NCC Education 2011

Johann Farrugia

Enterprise Networking

NCC Education 2011

Johann Farrugia

Table of Contents
Executive Summary (4 marks) ................................................................................... 7 Task 1 ........................................................................................................................ 8 Topologies .............................................................................................................. 8 Star ......................................................................................................................... 9 Tree Topology ...................................................................................................... 10 Extended Star Topology ....................................................................................... 11 What is a Medium? ............................................................................................... 12 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable .................................................................. 12 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable ...................................................................... 13 Coaxial Cable ....................................................................................................... 14 Fibre Optic Cable .................................................................................................. 15 Fibre Optic Connectors ..................................................................................... 16 Wireless LANs ...................................................................................................... 16 LAN Coastguard Stations .................................................................................. 18 Central Data Centre .............................................................................................. 18 WAN Coastguard Stations .................................................................................... 19 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 19 Task 2 10 Marks .................................................................................................... 20 Overview ............................................................................................................... 20 Internet Services ................................................................................................... 20 Multisite Link - Options Considered................................................................... 20 Internet Service Options Considered ............................................................. 20 Stations - Services Installed ................................................................................. 21 Internet Setup in the Coastguard Station .............................................................. 23 Case 1 Cable connection is down .................................................................. 24

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Case 2 Fibre Metro Ethernet E-Lan Service is down ..................................... 24 Case 3 Fibre Service Metro Ethernet E-Lan and Cable go down ................... 24 Connection Speeds .............................................................................................. 25 Network / Internet Usage Forecasting ............................................................... 25 Determining Speeds Required .......................................................................... 26 ISPs .................................................................................................................. 27 Proof of Fibre Services Offered by ISPs. .......................................................... 29 Services Needed .................................................................................................. 32 Recommending an Internet Service Provider .................................................... 32 ISP for Fibre ...................................................................................................... 32 Cable Internet.................................................................................................... 32 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) - Network and Internet ....................................... 33 Operational Expenditure (OPEX) - Network and Internet .................................. 33 Task 3 ...................................................................................................................... 34 Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 34 Location and size of OceanLand ....................................................................... 34 Background Information ........................................................................................ 34 Operation Modes - Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex .......................................... 37 Simplex ............................................................................................................. 37 Half-Duplex ....................................................................................................... 37 Full-Duplex ........................................................................................................ 38 Two-Way Voice Communications ......................................................................... 38 What are Wavelength, Frequency and Amplitude? ........................................... 39 Radio Waves ........................................................................................................ 40 Two Way Voice Communication ........................................................................... 40 The Technologies.............................................................................................. 40

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Johann Farrugia

Radio Frequencies ............................................................................................ 41 This Scenario Technologies to be implemented ............................................ 42 Legal Requirements.............................................................................................. 47 Allocation of Frequencies .................................................................................. 47 Equipment Regulations ..................................................................................... 48 Costs .................................................................................................................... 49 Licensing Costs ................................................................................................. 49 Equipment Costs ............................................................................................... 49 Equipment ............................................................................................................ 52 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 62 Task 4 30 Marks .................................................................................................... 63 Overview ............................................................................................................... 63 112........................................................................................................................ 69 Integrating National Coast Guard to 112 ........................................................... 70 Selecting the Best PABX ...................................................................................... 71 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) ............................................................................... 72 PABX and Phones ............................................................................................ 72 Fibre Installation ................................................................................................ 73 ISDN Installation ............................................................................................... 73 GSM Mobile Gateway ....................................................................................... 73 GSM Mobile Phones ......................................................................................... 73 Total One Time Telephony Costs ......................................................................... 74 Operational Costs (OPEX) .................................................................................... 75 Maintenance agreement ................................................................................... 75 Recommended PABX ........................................................................................... 76 Task 5 10 Marks .................................................................................................... 78

NCC Education 2011

Johann Farrugia

Backup Power Solution Structure ......................................................................... 78 Central Data Centre Essentials Power Consumption ........................................... 80 Station Essentials Power Consumption ................................................................ 81 UPS use ............................................................................................................ 83 TETRA .............................................................................................................. 83 TETRA Relay Mode .......................................................................................... 85 TETRA Usability during crisis ............................................................................ 85 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 86 Appendix (6marks) ................................................................................................... 87

