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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol 3, No 7, 2012

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What are the Academic Emotions of Intern Pre-school Teachers?


FU, Ching-Sheue Department of Early Childhood Caring and Education, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology No.89, Wenhua 1st St., Rende Dist., Tainan City 71703, Taiwan E-mail: misssallyfu@gmail.com Abstract Pekrun, Goetz, and Titz (2002) believed that emotions generated during learning are academic emotions. Intern pre-teachers are positioned between students and teachers. Learning environments for interns are different from classrooms. This study summarized positive and negative emotions from intern diaries and weekly diaries of 25 intern pre-teachers using content analysis. Then the data from another 47 intern pre-teachers were used for verification. The result shows that intern pre-teachers had 8 positive academic emotions, include happiness, delight, joy, surprise, relief, pride, hopefulness, and gratefulness, and 6 negative ones, including anger, harassment, worry, nervousness, fear, and anxiety. The main source of positive academic emotions was "children counseling", while that of negative academic emotions was their "insufficient professional abilities". Key words: Intern Pre-teacher, Academic Emotion

1.0 Introduction

Emotions allow people to show themselves in a unique way and enrich communications between people. Hyson (2004) described emotions as a color pen. Wielding the pen and childhoods are painted with wonderful colors. Heck and Williams (1999) once pointed out that teaching is a profession in which people can easily become exhausted emotionally. Teachers devote themselves and put in efforts continuously in terms of emotions and knowledge during interactions with students. Teachers jobs are emotionally labor intensive. Some study pointed out that internship is a transition period. Some interns feel frustrated and doubt themselves for they can hardly be in control of several situations and nothing is what they expect. They are anxious, scared, and lonely. Sometimes they are even scarred and filled with negative emotions (Chen, 2004; Tsai, 2004; Epstein & Dygdon, 2006). However, the results of the studies by Wang (1998) and Lin & Tsai (1997) were different. They believed pre-teachers viewpoints on preschool education change during their internships. They can enjoy their jobs as pre-teachers and feel senses of achievements. Although these studies did not mention what factors changed these teachers, at least we can understand that an "internship" period is not necessarily pure negative experiences. During an internship period, there are still emotions such as joy and happiness. For example, childrens nave and cute talks may lead to positive emotions such as merriment. The research has been training pre-teachers for years. After internships, some students begin to fear for their future jobs as pre-teachers and want to try other jobs. However, some are more determined to devote themselves in preschool education. Are emotions experienced during internships causes of pre-teachers changes in attitudes toward their future preschool jobs? This issue should be discussed. Emotions are individuals feelings caused by some stimulation (Chiang, 2004a; Chang, 2004; Barrett, Mesquita, Ochsner & Gross, 2007). According to some recent studies (Gonul Sakiz, 2007; Pekrun, Goetz, & Titz, 2002;

