b1231
P
2
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w
s32FX
RFT s1FU
1 boucherville_T5T7T8 rapidedescoeurs_T1T2
L1472
H troisriviere_b2268_A
1 2 1 2

s16a
beauharnois_T29aT35 DefBOUC rapidedescoeurs_A1aA6
lescedres_A14aA18 2
1 2
L2305
s59a
H YgD_FS DYgFV
s383
2 VD36 *MS36
s105 T1
VD21 *MS21
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_Pe_w descantons_b2055 Filtres CCHT
s30Y H
1
1/Z

Montreal
y u Efd Vt CFW
langlois_b1275 chuteallard_T1T2
P
trenche_A1aA6 s575
beauharnois_T36 165 MX BrLd_BCV2 2 chuteallard_A1aA6 *ZZ_FQ

1
H
B2001_capacB B2001_capacA deshetres_b2178 3
2 L2304

H s3QO
1/Z Efd Vt
rapidedescoeurs_b2071 chuteallard_b2081
s38 y u s503

beauharnois_A29aA35 VD32 *MS32

*VD6

y 1/Z u Vt
s386
VD4 *MS4 s373
H s18

y 1/Z u Efd Vt 1 2
beauharnois_A36 boucherville_b2001_R
L2358_A H
beaumont_A1aA6 wemotacie
beaumont_T1aT6 L7048
boucherville_b2001_C
VD5 *MS5
s25a
y 1/Z u Efd Vt VD20 *MS7a

L2358_C y 1/Z u Efd Vt

WT12_Park
s26a
T1
*WT12
V_BusHT 1 2
L1117_L1132
WT11_Park
H
latuque_A1aA6
latuque_T11aT13
T1
*WT11 FL LF_WT12

V_BusHT
s32G9
RG5 s1G6
1 2 1 2
LF_WT11
LF latuque_T11aT12

s32HD
s1HA RH9 s301 YgD_G4 DYgG7
2 1 2 1
T1

CG8
DYgHB YgD_H8

*ZZ_G2 latuque_b2835_et_b3101
T1
VD1 *MS1

y 1/Z u Efd Vt CHC

*ZZ_H6 L7034

hertel_T2aT4
beauharnois_A15aA22
L3044_L3045 L7038

H 2 1
L7006
beauharnois_T15aT22 aqueduc_T2T3
hertel_b708
s68
2 1
2 1 B_viger_b463
L1201_L1202

WPP9
monteregie_b784
L3073 L3065_L3066
s45a
s43a
1 WT9_Park

T1
monteregie_T1 *WT9
V_BusHT
WT15_Park

T1 2
*WT15
Load2
V_BusHT s180
FL LF_WT9

B1232_capac s32W0
RVW s1VX
FL LF_WT15 1 2 1 2

s32S2
hertel_b308 RRY s1RZ
aqueduc_b1232 1 2 1 2 YgD_VVaa DYgVY

T1
viger_b463
YgD_VVRX DYgS0
CVZ

T1 monteregie_b1184 *ZZ_VT

CS1aa

*ZZ_RV

735 kV Boucherville Bus

Fig. 12. Hypersim model of the main part of Hydro-Québec power system

Hydro
Quebec IREQ Power System Simulator

ST−LAWRENCE RIVER

Eastern Network Riviere_du_Loup_120

WT3_Park

J_A_Brilland_LdP J_A_Brilland_LdQ DYg_NO

s147 T1
*WT3 2 1
2 V_BusHT
Riviere_du_Loup_LdQ Riviere_du_Loup_LdP

s121a YgD_12

LF_WT3
LF
1 DYg_OI s2NP

WT1_Park
J_A_Brilland_230

Rimouski_230
2
1.2
2 1

Donohue_LdP Donohue_LdQ

Levis
RLNN s10V

rimouski_T7
T1 2
condoshunt_3_rdl condoshunt_2_rdl B1272_capac Rim_69kV_LdP Rim_69kV_LdQ