NCC Education 2011

Johann Farrugia

NCC Education 2011

Johann Farrugia

Executive Summary (4 marks)

The project is aimed towards OceanLand. This document proposes a reliable telecom, radio and data communication network between the Central Data Centre, the 20 Coast Guard Station and their respective 20 Boats. After we have carefully considered all options, reliability and costs, it is being recommended that the Central Data Centre and the 20 Coast Guard Station will be installed with a fibre connection providing centrally filtered 10Mb/10MB fast internet service by Go Plc. The same fibre connection will provide a point to multipoint to multipoint connection between all the sites. Therefore the network will operate as if the users were all in the same building. In case of fibre connection disruption, the network will be backed up by a 25Mb/1.5MB cable connection provided by Melita Cable. The Alcatel-Lucent OmniPCX Office RCE, which is a hardware based PABX, will provide the telephony switching service also known as PABX. The PABX will be installed by GO plc. at the Central Data Centre. All of the stations can talk to the Central Data Centre through IP phones thus making the calls free and fast. We recommend that the premises and boats are equipped with VHF, UHF, MF, HF, PTMR and TETRA radios. This is to ensure that communication can be made to other boats and stations in all circumstances. All the premises electrical distributions will be divided into two (2) section; essential and non-essential. The scope is that main operating essential equipment will be backed up by UPSs and electrical generators in order to ensure system uptime, whereas the other non-essential equipment can remain off until the power station electricity returns.

NCC Education 2011

Johann Farrugia

Task 1

Investigate the possible network topologies and media that could be used to create the in-house computer network (LAN) for each coastguard station.

a) Explain how the topologies operate. [4 marks]

Topologies
Linear Bus Star Extended Star

Linear Bus A Linear bus is made up of one main cable running through the entire network. All nodes are connected to this linear cable. The cable is terminated at both ends.

Figure 1 - Linear Bus topology http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap5/chap5.htm

A linear bus requires much less cable than a star topology but if the main cable breaks the entire network goes down. Also, it is difficult to troubleshoot if the entire network goes down.

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Johann Farrugia

Star
A star topology is designed with each node connected directly to a network switch. Data on a star passes through a switch. The switch also acts as a repeater. The setup is commonly used with twisted pair (UTP CAT 5/6). A star can also be used with coaxial or fibre cable

Figure 2 - Star Topology

A star topology is easy to wire, troubleshoot and expand. This setup is the most widespread as it is relatively easy to maintain. The only downside of a star topology is the large amount of cable that needs to be used.

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Johann Farrugia

Tree Topology
A tree topology is made up of groups of star networks which are combined on a linear bus. Tree topologies allow the expansion of an existing network.

Figure 3 - Tree Topology

This topology allows the expansion of different star networks and is widely supported by various hardware vendors. A drawback for this topology is that if the backbone line breaks the entire network segment goes down.

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Extended Star Topology

One of the most popular topologies for Ethernet LANs is the star and extended star topology. It is easy to setup, its relatively cheap, and it creates more redundancy than the Bus Topology. The Star Topology works by connecting each node to a central device. This central connection allows us to have a fully functioning network even when other devices fail. The only real threat to this topology is that if the central device goes down, so does the entire network.

Figure 4 - Extended Star

The Extended Star Topology is a bit more advanced. Instead of connecting all devices to a central unit, we have sub-central devices added to the mix. This allows more functionality for organization and subnetting, yet also creates more points of failure. In many cases it is impractical to use a Star Topology since networks can span an entire building. In this case, the Extended Star Topology is all but necessary to prevent degraded signals. Whereas the Star Topology is better suited for small networks, the Extended Star Topology is generally better for the larger ones.

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b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each medium. [4 marks]

What is a Medium?
A medium is the physical means through which information travels from a node/device to another. A medium can be a cable or a wireless communication such as an electromagnetic wave. There are several kinds of cables used for both LANs and WANs. At times, one network can make use of different kinds of cable. The network topology, the protocol and the size determine what type of cable is used in a network. The below listed media are explained in more detail further below: 1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable 2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable 3. Coaxial Cable 4. Fibre Optic Cable 5. Wireless LANs

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

There are two kinds of UTP; shielded and unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option star networks.