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Pekrun, 2005; Pekrun, Markus & Andrew, 2006; Turner, Meyer, Midgley, & Patrick, 2003; Wentzel, 2003), emotions play an important role in learning for they can influence students interest in learning and learning achievements. Goetz, Pekrun, Hall, and Haag et al. (2006) believed that students emotions are related to their sense of happiness. The influence of emotions on learning and achievements is an important issue. Emotions in learning are field-specific, which means that learning different subjects leads to different emotions (Pekrun et,al. ,2002; Rubie-Davies, 2006; Vstfjll, Grling & Kleiner, 2004). The researcher believes that although intern pre-teachers are teachers in intern fields, they are still in a way students. In their internships, they have to deal with different people, affairs, and things. Their learning environments are different from classrooms. Of course emotions they may experience are different. This type of learning process is an emotional experience. Pekrun et al. (2002) believed that these experiences are academic emotions. What is the relationship between emotions and learning? This issue is discussed below: 1.1Emotions and Learning Emotions in learning are field-specific, which means that learning different subjects leads to different emotions (Pekrun et,al. ,2002; Rubie-Davies, 2006; Vstfjll, Grling & Kleiner, 2004). The researcher believes that although intern pre-teachers are teachers in intern fields, they are still in a way students. In their internships, they have to deal with different people, affairs, and things. Their learning environments are different from classrooms. Of course emotions they may experience are different. This type of learning process is an emotional experience. Pekrun et al. (2002) believed that these experiences are academic emotions. What is the relationship between emotions and learning? This issue is discussed below: From the psychological aspect, emotions are a set of complex interactions between subjective factors and objective ones. They are adjusted by nervous system and hormone system (Lindquist, Barrett, Bliss-Moreau, & Russell, 2006; Scherer, 2005). Functions of emotions include (1) causing experiences of affections such as being alert, merry, or unhappy, (2) creating cognition processes such as affection-related perception and evaluation and classification works, (3) activating general physiological adaptation into alert state, and (4) leading to behaviors, usually expressive, goal-oriented, and adaptation behaviors. For a long time psychologists have put a lot of emphases on "emotions" as a research subject, including the relationship between explicit behaviors and tacit cognition. However, Pekrun and Frese (2002) analyzed studies from PsycINFO from 1974~2000 regarding emotions and found that, other than studies on anxious emotions, there havent been many studies about learning-related emotions. Thus Pekrun further studied the relationship between learning and emotions. In 2002, Pekrun, Goetz, and Titz performed qualitative interviews with high school students to find out their emotional feelings during learning. After analyzing the interview data, it was found that students experienced rich and various emotions in an academic situation, not just anxiety. There were also 9 other emotions, including joy, hopefulness, pride, relief, anger, boredom, hopelessness, and shame. In sum, emotions are closely related to learning. In a learning process, a learner may experience various emotions. The role of intern pre-teachers is between teachers and students. For college students, positioning themselves is not an easy thing to do. In addition, internship period is like a survival period in teachers career, for interns have to try everything they can to deal with teaching and class management difficulties other than adaptation issues (Tsai, 2004; Larson and Anne, 2005).
1.2Contents of Academic Emotions

As for the categorization of emotions, according to the recent studies (Pekrun et al., 2002; Russell, 2003;

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol 3, No 7, 2012

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Russell & Barrett, 1999; Vstfjll, Grling & Kleiner, 2004), emotions should not be simply categorized into positive ones and negative ones. Individuals energy and mobilization regarding emotional feelings must be taken into consideration. Therefore, emotions can be categorized into activating ones and deactivating ones. Activating emotions (e.g. hopefulness or shame) provide individuals energy and mobilization, while deactivating emotions (e.g. relief or hopelessness) reduce energy and mobilization. Pekrun et al. (2002) divided emotions into four types based on valence and activation, including positive activating emotions (enjoyment, hopefulness, and pride), negative activating emotions (e.g. anger, anxiety, and shame), positive deactivating emotions (relief), and negative deactivating emotions (helplessness and boredom) Like many studies had pointed out, interns are anxious and helpless during their processes of internships. However, what are intern pre-teachers emotional experiences in preschools as intern fields? So far there had no further study regarding this issue. Internships are important in the process of students becoming teachers and very key to future quality of teachers (Jiang, 2004b; Ministry of Education, 1999; Tsai, 2004). To an intern preschool teacher who just stepped into a teaching site, influences of his emotional efforts and changes on his future career should not be ignored. Thus, the researcher expected to find out academic emotions sources of intern pre-teachers and possible types of academic emotions, develop an applicable scale, and understand current status of intern pre-teachers academic emotions. Thus, the purposes of this study included: To explore academic emotion types of practice pre-teacher. To explore academic emotion sources of practice pre-teachers.
2.0 Method 2.1Participants and data collection The research subjects of this study were divided into three groups. The 25 intern pre-teacher in the first group were those who had done their internships in preschools in 2008. The 47 intern pre-teacher in the second group were those who had done their internships in preschools in 2009. And the third group consisted of 3 teachers of intern pre-teacher. This study aimed to further explore types and resources of academic emotions of intern pre-teacher during their internships. The intern diaries and weekly diaries of the subjects in the first group were the basis of the text analysis. The collected text was categorized, summarized, coded, and named. Then, the data from the second and the third groups were used for the reliability tests. 2.2Data Analysis Content analysis is a method of objective quantification for obvious delivered contents. In other words, it is a research method used to study and analyze contents of documents with an objective and systematic attitude using a quantification technique and qualitative analysis, in order to infer backgrounds of meanings of those documents (Ou, 1994). In sum, content analysis is a method which focuses on both quantity and quality, using quantity of contents to infer their quality. It is also called a quasi-statistical analysis. It categorizes, codes, and names words or sentences from interview contents. Naming methods can be based on existing theories or newly developed concepts to create core categories. 2.3Research Instrument 2.3.1Analyzing Categories In this study, the categories used were "types of academic emotions" and "sources of academic emotions" in order to