Π
*WT1 CpNR
s2OJ
1 2 V_BusHT
L2387D2 YgD_LJ

230 kV Matane Bus

Riviere_du_Loup_315 1
riv_d_lou_T2 s9Q
LF_WT1
LF

315−kV bus
2 Donohue_230
MontLouis_230
RLOH
1 2 T1 SW_2
P
2.2
1 CpOL
YgD_VV
YgD_7
s2DM
s130 s697
TroisPistoles_230 1
2.2 *ZZT0
1 2 1.2
YgD_3 DYg_15
rimouski_T8 sOS
Nordais1_230
Mont_Joly_LdP Mont_Joly_LdQ L2341D RL24
riv_d_lou_T3 2 2 s21 s156 s42a 1 2 WT4_Park
1 2
L2388_2387D1 T1
1 2
s154

Π Π
YgD_OG
1 2 Les_Boules_230
2

1 *ZZT5 T1
TroisPistoles_LdP YgD_13 *WT4

V_BusHT
Levis_315
C1_rim 1
Π L2340_2341E
Goemon_230
s49a
1.1
LRB
Π Π Goemeon_69_LdP Goemon_69_LdQ

s363
CXC2
s369
2 1
1 2 1 2 LF LF_WT4

L3078_3079_3080_3081_1 L3078_3079_3080_308189
Matane_LdP Matane_LdQ
1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2
s155
T1 T1
s19aaa goemon_T2_T3
1.1 Matane_230
YgD_17 DYg_16
L2388_2387_2392_2393C2 L2340_2341_2392A3
s370 Riviere_du_Loup_230 s187 L2388B1 s2BJ
s371 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2
L2388_2387_2392_2393A1 1 LJI 2 L2388_2387_2392_2393B2 L2388_2387B3 L2340_2341_2392_2393A1 s150 L2340_2341_2392A2
L2313_2314_1 L2313_2314_2 s2AI L2388A2 s2TE s2LJ L2388C1 s2MP s2BI
Π

Π
Π

Π
Π

Π
Π

2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.1 1.2 1 2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1 2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 1 2 Cp24
riv_d_lou_T5 *ZZ_4 *ZZ_5

CXC1
s167a
s269 1 2 2.1 YgD_14
s387a
s2B7 1 WT5_Park
3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 LNV
LJU
P
LDR Grosse_Morne_230
s178 2.1
SW_2388
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 s174
s1R0
CXC4 s2AUx s2TQ s2LV L2387C1 s2N1 s165a s2AU RL12 s200
L2341C TLM_1 L2396 s213
Π

Π
Π

2.1 2.2 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2

Π

1 2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2

1 2
1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 2.1 2.2 T1
s59 1 2
s384 *WT5
4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2
MontJoly_230 V_BusHT

DYg_10
CXC3

s510 L6D
LK6 LK7 s281a LesMechins_230
2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 s286 3.1 3.2
s2DV L2392_2393B3 s2ND s299
s2B6 s2U2 s2FM s244a L2388_2387HK
s202
Π

L2349_2350A L2349_235C3
Π

Π
Π

Π
Π

3.1 3.2
Π

2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 Cp12
Π

1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2

Cp26

L2340_2341_2392A4 L2340_2341_2392B

Rimouski_315
1 RL26
rimouski_T3
Nordais2_230
FL LF_WT5

LKJ
3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 s2SZ
BaieDesSables_230
L3082_3083 s2A6 s2CV s2T2 s2MD
Π

s2FY
Π

Π
Π

4.1 4.2
Π

2.1 2.2 1 2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2

2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2

Π
2.1 2.2
L2387_2392_2393A2 L2387_2392_2393B1 TLM8

1
T1

YgYGD_np2
1

Π 2 YgYgD_npx

1.1 1.2
*ZZ_13
2 s302 goemon_T12
2
rimouski_T4 1

s44a 841
2
1 2
YgYgD_np10
Goemon_161

P 2

1455_1 s8
R9Q11
1454_1
DEF_RIM

StLeandre_230

s1XA 1 1 RHQ

1.1
1.1
2.1 s28G11
s1WM YgD_1 YgD_2

1.1 1

2 2
L1601_A
s214 DYg_94aa

Π
L1454_1455_2

Π
2.1 s111
1
Cp9Eaa
2

DYg_11
2.1 WT3c_Park

1.2
2.2
CpDH 2
DYg_6 Sayabec_120
L1_rim RDQ
s242 V_BusHT T1
WT3b_Park
1.1 2.1
2 1 s260