Figure 5 - Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

UTP standards may vary from telephone wire (e.g. CAT1) to high-speed (e.g. CAT6) cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Association) has established standards of UTP as below: Industry

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Type

Use

Category 1 Voice Only (Telephone Wire) Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk) Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet) Category 4 Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token Ring) Category 5 Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) Category 6 Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)
Figure 6 - Unshielded Twisted Pair Categories

The difference between the categories of UTPs is the tightness of the twisting. The less the distance between twists, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. Figure 7 below depicts an RJ-45 (Registered Jack) connector which is the standard termination for UTP.

Figure 7 - RJ-45 connector

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is subject to radio and electrical frequency interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments subject to electrical interference such as cabling close to power distribution boards.

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Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling also known as Coax has a single copper conductor at its centre. A plastic layer provides insulation between the centre conductor and a braided metal net shield (See Figure 8). The metal net shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, electrical motors, and other computers.

Figure 8 Coaxial cable

Coaxial is bulky and not as flexible as UTP, making it less easy to install. Its rigidity and weight contributes to its strength and reliability. Coaxial can support greater cable lengths than twisted pair cables. There are two kinds of coaxial; thinnet (10Base2) and ticknet (10Base5). Thinnet has a maximum segment length of 200m whilst thicknet has a maximum segment length of 500m Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are: thick coaxial and thin coaxial. The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-NeillConcelman (BNC) connector (Figure 9). There are various BNC connectors, including a T-connector (splitter), barrel connector (to plug an extension), and terminator. Connectors are weakest physical points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, avoid using the BNC connectors that are screw. Use the crimping connectors will make the termination stronger.

Figure 9 - BNC connector

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Fibre Optic Cable

Fibre Optics use light in the medium for transmission, thus the fibre eliminate the problem of electrical interference. The cable is made up of a centre glass core surrounded by layers of protective materials (See Figure 10). Due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting, fibre has become a common practice to connect separate building in the same country. Fibre optic cables are capable of transmitting signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at extremely greater speeds. The cost of fibre optic cabling is very expensive when compared to copper cabling such as UTP.

Figure 10 Fibre Optic Cable

The outer insulation of fibre is made of Teflon or PVC. Kevlar fibre (same material as some racing boats) is used to strengthen the cable. The inner core is cushioned by a plastic coating. The core is made up of glass or plastic fibres.

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NCC Education 2011 Fibre Optic Connectors

Johann Farrugia

The most common connectors used with fibre optic cables are an ST and SC connector. ST is barrel shaped, similar to a BNC connector. The SC is becoming more popular. It has a squared shape and it is easier to connect in a limited space.

Figure 11 - Different vendors have different fibre connectors

Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals to communicate to other nodes. Information is relayed between transceivers as if they were physically connected. For longer distance, wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone technology or by satellite.

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Wireless networks are great for allowing laptops connect to the LAN via Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). Wireless networks are also beneficial in older/historical buildings where it may be difficult or impossible to install cables. Wireless LANs provide poor security, and are vulnerable to electrical interference from lights and radios. They are also slower than LANs using cabling and their range can go up to a 1000m on an open plan; buildings cut down the signal by a very big chunk. The width of the walls affects the range.

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c) Provide a recommendation for which topology and medium to use including reasons for this recommendation. [2 marks] LAN Coastguard Stations A star topology over CAT6 will be implemented. A star topology has been chosen since it is the most reliable and easy to maintain. Also, it is widespread and there is a lot of equipment available. The RJ45 female wall sockets will be terminated into a 24 port CAT 6 patch panel. Any sockets used for the network will be plugged into a Gigabit switch (e.g. DELL PowerConnect 2824). CAT6 is the latest mainstream cabling for networks. It can be used for both voice and data. It supports 1000Mbps data transfer and therefore it is more than enough for the stations. It is approximately 65% more expensive than CAT5E but it is worth it since it can reach gigabit speed. Using a gigabit network ensures that the network speed will be fast and thus it opens more doors when it comes to choosing a PABX (IP vs. Conventional). Medium: UTP CAT6 Topology: STAR Recommendation Reason: CAT6 is the latest mainstream cabling for networks. It can be used for both voice and data. It supports 1000Mbps data transfer and therefore it is more than enough for the stations.