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reach research goal 1. In addition, literature review was performed for studies related to academic emotions, including definitions and descriptions of academic emotions, in order to summarize meanings and orientations of academic emotions as the basis of sub-categories for this study. The categories and sub-categories are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 the analysis tools and keywords used in this study and their corresponding meanings Category Sub-category Positive academic emotions Types of academic emotion Negative academic emotions Keywords Joy, pride, delight, happiness, excitement, hopefulness, relief, safety, gratefulness, peace Rage, sorrow, anger, anxiety, tiredness, surprise, shame, disappointment, boredom Children counseling Feedback, childrens happiness, hurt, sorrow, gratefulness Sources of academic emotion Teaching works Teaching, teaching practicum Preschool affair administration Administration, preschool regulations Class affair handling Class order, in-class manners Description Themes of text show that individuals feel satisfied with evaluation results of emotional stimulations Themes of text show that individuals do not feel satisfied with evaluation results of emotional stimulations Children's behaviors require guidance or interns receive responses from children Management of class order and effectively handling in-class situations Interns' self-evaluations or evaluations by others Administrative affairs or affairs what need to be executed of preschools 2.3.2Text Content Analysis The intern diaries by the research subjects in the first group during their internships were analyzed. There were 25

practices pre-teacher in the first group. Their internships were 7-week long. Every day they had to write their intern
diary for that day. Every one of them had to write 35 diaries. The researcher performed emotion description analysis and subject selection based on their intern diaries. A total of 875 intern diaries were analyzed. The unit used for weekly diaries was "one week". Weekly diaries were used to retrospect how incidents were handled during internships. A total of 175 weekly diaries were analyzed. The process of content analysis was as below: The researcher read every intern diary in detail and underlined every expression related to some emotion. The emotion-related expressions were categorized into positive emotions and negative ones and marked.

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2.3.3Liability and Validation Tests

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In the field of social science, qualitative researchers are often asked about liability and validation issues. Patton (1990) believed that liability and validation of a qualitative study can be obtained by allowing several researchers to review that study over and over. Thus, in order to verify the credibility, transferability, and reliability of "intern pre-teacher' academic emotions", this study performed liability and validation tests by two parts, the intern peer part and the teacher peer part. 2.3.3.1Verification with Intern Peers After applying content analysis to the intern diaries and the weekly diaries, intern pre-teacher' academic emotions were summarized. The researcher summarized the emotion-related events described by the subjects from the above-mentioned data as the basis of the questions (with three options each, including agree, disagree, and no comment) for the second group members to answer. When a second group member checked the "agree" option of an item, it means that he agreed with the emotion-related event described by the first group members. When a second group member checked the "disagree" option of an item, it means that he disagreed with the emotion-related event described by the first group members. When a second group member checked the "no comment" option of an item, it means that he had no comment about the emotion-related event described by the first group members. According to the Pareto principle, 80% of results are determined by 20% of causes (Chen, 2010). It means that for many phenomena, 80% of them are just a result by majority. Thus, if for an emotion-related event, 80% of the second group members checked "agree", that event was listed as a emotion of intern pre-teacher. And if less than 80% of the second group members checked "agree", that event was excluded. 2.3.3.2Verification with Teacher Peers The purpose of the reliability test of the content analysis was to find out if, when the research analyzed categories, contents could be categorized into same categories so that the results were consistent (Ou, 1994). After the researcher analyzed the intern pre-teacher' emotion categories, 3 teachers who were also intern pre-teacher performed independent analyses. This way their viewpoints could be compared to find out if analysis results were consistent. And the influence of the researcher's subjective viewpoints could be reduced. The inter-coder reliability analysis consisted of inter-coder agreement and coding reliability. They were calculated using the equations below (Huang and Chien, 1997).