LF
Π Π
LF_WT3c
V_BusHT T1
L1454_1455_3

L3089_3090
s134 LF RiviereSteAnne_161
LF_WT3b
2.2 1 *WT3c
1.2
1
Sayabec_LdP
s1DT Uniboard_120
DYg_14 C1_RSA
Uniboard_LdQ
WT1a_Park DYg_13

WPP7
1.1 2.1 L3_lissage_rsa s161aaa
*WT3b
2 CpUCaa
T1 2 s280
*WT1a 1 2

V_BusHT L1454_1455_4
Π Π DYg_8
WT2_Park

s349
C_filtre_RSA

YgD_4
LF LF_WT1a
1.2
2.2
V_BusHT T1
L_filtre_RSA

Uniboard_LdP T1 T1
s1D6 s1DI charge_193K charge_193A
s3ZB REM s1EN 1 1 C2_RSA
TLM_10
1 2 1
LF
1.2 2.2
*ZZ_1 LF_WT2 *ZZ_2

s3G5
L1454_5
Π Π L1455_5

L1601_B

1.1 2.1 *WT2 *VVD_CPN *C5S

T1
2 2
s95
y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
WT6_Park
Amqui_120
CEP YgD_15 s205

Copper_CS YgYGD_np7 DYg_5B

*ZZ_8 WT6a_Park T1 R_filtre_RSA s25Cc
1 2

T1 H s7a
RL5A

*WT6a 1 2
T1
1 2
V_BusHT *WT6
WT1c_Park 1450 *ZZ_3
V_BusHT
T1
Amqui_LdP
*WT1c MontagneSeche_161
charge_19_R charge_19_L T1
V_BusHT LF_WT6a
LF s190

miller_34
s294
2 FL LF_WT6

RL9 sDX L1613B

LF
Π

LF_WT1c Causapscal_120 2 1 2 1 2 1
*ZZDI
YgD_6

1 Cp5E

s3FBaa
RJ6aa 1
L3089_3090_1 s1J7aa YgD_5 Copper_161
DYg_3
2 1 2 1 DYg_7
L1613A
Π

2 1 1
1
WT1b_Park 2

DYgJ8a YgD_19aa s259 TLM_15

CGP
cop_mount_T1T2
cop_mount_T3aT5
copper_34
T1
T1
*WT1b RL8 sDL
L1613C
s55
WT6b_Park 2 2
Π

V_BusHT 1 2 1 2
CJaa 2 1
s127
s157a
*ZZ_13a

LF_WT1b
LF DYg_4

YgD_9 Causapscal_LdP
T1 WT7_Park
s10R T1
RDC *WT6b
s1DD
2 1 2 1 V_BusHT
Anse_A_Valleau_161
Cp8 DYg_V9
s25VA

*ZZCD Copper_69_kV_LdQ
Copper_69_kV_LdP RLV8 T1
DYgDE
1.2 2.2 LF_WT6b
LF Copper_12_LdP V6
*WT7

. 1 2 1 2 V_BusHT
T1 s360

YgYgD_np1V DYg_1S YgYGD_nV7

CDF 1.1 2.1 T1
s21Q L1605_D1

*ZZ_10 s1RA FL LF_WT7

1 2 1 2 T1
L239QM
*WT8a
2
V_BusHT *ZZVE
L1602 CpVC

T1

LF LF_Wt8a
s139 Riv_au_Renard_161
Π

1
Cp1T 2 1
*ZZ_1O
L1605_2

YgD_11

L3084_3085

2
Wt8_Park
Π s287 Perce_161 s142
Cascapedia_230

2 1
YgYgD_npVR DYg_94
s28G L1605_1
T1
DYg_22
1 2 1 2 *WT8

V_BusHT

Riv_au_Renard_LdP

L3089_3090_2
T1

Matapedia_230
s26N
LF LF_WT8 Perce_LdP

Cascapedia_69

T2WD Cp9E
T2T3 *ZZ_MX
L715D3_2397_2398_714C3
1.1 1.2 s3UM
s2WP L715D2_2397_2398_714C2 s72
Nouvelle_69 L715D1 s3VQ L715BA1
1 2 s2E3 Micmac_161
Π

