Power Electronics and Drives Tutorial 2 lowest THD occurs at 135° so this is a reasonable (d) Estimate the maximum

easonable (d) Estimate the maximum 20kHz current.

Output voltage is a square wave with a 50% duty choice. mf=51. Determine a weighting factor for this current
cycle, its Fourier series (a) What is the DC bus voltage required? (b) and express it as an equivalent 120Hz current.
4Vdc  sin 3t sin 5t sin nt  Draw the output waveform and draw a full ma=1. (e) Estimate a total current by adding the
Vot    sin t 
   ... 

  3 5 n  bridge inverter. Draw the timing signals for each estimates in parts (c) and (d) in an RMS sense.
of the four switches. (c) Calculate the (f) Select a capacitor or capacitors to suit.
cosnα (peak value);
4Vdc
Vn 
nπ fundamental voltage. Solution :-
2 (d) Calculate the third, fifth, seventh and ninth
Vorms  Vdc 1 
 voltage harmonics.
In 
Vn

4Vdc
cos n; Io1
Vo1 (e) What is the THD on the basis of these
n Zn
Zn
ωL 2  R 2 harmonics? (f) I connect a 100W light bulb.
Q1. The Unipolar waveforms are shown as
Assume it can be modelled as a resistive load.
Io1
Vo1
and Vo1
4Vdc figures 1 to 4. The simulation showed the load
π Find the current at the fundamental and the
ωL 2  R 2 third, fifth, seventh and ninth voltage
fundamental voltage to be 71.09Vrms which
was the same as the total RMS voltage.
P0n,ave  I0n,rms  V0n,rms  cosθ n  n  harmonics
harmonics. (g) Find the power at the
(a) Determine the 50Hz voltage across the
I0,n  V0,n fundamental and the third, fifth, seventh and
  cosθ (where   Zn) inductor and the 50Hz current in the capacitor.
2 ninth voltage harmonics. Compare this to 100W. (b) Determine the filter corner frequency and
Solution:
the expected attenuation at 5100Hz (Unipolar
2  22.5
Vorms  Vdc 1   Vdc 0.866 PWM has strong spectral lines at 5050Hz and
180
5150 Hz). (c) Determine the point of the
Vdc = 360V, α = 30, AC load = 10Ω in series with If Vorms =230V, then Vdc=265.9V
waveforms where we expect the maximum
10Mh, frequeny = 50Hz. Find c.) Vn = (4Vdc / nπ) cos(n α) ; α = 22.5º inductor current ripple and load voltage ripple.
 The first four voltage and current harmonics. fundamental, V1 = (4x266 / π) cos(22.5 º) = (d) Calculate the maximum expected values for
 Power transfer by each harmonics. 312.9Vp = 221.3Vrms inductor current ripple and capacitor voltage
 The RMA sum of first four voltage harmonics. d.) V3 = (4x266 / 3xπ) cos(3x22.5 º) = 43.2Vp =
ripple.
 The total RMS voltages 30.5Vrms Solution:-
Solution: 2 2
e.) THD =  Vorms 
 
 230 
 
a.) Xc = 1/ωC; |Ic|rms = Vrms / Xc;
4Vdc 4Vdc  Vo1rms   1  221.3   1  0.283  23.8% 2 2 2
Vn  cosnα → V1  cos(1 30) {Peak     IL = IR + Ic ; VL = IL * ωL;
nπ 1 π
f.) I = 100W / 230V = 0.434A => R = V/I = b.) ω,corner = 1/√LC
value}
529Ω  f , ripple 
2

V3 
4Vdc
cos(3 30) and so on until V7 (all odd
3 π
numbers)
Total Vrms = (V1+v3+…v7) / √2
2   
Vorms  360 1  ,  where   30  ( rad) 
  6 
Vrms
I   Z  R  ( n  2  f  L)
Z
Q1. conventional inverter = 1Kw, car battery =
12Vdc. The battery has a nominal voltage of
13.8V but will vary from 10V (flat) to 15V (fully
charged). This converter varies its pulse width to
control the voltage. At 10Vdc input the inverter
produces a full square wave – 180° pulses. At
15V the pulse width will reduce to regulate the
AC voltage.
Assume we have an ideal transformer so that
the input output voltage is just controlled by the
turns ratio.
(a) What turns ratio is required to produce
230Vac from a 10V battery input? In this case
we will control the RMS value of the output
waveform. (b) For part (a) what is the value of
the 50Hz fundamental output voltage? Express
your answer in both peak and RMS. Is the result
different from the normal domestic mains
supply? Does this matter for your home
appliances you have taken on your camping
trip? (c) For part (a) what is the peak value of
output voltage waveform? Is the result different
from the normal domestic mains supply? Does
this matter for your home appliances you have
taken on your camping trip? (d) The battery
voltage now increases to 15V. What should be
the inverter pulse width to control the output
voltage to 230Vac in RMS terms.
Solution:
a.)This has an RMS value of 10V.
b.)This has RMS of 230V.
4Vdc
The fundamental is sin ot =292.8 sin ωοt
π
V1peak =292.8Vpeak, V1rms = (292.8/√2) =
207.1Vrms
The total RMS voltage is higher than the
fundamental voltage due to harmonics =>
Vrms(total) = V(fundamental) +V(harmonics)
If the appliance depends on the fundamental, it
may be affected, such as an induction motor
and it will has less torque.
c.) the Vpeak is 230V whereas the sine wave
domestic supply is 230/√2. Switching power
supplies may depend on peak voltage.
d.) 2 => 230 2
Vorms  Vdc 1 
 345
 1