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2M aInter-coder agreement (P)= N1+N2

M: Number of completely agreed items N1: Number of items agreed by the first analyst N2: Number of items agreed by the second analyst n b. Average inter-coder agreement = (P) = N: Number of comparisons cCoding reliability nP Reliability = 3.0 Results 3.1Types of Intern Pre-teacher Emotions After analyzing the intern diaries and weekly diaries of the subjects in the first group, the types of academic emotions were summarized. A total of 153 positive emotion-related descriptive expressions and 190 negative ones were found (Table 2 and Table 3). Table 2 Statistics of types of intern pre-teacher' positive academic emotions after the content analysis Emotion-related word Number of occurrences Percentage (%) Emotion-related word Number of occurrences Percentage (%) Emotion-related word Number of occurrences Percentage (%) Happiness 32 21% Hopefulness 13 8% Relaxation 9 6% Delight 20 13% Satisfaction 11 7% Surprise 7 5% Joy 16 10% Gratefulness 10 7% Enjoyment 7 5% Pride 13 8% Peace 9 6% Relief 6 4% Total 153 100% n: Number of analysts 1+(n-1)P i=1 N

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Table 3 Statistics of types of intern pre-teacher' negative academic emotions after the content analysis Emotion-related word Number of occurrences Percentage (%) Emotion-related word Number of occurrences Percentage (%) Emotion-related word Number of occurrences Percentage (%) Anger 32 17% Anxiety 18 9% Worry 9 5% Fear 30 16% Frustration 14 7% Sorrow 4 2% Boredom 28 15% Helplessness 14 7% Hatred 2 1% Nervousness 26 14% Harassment 13 7% Total 190 100%

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Some words were the same or similar and therefore excluded. Then there were a total of 70 emotion-related words left. Among them, 29 were positive while 41 were negative. They are listed in Table 4 below. Table 4 Summary of words related to intern pre-teachers' positive and negative emotions after excluding the duplicated or similar ones Positive emotions (n=29) Happiness (n=5) Delight (n=6) Joy (n=3) Enjoyment (n=1) Pride (n=4) Hopefulness (n=1) Surprise (n=2) Satisfaction (n=1) Peace (n=1) Gratefulness (n=2) Relief (n=1) Relaxation (n=2) Anger (n=6) Nervousness (n=5) Anxiety (n=3) Helplessness (n=3) Frustration (n=3) Worry (n=2) Negative emotions (n=41) Boredom (n=6) Hatred (n=1) Fear (n=6) Harassment (n=3) Sorrow (n=1)

3.2Results of Verification with Intern Peers The verification with intern peers was to list the 70 emotion-related expressions for the research subjects in the second group to choose among "agree", "disagree", and "no comment" according to their viewpoints on the descriptions of those emotion-related events. After the second group subjects were done, there were a total of 24 emotion-related events with over 80% of second group subjects checking the "agree" option. According to the result of the verification with intern peers in the table above, a total of 11 positive emotion-related expressions of events and 8 negative ones were agreed by over 80% of the intern peers. There were a total of 14 positive and negative emotions, including 8 positive ones, which were happiness, delight, joy, surprise, relief, pride, hopefulness, and gratefulness, and 6 negative ones, which were anger, harassment, worry, nervousness, fear, and anxiety. 3.3Sources of Intern Pre-teachers Academic Emotions Intern pre-teachers have to learn about children counseling, class affair handling, teaching, school administrative works, etc. (Tsai, 1998; Epstein & Dygdon, 2006; Ni Chang, 2007) during their internships. In order to explore