Central Data Centre

The Central Data Centre will connect the sites together. At the Central Data Centre a fiber optic connection will provide the bridging service for the stations. The same fiber optic connection will also provide internet to the Central Data Centre. The fiber connection at the data center will have a failover VPN over Cable using Cisco Asa 5505 through internet. Medium: COAXIAL CABLE & FIBER OPTIC

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NCC Education 2011 Topology: EXTENDED STAR

Johann Farrugia

Recommendation Reason: The Fiber Optic connection will provide the internet and bridging service for all the 20 sites. This service could have been provided through ADSL; but, I chose to use fiber as, 5 x telephone lines would be needed, since ordinary telephone lines only support up to 4 bridged sites on them. Also, the ISDN will run on the Fiber optic connection. The backup Coaxial Cable will provide

internet to the Central Data Center. Installing services from different ISPs decreases the risk of internet/VPN service disruption at the WAN Coastguard Station sites.

WAN Coastguard Stations

All of the stations will be connected through a bridged ADSL connection to the Central Data Centre. All of the stations will also have a failover Cable internet

connection which will have a Cisco Asa 5505 connected to provide a VPN TO THE Central Data Centre. Medium: COAXIAL CABLE & UTP Topology: EXTENDED STAR Recommendation Reason: Both the ADSL and Cable can backup each other in case of fail over. Both provide Internet and connection to the Central Data Centre, Installing services from different ISPs decreases the risk of internet/VPN service disruption at the WAN Coastguard Station sites.

Bibliography 27/01/2012 http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htm

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Task 2 10 Marks
Investigate the Internet connection requirements for each coastguard station. a) Describe the Internet services that may be required. [3 marks]

Overview
At this stage I have not decided which services to install. A general idea of the structure will be as follows: 1. Central Data Centre will be connected to the WAN via Fibre. Another connection will be used as a backup to the fibre. A second internet connection will be available as a failover. 2. The stations will have 2 connections to the WAN for redundancy. One will be directly connected to the LAN of the other sites and the other will be a normal internet connection which dials a VPN connection.

Internet Services
Assuming that internet services refers to the: 1. Connection to the internet 2. The connection between the stations and Central Data Centre. (I will call this the Multisite Link)

Multisite Link - Options Considered 1. Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) Bridging Service 2. Fiber Service (Metro Ethernet E-Lan) 3. VODAFONE

Internet Service Options Considered Each coast guard station will have 2 x WAN gateways as below: 1. Fiber Metro Ethernet E-Lan Service 2. Cable Internet Service

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Stations - Services Installed

The services that will be installed at the stations will be as below: 1. MultiSite Link - Fiber Metro Ethernet E-Lan Service

Figure 12 - Explanation of Metro Connection. This page had been extracted from a quotation compiled by Mr Stefan Sajeba in January 2011

The Multisite Link will provide the stations with internet and direct connection to the other stations.

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NCC Education 2011 2. Internet Service - Cable Internet Service

Johann Farrugia

The cable internet service will provide the station with an internet connection which will be used as a backup

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Internet Setup in the Coastguard Station

As seen in Figure 13 below the coastguard station LAN hosts will point to the Cisco ASA 5505 router to determine the route to take to destination. Packets destinated to the internet will pass through the cable internet connection, whereas packets destinated to the datacentre or other stations will pass from the ADSL bridge modem.

Figure 13 - Internet Setup in Coastguard Stations

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NCC Education 2011 Case 1 Cable connection is down

Johann Farrugia

In the case that the Cable internet connection goes down, the Cisco ASA 5505 will route internet packets to the fibre connection and thus it will make use of the Central Data Centre internet connection.

Case 2 Fibre Metro Ethernet E-Lan Service is down In the case that the Fibre Service Metro Ethernet E-Lan connection goes down, the Cisco ASA 5505 will route network packets to through the VPN tunnel created via the Cable internet connection to the Central Data Centre.

Case 3 Fibre Service Metro Ethernet E-Lan and Cable go down If both connections go down all data communication will go down. This is very unlikely. Since the core operations of the coast guard do not run on data communications (unlike other scenarios e.g. online gaming) it is enough to take internet and network reliability to this extent.