= 0.66 => α = 0.872rad = 50º
Inverter pulse is 80º in each half cycle.
Q2. I am designing a 250W inverter that will use
a DC:DC converter to produce a high voltage DC
bus. As that bus voltage will be controlled by the
DC:DC converter my inverter can run at a fixed
pulse width. The DC:DC does all of the voltage
regulation work.
I operate the inverter at a fixed pulse width of
135° and set the DC bus so that the inverter
output voltage is 230Vac in a RMS sense. The
I1= 221.3/529 = 0.418A; I3 = 30.5/529 =
0.057A; g.) P= I2R
Power Electronics and Drives Tutorial
Unipolar PWM
V o,ave = maVD ; Vo1,rms = (VD ma)/ √2 ; Vo,rms
2 = VD/√2 ma /π
PI R
 2 ma 
ma  
THD = Vo,rms 2  Vo1,rms 2  2 
 
Vo1,rms 2 ma 2
2
2ma VD 2 ma 2
Vo,rms 2  Vo1,rms 2  VD 2   VD m a  
 2
In this tutorial we will sketch the waveforms for
Bipolar and Unipolar PWM. For the full bridge
below the following data applies
 Vd = 100Vdc;
 Load 1+1jΩ at 50Hz – Note : load power factor
angle is 45°.
Q1. Use the unpolar timing waveform
Determine the ratio of the triangle frequency to
the sinewave frequency. (b) Draw the voltage
waveforms Va0; Vb0; Vab.
(c) What is the switching frequency in each
waveform.
Hint – count the up and down switching edges in
each cycle of the 50Hz waveform. (d) Draw the
gate drive logic signals for the four transistors
(1=on; 0=off). You will need patience and a
ruler. Erasable pencil may be a helpful choice.
(e) If the modulation index is 0.8, determine the
peak fundamental current. (f) If the load current
has the magnitude calculated in part (c) and a
45° power factor angle and it is a pure sinusoid –
i.e. ignore the current ripple due to switching –
draw the current in Q1 and D1.
Power Electronics and Drives Tutorial 4
Investigate filter design for Bipolar and Unipolar component assuming all of the 100Hz current is
PWM.
following values – L=0.318mH (0.1pu); C=318uF
(0.1pu)
Attenuation (G) =  
 f , corner 
 