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sources of intern pre-teachers' academic emotions, this study used the things that intern pre-teachers must learn as the categories for analyses to find out what caused their academic emotions. The researcher categorized the sources of the intern pre-teachers' emotional experiences into children counseling, class affair handling, teaching works, and school affair administration based on the associations of the text contents, for the purpose of exploring the interpretability, explorability, and reliability of the sources of intern pre-teachers' emotional experiences. After the research samples, categories for analyses, and units were determined, the verification with teacher peers was performed, in order to obtain the reliability of each category. Reliability is the degree of consistency among the categorizations by the coders. Higher consistency leads to higher reliability. In this study, the degree of consistency was defined by the common views of the four people, including the researcher and the 3 teachers who taught practice courses. Higher consistency meant higher reliability of the content analysis and more precise and objective analyses. The four teachers coded the 19 emotion-related expressions. After using the equations, the obtained degree of mutual agreement and reliabilities are summarized in Table 5. Table 5 Mutual agreement and reliability of the coding results Researcher Teacher peer #1 Teacher peer #2 Teacher peer #3 0.891 0.900 0.887 0.850 0.910 0.883 Teacher peer #1 Teacher peer #2

Average mutual agreement(0.8910.9000.8870.8500.9100.883) / 6 0.8418 Reliability 30.8418 /1 (20.8418) 0.9410 Some scholars pointed out that inter-coder reliability must be over 0.90 (Yang and Hsieh, 2003). In this study, the reliability obtained with the coding results by the researcher and the three teacher peers was 0.94, which was acceptable. After the verification with the teacher peers, the sources of intern pre-teachers' academic emotions are summarized in Table 6. Table 6 Summary of the sources of intern pre-teachers academic emotions after the verification with teacher peers Children counseling No. of emotion-related expressions Percentage (%) Rank 46% 1 25% 2 25% 2 4% 4 100% 9 Teaching works 5 Class affair handling 5 School 1 affair Total 19 administration

According to the information above, "children" was an important influential factor in the field for intern pre-teachers' academic emotions. "Children counseling" was an important source of intern pre-teachers' emotion-related events. Both main sources of the positive emotion "delight" and the negative emotion "anger" were children. In addition, teachings and praises for interns from counseling teachers in preschools were also a source of interns' emotion-related events.

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Specifically, the verification with teaching peers was performed for the sources of intern pre-teachers' emotional experiences in the field based on the 4 major topics to be learned (class affair handling, children counseling, teaching works, and preschool affair administration). According to the results, in the aspect of positive emotions, "children counseling" was an important source of interns' positive emotions. Because of children's responses to the interns or the interns seeing children's growth, emotion of joy was developed. In addition, "class affair handling" and "teaching works" also led to positive emotions due to the interns' experiences of children's growth. Thus, positive interactions between children and intern pre-teachers were the main cause of interns' positive emotions. And if interns did not participate in "preschool affair administration" during their internships, positive emotions were not generated. As for negative emotions, most interns had negative emotions when they could not guide children to achieve good learning performances. In short, the source of intern pre-teachers' negative emotions was their lack of professional abilities. From above, it was found that the positive emotion related events intern pre-teachers had experienced during their internships were more diversified than negative ones. Most of intern pre-teachers' negative emotions during their internships were caused by their bad performances caused by their inabilities, such as not being prepared before field teaching or not being able to maintain class order during field teaching. This type of negative emotions was due to interns' lack of professional abilities. This conclusion supported Lin's (2006) study, which suggested that the main trouble factors of intern pre-teachers during their internships included lack of teaching ability and bad class management. However, intern pre-teachers could also experience diversified positive emotions during their internships. This type of emotions was developed under children's and counseling teachers' feedbacks. Intern pre-teachers may feel fun and sense of achievement during their internships. Some studies in Taiwan (Wang, 1998; Lin & Tsai, 1997) also had the same viewpoints. This kind of sense of achievement can be personally experienced and felt by interns during their internships. 4.0 CONCLUSION Expressions of intern pre-teachers' academic emotions were diversified. Previous studies had suggested that different subjects lead to different emotional feelings (Pekrun et al., 2002; Rubie-Davies, 2006; Vstfjll, Grling & Kleiner, 2004). The result of this study shows that intern pre-teachers' academic emotions included 8 positive ones, which were happiness, delight, joy, surprise, relief, pride, hopefulness, and gratefulness, and 6 negative ones, which were anger, harassment, worry, nervousness, fear, and anxiety. Intern pre-teachers' academic emotions covered almost all emotions. In sum, during internships, intern pre-teachers had both positive and negative academic emotions. And what caused their emotions included children, counseling teaches, and interns' selves. Pekrun et al. (2002, 2006, 2007) considered a "quality teaching environment" as an antecedent to create happy learning emotions in their control-value theory and cognitive motivation model. This study supported the assertion of Pekrun et al.. Intern pre-teachers had negative emotions of anxiety and nervousness because they were not familiar with teaching skills. All the other emotions, both positive and negative, were caused by classroom atmosphere, counseling teachers, and children's feedbacks. Thus, both children and counseling teachers were people with great influences on intern pre-teachers' academic emotions. High quality field teaching environments helped to create positive inner values for learning achievements for intern pre-teachers and further generate positive affections. On the contrary, low-quality field teaching environments facilitated negative emotions. Thus, children, counseling teachers, interns themselves, and learning atmosphere in

