US2012

Motivation
Proposed Formulation
Results
Numerical simulation of sediment transport by
means of a multiphase model
Three-phase Eulerian mixture formulation
Patricio Bohorquez
1
1
Fluid Mechanics
Escuela Politcnica Superior de Jan
23001 University of Jan
Nuevas tcnicas numricas para problemas de evolucin
3rd Feb 2012, University of Sevilla
Patricio Bohorquez Three-phase 3D model for sediment transport problems
Motivation
Results
Outline
1
Motivation
Problems of Practical Interest and Relevance
Key points and challengues
2
Derivation of the Mixture Formulation
Implementation into Open Source Numerical Libraries
3
Results
Collapse of Silted-up Reservoir
Vertical Settler
Particle Laden Flow down an Inclined Plane
Motivation
Results
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Vertical settler and sedimentation tank
Figure: Figures from Snabre et al. [Rheol. Acta, 48:855, 2009],
illustrating the presence of discontinuities in their experiments
Motivation
Results
Vertical settler and sedimentation tank
Figure: Example of sediment volumetric concentration (top) and
velocity vectors (bottom) in a radial section of a sedimentation tank by
Liu & Garca [J. Hydr. Engrg., 137:343, 2011].
Motivation
Results
Non-uniform time-varying free-surface ows
Figure: Snapshots of dam-break ows: clear water (top) and silted-up
reservoir (bottom) by Duarte et al. [J. Hydr. Engrg., 137:1385, 2011].
Motivation
Results
Erosion below a pipeline
Figure: Interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed: numerical
simulation of Maos experiments (Ser. Paper, Technical University of
Denmark, 1986). Sketch of the problem (left) and temporal evolution
of the bed (right) from Bohorquez (Ph.D. 2008). First numerical
results from the model described herein!
Motivation
Results
Erosion below a pipeline
Figure: (Cont.) Turbulent kinetic energy (top) and sediment volume
fraction (bottom) at a xed instant of time in Maos experiments.
Motivation
Results
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Key point in the modelling
Please notice that . . .
there are 3 phases with similar conservation equations,
referred to as liquid (l ), sediment particles (p) and
atmospheric gas (g),
with continuity equations given by
k
t
+ (
k
v
k
) = 0, (1)
and analogous momentum balance equations
v
k
t
+(
k
v
k
v
k
) =
k
g
k
p
k
+(
k
k
)+
M
k
(2)
where k = {l , p, g}.
Motivation
Results
k
t
+ (
k
v
k
) = 0, (1)
v
k
t
+(
k
v
k
v
k
) =
k
g
k
p
k
+(
k
k
)+
M
k
(2)
Motivation
Results
k
t
+ (
k
v
k
) = 0, (1)
v
k
t
+(
k
v
k
v
k
) =
k
g
k
p
k
+(
k
k
)+
M
k
(2)
Motivation
Results
k
t
+ (
k
v
k
) = 0, (1)
v
k
t
+(
k
v
k
v
k
) =
k
g
k
p
k
+(
k
k
)+
M
k
(2)
Motivation
Results
Challenges
To capture with accuracy discontinuities in 3D ows.
Essential for free-surface and shallow water ows!
To implement a numerical solver valid for complex
geometries of interest for the industry.
To chose a scheme valid for arbitrary values of
k
, dealing
with singularities of the phase momentum equation in the
limits of
k
0 and
k

max
.
To include appropriate constitutive laws for solid
pressure p
p
, particle stresses
k
, momentum source
transfer (
M
k
, e.g., surface tension) and maximum packing
factor
max
.
Motivation
Results
Challenges
k
, dealing
limits of
k
0 and
k

max
.
pressure p
p
, particle stresses
k
, momentum source
transfer (
M
k
factor
max
.
Motivation
Results
Challenges
k
, dealing
limits of
k
0 and
k

max
.
pressure p
p
, particle stresses
k
, momentum source
transfer (
M
k
factor
max
.
Motivation
Results
Challenges
k
, dealing
limits of
k
0 and
k

max
.
pressure p
p
, particle stresses
k
, momentum source
transfer (
M
k
factor
max
.
Motivation
Results
Challenges
k
, dealing
limits of
k
0 and
k

max
.
pressure p
p
, particle stresses
k
, momentum source
transfer (
M
k
factor
max
.
Motivation
Results
The classics
Background theory has experienced few changes since the
rst edition of Ishiis book (1975).
My favourite books are:
D.A. Drew and S.L. Passman Theory of Multicomponent
Fluids. Springer, 1999.
M. Ishii and T. Hibiki. Thermo-uid dynamics of two-phase
ow. Springer, 2006.
K. Hiltunen et al. Multiphase ow dynamics. Theory and
numerics. Technical Report 722, VTT Publications, 2009.
Motivation
Results
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Sketch of the problem
Inclined plane
xaxis
zaxis
g
Solid phase
Liquid phase
Gas phase
F
r
e
e