Π
Π

L7143D1 1 2 1.1 1.2 1 2 2 1

1

Matapedia_315 s26Z
LWM
1

matapedia_T3_T4
s138a Gaspe_161
Micmac_230
2.1 2.2 L1602_1607 s2IL L1604_1607 L1604_1605
s3TI s307 L2397_2398A1 L2351_2352_717A1 L2351_2352A2 L2351_2352B L1603 L1604
s25C L2397_2398A s2EFaa s3B8
Π

1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2

Π

2.2 1.1 1.2

Π

2.1 2.2 1.1 1.2

Π

1 2 L2101_2102_2397_2398A1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2
YgD_10

4.1 1.2 micmac_T1aT3 s194

1 2
1.1
L32 1 2
s3DF

s126
3.1 3.2 s2TU s2UY s2Y6
s34O s301a s20J s2BK s141
Π

Π
Π

2.1 2.2
Π

3.1 3.2 2.1 2.2

2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2
3.1 2.1 2.2
2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 L1607

YgYgD_np3
Gaspe_LdP
Lp5N
2.1
1.2 T243
1 2
4.1 4.2
L714C1 s20V s3IR
2.1 s250 L714D3 s271 s2DR s2BW
Π
Π

Π
Π

4.1 4.2 3.1 3.2 1 2 3.1 3.2

Π

1 2

Π
1 2

Π Π
L2351_2352C
3.2 L714A1
L2397_2398_714A2

LFY
1.1
L2397_2398_7142A2
L717C2
micmac_T12aT14
1

s158a
1.2
1 2
YgYgD_np1 s179

Π Π
condoshunt_1_mata B2174_capac
RL25 RL15
Π Nouvelle_LdP
P
SW_L2351

Π Π Π Π
2

65 Mvar @ 230kV 65 Mvar @ 230kV 66 Mvar @ 239kV 66 Mvar @ 239kV s129

PortDaniel_69
2.2

Paspebiac_230

C2_mic C15_mic
1
Micmac_LdP

YgD_8
23.1 Mvar @ 167.3kV 21 Mvar @ 167.3kV

PortDaniel_69_LdP 2
Cascapedia_LdP Cascapedia_LdQ
1.1 2.1
s116a
2 3.1

F_N7D

4.2

F_N88

Paspebiac_LdP

1.2
2.2 3.2

F_NB1 F_NB2
F_NB7

Madawaska_315 s355aaa
s2BZ
L3113_1 L3113_2
Π

2.2 1 2

L2101 L2102

1.2
Load12_Ldp Load12_LdQ

*VD_CVF *CVE

y 1/Z u Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe

EelRiver_230
L1_mada

Eel_River_CS
1

H
YgDD_np1

2 3

NEW−BRUNSWICK
EelRiver_37 EelRiver_11

F12_1 F24_1 F12_2 F24_2 F12_3 F24_3

Load1_LdP Load1_LdQ Load11_LdP Load11_LdQ Load10_LdQ

MAINE

Fig. 13. The eastern part of Hydro-Québec power system

7 of 8
 ScopeView

Va Levis 315kV Vb Levis 315kV Vterminal Manic5 P WPP7 Q WPP7 P WPP9 Q WPP9
Vc Levis 315kV 1.06 1.5 1.5
2

1.04 1 1
1

pu
1.02 0.5 0.5

V
pu
0

pu / 100MVA
pu / 100MVA
−1 1 0 0

−2 0.98 −0.5 −0.5

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
s s s s

PosSeq Boucherville 735kV Speed Manic5 Vdc WPP7 Vdc WPP9

1.1 1.001 1140 1200

1.05
1.0005 1120 1150

V
V

pu
pu
1 1100 1100

8 of 8
0.95

0.9995 1080 1050

0.9

0.999 1060 1000

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
s s s s

PosSeq Matane 230kV P Manic5 Q Manic5 Speed WPP7 Speed WPP9

1.1 2000 1.21 1.21

1 1500 1.205 1.205

pu
pu
pu

0.9 1000 1.2 1.2

MVA
0.8 500 1.195 1.195

0 1.19 1.19
0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
s s s s
1/1
Fig. 14. System response to a 6-cycle single-line-to-ground fault