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field teaching environments were the important indexes which influenced interns' performances.

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In conclusion, intern pre-teachers' positive academic emotions (happiness, delight, joy, surprise, relief, pride, hopefulness, and gratefulness) were more diversified than their negative ones (anger, harassment, worry, nervousness, fear, and anxiety). And in the verification with intern peers, percentage of positive academic emotion related events agreed was higher than that of negative ones. This means intern pre-teachers' academic emotions during their internships were mostly positive. And intern pre-teachers believed that the causes of negative academic emotions included field teaching performances not as good expected and lack of professional abilities thus not being completely prepared. Some previous studies (Wang, 1999; Lin & Tsai, 1997; Tsai & Yang, 1999; Starnes & Bohach, 1995) believed that almost every intern found himself not having enough professional competence during his internship. Thus, more efforts should be put in to improve intern pre-teachers' professional abilities in the field of preschool teacher trainings. Reference Barrett,L.F., & Mesquita,B., & Ochsner K.N., & Gross,J.J.(2007). The experience of emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychology, 58, 373-403. Chang, C. S. (2004). Introduction to Psychology. Taipei: Tunghua. Chen, M. Y. (2004). Problems Intern Teachers often Encounter and Coresponding Strategies. Published in New Teaching Practice Guide (343-380) by Li, Y. Y., Chen, M. Y., and Jen, S. L.: Taipei: Psychological Publishing. Epstein, A. & Dygdon, J. A. (2006).Using online psychological consultation in early childhood student teacher preparation. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 27, 47-64. Ericsson K. & Simon H.A. (1993). Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data, Revised Edition. Cambridge: MIT Press. Goetz,T. & Pekrun,R. & Hall,N. and Haag,L. (2006).Academic emotions from a social-cognitive perspective: Antecedents and domain specificity of students affect in the context of Latin instruction. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 289308. Gonul Sakiz, M.A.(2007). Does Teacher Affective Support Matter? An Investigation of the Relationship among Perceived Teacher Affective Support, Sense of Belonging, Academic Emotions, Academic Self-efficacy Beliefs, and Academic Effort in Middle School Mathematics Classrooms(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). State University of the Ohio State University. USA. Huang, G. S. & Jiang, M. F. (1997). Research Methods for Education (5th edition). Taipei City: Shta Books. Hyson, M. (2004). The Emotional Development of Young Childrenbuilding an Emotion-centered Curriculum. 2nd ed. Teachers College Press. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University. Jen, L. (2010). 80/20 Principle (Pareto, Vilfredo). Tianjin: Science and Technology Press. Jiang, W. T. (2004a). The Emotion Regulation of College Students: Processes and Developmental Characteristics. Bulletin of Educational Psychology. 35(3), 249-268. Jiang, W. T. Larson, (2004b). The Emotional Map of Intern Teachers: A Social- Constructivist Perspective. Bulletin of (2005). Preserves teachers field experience: some things never change. Physical Educational Psychology. 36(1), 59-83 Anne, Educator,00318981,Fall2005,62(3). Lin, Y. W (2006/11). A Study of the Participation in New System Internship and Current Statuses of Tests and

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