s
u
r
f
a
c
e
Motivation
Results
Continuity of the mixture (1st of 5 eqs.)
These facts motivate the following denitions:
Density (
m
), velocity of the centre of mass (
v
m
) and
volume (
u
m
) of the liquid-sediment suspension
(1
g
)
m

p
p
+
l
l
, (3)
(1
g
)
v
m

1
m
_
v
p
+
l
v
l
_
, (4)
(1
g
)
u
m

p
v
p
+
l
v
l
. (5)
Slip velocities in the dense suspension

v
r
and in the free
surface

u
r
,
v
r

v
p
v
l
, (6)
u
r

u
m
v
g
. (7)
Motivation
Results
Divide (1) by
k
, add them,
k
1
k
_
k
t
+ (
k
v
k
)
_
= 0, (8)
take into account conservation of volume,
k
=
l
+
p
+
g
= 1, (9)
and dene the volumetric velocity

u,
u = 0 with

u
v
k
. (10)
Motivation
Results
The mixture density and velocity of the centre of mass are

k
, (11)
v
1
v
k
. (12)
By dening
p
and 1
g
, from (10)(12) we get
v =

u+(1)
u
r
+s

+ s
v
r
, s

p
l
1, (13)
and multiplying by , we found out
v =
_
(1 )
u
r
+ s

+ s
v
r
_
. (14)
Motivation
Results
Scalar transport equations (2nd and 3rd of 5 eqs.)
Dividing (1) by
k
with k = l , p and adding them, yields
t
+ (
u) + [(1 )
u
r
] = 0 . (15)
Eliminating

v
l
from (5) and (6), and

v
g
from (5) and (7), we get
v
p
=

u + (1 )
u
r
+
_
1

v
r
. (16)
Now substituting (16) into (1) with k = p, one nds
t
+ (
u) + [(1 )
u
r
] = 0 , (17)
in which
u
r

(1 )
u
r
+ ( )
v
r
(1 )
. (18)
Motivation
Results
Pause
We need:
Momentum balance equation of the mixture
v.
Compressive velocity,

u
r
: dirty trick for 2nd order method
in polyhedral mesh. In the absence of numerical
diffusion, set

u
r
= 0, and recover VOF.
Slip velocity between sediment and liquid,

v
r
(or

u
r
):
Drift-ux model when the relative inertia is negligible.
Evaluate

v
r
from algebraical relations (see Acrivos and
co-workers).
Present contribution Eulerian-Eulerian model.
Formulate and solve an addition PDE for

v
r
from (2).
Motivation
Results
Mixture momentum balance,

v (4th of 5 eqs.)
Start from the momentum balance eqs (with closure laws):
v
l
t
+ (
l
v
l
v
l
) =
l
g
(1
p
)p
l
K(
v
l

v
p
) + (
l
l
) ,
(19)
v
p
t
+ (
p
v
p
v
p
) =
p
g
p
p
l
+ K(
v
l

v
p
) p
p
+ (
p
p
) ,
(20)
v
g
t
+ (
g
v
g
v
g
) =
g
g p
g
+ (
g
g
) .
(21)
Motivation
Results

v (4th of 5 eqs.)
Adding (19)-(21), we get
v
t
+ (
v) =
g p + (
) ,
(22)
where the mixture pressure is given by
p p
l
+ p
g
+ p
p
.
The viscous stress tensor reads:
k={l ,p,g}
k
= 2 , =
1
2
_
v + (
v)
T
2
3
(
v)I
_
,
=
m
+ (1 )
g
,
m
() =
l
_
1

M
_
n
.
Motivation
Results

v (4th of 5 eqs.)
Diffusion stress terms:

_
1

_

l
v
r
v
r
, (23)
(1 )
v
r
v
r
. (24)
The tensors
and
represent the momentum diffusion due

to the relative motion of sediment with respect to liquid and of
the sediment-liquid mixture with respect to air, respectively.
Notice that
p
= 2
m

l
l
_
v
l
+ (
v
l
)
T
2
3
(
v
l
)I
_
(25)
Motivation
Results
Sediment slip velocity,

v
r
(5th of 5 eqs!)
We apply the change rule to the LHS of (19)-(20), and taking
into account (1) yields
v
l
t
+ (
v
l
)
v
l
=
1
l
_
g (1
p
)p
l
+ K
v
r
+ (
l
l
)
_
v
p
t
+(
v
p
)
v
p
=
1
p
_
g
p
p
l
K
v
r
p
p
+ (
p
p
)
_
The solid pressure p
p
is given by (Boyer et al., PRL 2011):
p
p
=
l