c.) 50%,
3
4
1
ma 
 2 ma 

 2 
TUTORIAL WEEK 5
A 1Ø 20KVA central PV inverter with a 360Vdc
bus using unpolar modulation and a 10kHz
device switching rate (20kHz ripple).
Select a capacitor for a.) 2% peak to peak 100Hz
ripple is required so that the PV does not move
too fast from the maximum power point. b.) A
20 years life base on an equivalent of 6 hours
days of full load and 55. c.) the life
determination will be based on the easily
calculated 100 Hz current. d.) Check life
implication if a 20kHz current equal to 100Hz
current must be carried using the manufactures
applette.
Solution :-
20KVA inverter peak power is 40kW and it is
equivalent to 111.1Adc. 100Hz = 55.56 / √2Arms
Q = (2/π)*5ms*55.56A=176.84mC;
ΔV=2% peak to peak = 7.2V;
CMW = 176.8mC/7.2V= 24560μf
Q1. A single phase inverter interfaces a battery
storage to the grid. Your task is to specify a DC
bus capacitor based on CDE Type 381EL
capacitors. These are US designed capacitors so
some corrections will be needed for 50Hz
operation. The design life is 25 years, with a 6
hours continuous duty each day. Assume an
average enclosure temperature of 65°C.
The inverter specification is 360Vdc input,
230Vac 50Hz output, 20kVA. The switching
frequency is 20kHz, uni-polar modulation.
(a) Estimate the ripple current multiplier to
achieve the required life time. (b) Select a
capacitor voltage such that the capacitor is
subject to no more than 80% of its rated
voltage. (c) Estimate the 100Hz current
in the capacitor and none in the battery.
Determine a weighting factor for this current
and express it as an equivalent 120Hz current.
TUTORIAL WEEK 6
Design Figures: Nominal rating 5kVA at 230Vac,
50Hz single phase. Available stored energy
20kWh. Coupling transformer – leakage
reactance 5%; winding resistance 1.5%. Inverter
filter inductor impedance at 50Hz – 5%,
resistance 0.5%. The filter reactor is split into
two parts, L1 and L2, as shown in Figure 2. Filter
capacitor (C) current 5%. Inverter switching
frequency at the output terminals 20kHz uni-
polar. Battery voltage range 40Vdc to 60Vdc.
Q1. We will ignore the effects of resistance and
filter capacitance. Power flow will be
determined modelling the grid connection and
the inverter as voltage sources connected by an
inductor.
(a) The value of the inductor will be 10%. Why is
this so?
(b) Draw the following vector diagrams with the
grid voltage as a reference at 1.00 pu and the
converter voltage represented by a phasor Vc
δ. Your diagram needs to include the inductor
voltage and current. Hint: work out the required
current vector, and then the resulting inductor
voltage. The inverter voltage vector is the grid
voltage minus the inductor voltage.
i.) The storage provides 5kW of real power into
the grid at UPF
ii.) The storage takes 5kW from the grid at UPF
iii.) The inverter runs as a STATCOM and
appears to the grid as a 5kVA capacitive load
iv.) The inverter runs as a STATCOM and
appears to the grid as a 5kVA inductive load
(c) In each case above state the per unit voltage
required from the inverter. Convert this into a
peak voltage if the grid voltage is 230Vac.
(d)The mains will vary and your design must
operate at 265Vac.Find the case that requires
the highest inverter voltage and determine this
value. The inverter currents are reduced relative
to the 230Vac case.
(e) Find a transformer turns ratio.
(f) Calculate the physical values of L and C.
(g) Calculate the inverter current.
Solution:
i.) Real power into the grid;
Vc δ = Vg – VL
= 10 – (0.190 x 1180)
= 1.004975.71º
ii.) Real power from the grid;
Vc = 1.00497-5.71º
iii.) Capacitance load;
Vc δ= 10 – (0.190 x 190)
= 1.10
iv.) Inductance load;
Vc δ= 10 – (0.190 x 1-90)
= 0.90
c.) i.) 1.005 x 230V x √2 = 327Vp
** do the same for all above
d.) Capacitance case 265Vrms/230
= 1.152Pv.
Ic reduces to 0.868Pv if we have the
same KVA
Vδ = 1.152 – (0.190 x 0.86890)
=1.238pV. So the inverter produces
1.152 x 230 = 285Vrms or 403Vpeak.

TUTORIAL WEEK 7 : The three phase bridge

Line to Line fundamental voltage :
V1rms = V1peak  2 3 Vdc  6 Vdc = 0.7797Vdc;
2 2 

2 3
V1peak = Vdc ; Vrms = 2
Vdc => {L-L rms
 3

voltage}; Phase to Neutral fundamental voltage :

V1rms = V1peak  2 Vdc  2 Vdc = 0.4502Vdc;
2 2 

 
V1 2 3  2 ;
 Vdc 3   Vdc
peak  π  π
 

 2 2
Vphase  1  2  1 
   Vdc   2  Vdc  
= V1rms = 0.4714Vdc
3 3 3 3
     
rms


PMW fundamental voltage :

VANp-p = Vdc; VAN1rms = 1
Vdc } P-N
2 2

voltage VAB1rms = ma
3
Vdc = ma 0.6124Vdc
2 2

} L-L voltage

Q1. (a) If the inverter is operating at 50Hz and in

a square wave mode draw the phase to negative
bus and the line to line motor voltage
waveforms using the supplied 60° ruled page.
(b) Determine the fundamental voltage, the
RMS voltage, the total harmonic distortion of
the line to line voltages.
(c) If the motor is rated at 3kW, has an efficiency
of 90% and a 0.8 lagging power factor
determine the fundamental line current. Draw
the fundamental part of line current supplied
from the left hand phase leg. Identify the
currents in Q1 and D1.
(d) In the low speed mode PWM is used. What is
the highest available fundamental voltage
available ?
(e) What is the ratio the fundamental voltage in
the square wave and the sine wave PWM case?
Solution:
b.) V1rms = (√6 /π)Vdc = 312Vrms; Vrms = (√2
/3)Vdc = 326.6V
The harmonic voltages are : Vh2 = Vrms2 –
V1rms2 = 96.6V
THD = (Vh / V1) = 31%
c.) Pi = (Po / η) = 3000 / 0.9 = 3333W;
S = (Pi / pf) = 3333 / 0.8 = 4167W;
ILine1(rms) = [S / (VLL* √3)] = 4167 / (312Vrms x
√3) = 7.7A
ILine1(peak) = 7.7 x √2 = 10.9A; Ø = 36.8º
d.) V1rms = ma x 0.6124Vdc = 1 x 0.6124 x 400V
= 245Vrms{L-L}
e.) Ratio = 312/245 = 1.27