_

M
_
2
_
1

M
_
2
.
Motivation
Results
Sediment slip velocity,

v
r
(5th of 5 eqs!)
After some algebra ...
v
r
t
+ (
v
r
) + [w
v
r
v
r
] [ (
v + 2
v
r
)]
v
r
+ K
_
1
p
+
1
(1 )
l
_
v
r
=
_
1
l
_
p
_
1
p
+
1
l
_
p
p
+
1
_
2
m
_
1
(1 )
l
+
1
p
_
[(1 )
l
] ,
(26)
where w 2 (1 + s)/(1 + s).
Motivation
Results
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Field Operation And Manipulation (FOAM)
(0) Did you realize that most differential operators were written
in strong conservation form?
1
We are going to apply a Finite Volume Method, see
Ferziger & Peric (2002).
2
We may employ polyhedral mesh.
3
Also, we elect a Cartesian coordinate system.
4
Taking into account 0, 1, 2 and 3:
We ensure global conservation at the discrete level.
We can assemble the discretisation on a per-operator
basis, i.e. visit each operator in turn and describe a
strategy for evaluating the term and for discretising it.
Motivation
Results
1
2
3
4
Motivation
Results
1
2
3
4
Motivation
Results
1
2
3
4
Motivation
Results
1
2
3
4
Motivation
Results
1
2
3
4
Motivation
Results
1
2
3
4
Motivation
Results
Solving for and is easy:
solve( fvm::ddt(gamma) + fvm::div(phi, gamma)+ fvm::div(-fvc::ux(-phirg, gamma, schemer), gamma, schemer) );
solve( fvm::ddt(beta) + fvm::div(phi, beta)+ fvm::div(-fvc::ux(-phirb, beta, schemer), beta, schemer) );
t
+ (
u) + [(1 )
u
r
] = 0 ,
t
+ (
u) + [(1 )
u
r
] = 0 ,
(
v, p) coupling implies a saddle point problem, get the pressure eq. ensuring continuity (as incompressible ows):
v
t
+ (
v) =
g p + (
) ,
v =
(1 )
u
r
+ s

+ s
v
r
,
fvVectorMatrix VEqn (
fvm::ddt(rho, U) + fvm::div(rhoPhi, U, "div(rhoPhi,U)") - (fvc::grad(U) & fvc::grad(mu)) - fvm::laplacian(mu, U)
- (fvc::grad(U) & fvc::grad(mu)) + fvc::div(Tr) - mu*fvc::grad(fvc::div(U)) + fvc::grad(2.0/3.0*mu*fvc::div(U)) ==
fvc::reconstruct( ( fvc::interpolate(interface.sigmaK())*fvc::snGrad(gamma) - ghf*fvc::snGrad(rho)-
fvc::snGrad(pd) - fvc::snGrad(pp) * mesh.magSf() + fvc::interpolate(rho)*(g & mesh.Sf()) ));
Motivation
Results
Computational cell:
_
V
P
(
x
P
) dV = 0,
_
S
f
(
x
f
) dS = 0,
s
f
=
_
S
f
n dS .
Discretisation is second order accurate in space and time:
(
x) =
P
+ (
x
P
) ()
P
with
P
(
x
P
)
(t + t ) =
t
+ t
_
t
_
t
with
t
(t )
Motivation
Results
t
+ (
v) = q
v
(k) (27)
_
V
c
t
dV
. .
temporal variation
+
_
S
c
(
v) d
. .
convective term
_
S
c
k (
n ) d
. .
diffusive term
=
_
V
c
q
v
dV
. .
source term
(28)
uid uid magnitude
magnitude p.u.volume, ux p.u.surface,
v
volume = 1
v =

v : volumetric ux vector
scalar =
v =
v : scalar ux vector
mass =
v =
v : mass ux vector
momentum =
v =
v : momentum source tensor

Motivation
Results
Classical Finite Volume Formulas:
V
dV =
P
+ (
x
P
) ()
P
dV =
P
V
dV + ()
P

V
(
x
P
)dV =
P
V
P
(29)
n dS =
S
f
n
f
dS
f
=
S
f
n[
f
+ (
x
f
) ()
f
] dS
f
=
s
f
f
(30)
t
dV =
o
t
V
P
,
t
dV =
3
2
n
2
o
+
1
2
oo
t
V
P
. (31)
V
P
dV =
V
P
d
s =
s
f
f
(32)
f
= f
x
P
+ (1 f
x
)
N
where f
x
fN/PN , (33)
V
( v) dV =
S
(
n v)dS =
f
(
s
f
v
f
) =
f
F with F =
s
f
v
f
. (34)
S
k(
n )dS =
S
f
k(
n ) dS =
f
k
f

s
f
()
f
.
Motivation
Results
i nt main ( i nt argc , char argv [ ] )
{
# i ncl ude " setRootCase . H"
# i ncl ude " creat eTi me . H"
# i ncl ude " mycreateMesh . H"
# i ncl ude " r eadEnvi r onment al Pr oper t i es . H"
# i ncl ude " cr eat eFi el ds . H"
# i ncl ude " i n i t Co n t i n u i t y Er r s . H"
# i ncl ude " readTi meCont rol s . H"
# i ncl ude " readPI SOCont rol s . H"
# i ncl ude " cor r ect Phi . H"
# i ncl ude " s e t I n i t i a l De l t a T . H"
whi le ( runTime . run ( ) )
{
# i ncl ude " readTi meCont rol s . H"
# i ncl ude " readPI SOCont rol s . H"
# i ncl ude " compressi bl eCourant No . H"
# i ncl ude " set Del t aT . H"
runTi me++;
# i ncl ude " l i f t Dr agCoef f s . H"
# i ncl ude " cal cul at eVr . H"
# i ncl ude " gbSubCycle . H"
# i ncl ude " updateShearRate . H"
# i ncl ude " updateRho . H"
# i ncl ude " c or r ec t Vi s c os i t y . H"
# i ncl ude " VEqn. H"
f or ( i nt cor r =0; cor r <nCorr ; cor r ++)
{
# i ncl ude " pEqn . H"
# i ncl ude " c or r ec t Vi s c os i t y . H"
}
# i ncl ude " compr essi bl eCont i nui t yEr r s . H"
p = pd + rhogh ;
# i ncl ude " kEpsi l on . H"
# i ncl ude " updat ePhi v . H"
# i ncl ude " cal cMass . H"
runTime . wr i t e ( ) ;
}
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Sediment volumetric concentration

Sediment volumetric concentration at t=0.025 s
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6

Sediment volumetric concentration at t=0.025 s
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Water and particle pressures

Solid pressure (Pa) at t=0.025 s
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0
200
400

Water manom. pressure (Pa) at t=0.025 s
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0
2000
4000
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Discontinuities in a vertical settler: algebraic model
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Discontinuities in a vertical settler: two-phase model
fvVectorMatrix VrEqn(Vr, Vr.dimensions()*dimVol/dimTime);
for (int corr=0; corr<50; corr++)
{
VrEqn =
(
fvm::ddt(Vr)
+ fvm::div(phiVr, Vr, "div(phiVr,Vr)")
+ fvm::SuSp(-fvc::div(phiaux), Vr)
+ fvm::SuSp( ( 1.0/(alpha)/rhop + 1.0/(1.0-alpha)/rhof )*K, Vr)
+ fvc::reconstruct
(
(1.0/rhop-1.0/rhof)*( (fvc::snGrad(pd)+ghf*fvc::snGrad(rho))*mesh.magSf()
+ fvc::interpolate(rho)*(g & mesh.Sf()) )
+ fvc::interpolate( pos(alpha-tolpp)/(alpha)/rhop - 1.0/rhop +
1.0/rhof )*fvc::snGrad(pp)*mesh.magSf()
)
- pos(alpha-tol)/(alpha)/rhop*fvc::laplacian(mu, U)
+ pos(alpha-tol)/(alpha)/rhop*fvc::div(Rc)
==
- pos(alpha-tol)*( 1.0/(alpha)/rhop + 1.0/(1.0-alpha)/rhof )*fvc::laplacian(muf*alpha, Uf)
+ pos(alpha-tol)*( 1.0/(alpha)/rhop + 1.0/(1.0-alpha)/rhof )*fvc::div(Rfc)
);
VrEqn.relax();
solve(VrEqn);
#include updateK;
}
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Outline
1
Motivation
2
3
Results
Vertical Settler
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Sketch of the problem
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Regimes
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Regimes: settled | well mixed | ridged
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Numerical Simulation: ridged regime
Motivation
Results
Vertical Settler
Numerical Simulation: ridged regime

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Motivation

represent the momentum diffusion due

v : momentum source tensor

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