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b) Explain the connection speeds that are suitable for these requirements. [2 marks]

Connection Speeds
Network / Internet Usage Forecasting The network will be used for a variety of services. More details below: Cable Internet Connection usage forecast @ each Coast Guard Station Services Location Daily Download in Daily Upload in Mb Mb Email Browsing CCTV Voice Documents Central Data Centre Central Data Centre Central Data Centre Central Data Centre Central Data Centre 0 Mb 500Mb 0Mb 0Mb 0Mb 0 Mb 300Mb 0Mb 0Mb 0Mb

Figure 14 - The data transfer at the Coastguard Station through the Cable Internet Connection

Fibre Service Metro Ethernet E-Lan Connection usage forecast @ each Coast Guard Station Services Location Daily Download in Daily Upload in Mb Mb Email Browsing CCTV Voice Documents Coast Guard Station 150 Mb Coast Guard Station 0Mb Coast Guard Station 50GB Coast Guard Station 100Mb Coast Guard Station 200Mb 50Mb 0Mb 2048Mb 100Mb 200Mb

Figure 15 - The data transfer at the Coastguard Station through the fibre Connection

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NCC Education 2011 Determining Speeds Required Cable Connection

Johann Farrugia

The cable connection will be used to browse the internet and as a failover solution for the fibre using a VPN. Therefore at least an 8Mbit connection download and 1Mbit upload is needed in order to provide a good and reliable service in case of outage. Minimum Cable Internet Speed: 4Mbit / 512Mbit Recommended Cable Internet Speed: 8Mbit / 1Mbit Available Cable Internet Speed: 25Mbit / 1.5Mbit (from Melita Cable)

Fibre Metro Ethernet E-Lan Service Connection This connection will be used for internet browsing and network operations such as telephony, sharing of files, application services, weather reports etc. In this setup, IP telephony will be implemented and it has to be ensured that enough bandwidth is allocated to the SIP protocol (protocol for VoIP). Therefore Quality of Service (QOS) will be setup for SIP. Minimum fibre Speed: 4Mbit / 4Mbit Recommended fibre Speed: 8Mbit / 8Mbit Available fibre Speed: 10Mbit / 10Mbit (from Go Plc.)

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c) Find examples of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that can meet these requirements in your country. [3 marks] ISPs In the Maltese islands the countrys network is predominantly ran by 3 major ISP companies: 1. Go Plc. Go Public Limited, is 40% owned by the public and 60% owned by Dubai Holding which is a subsidiary of TECOMs.

2. Melita Melita is owned by a group of 4 shareholders GMT Communications Partners, MC Venture Partners, Gasan Group and Blackrock

Communications.

3. Vodafone Malta Vodafone Malta is entirely owned by Vodafone Group Plc. which is the world's largest mobile telecommunications company.

All of the above providers also provide the below services: Mobile Telephony Coverage Point to Point Services Home Telephony Internet Service TV Service (except Vodafone)

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Go Plc. Mobile Fixed Telephony ADSL Fibre Cable Wimax Microwave Links TV P2P 3G/HSDPA ISDN

Melita

Vodafone Malta

Figure 16 - Services Offered Comparison by ISPs

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NCC Education 2011 Proof of Fibre Services Offered by ISPs.

Johann Farrugia

Figure 17 - Vodafone Fibre

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Figure 18 - Melita Fibre

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Figure 19 - Go Fibre. Extract from a quotation compiled by Mr. Stefano Sajeba

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d) Make a recommendation to use one ISP based upon the services offered and price charged. [2 marks]

Services Needed
The services that need to be implemented are: 1. Fiber Metro Ethernet E-Lan Service 2. Cable Internet

Recommending an Internet Service Provider As seen above, I have already selected the services I want to install in the OceanLand network. I will base my recommendation on the below factors: Supplier Customer Support Supplier knowledge Product Reliability

ISP for Fibre The ISP recommended for the fibre connection is Go Plc. as they have been in the fibre industry much longer than their competitors. They also have got a good technical response team as opposed to other competitors.

Cable Internet The ISP recommended for the cable internet connection is Melita. Melita has been chosen as they can provide cable internet which is fully independent from Gos internet service and therefor a good failover solution. Cable internet will replace Fibre in case of disruption.

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NCC Education 2011 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) - Network and Internet Product Description Fibre Installation Cable Internet 25MBit/1.5Mbit Installation Total Quantity 21 21

Johann Farrugia

Item exVat 931.00 50

Total ExVat 19,551.00 1,050 20,601.00

Operational Expenditure (OPEX) - Network and Internet Product Description Quantity Item exVat 407.64 Total ExVat 8560.44

Fibre based Ethernet Business Plus incl. 10Mbps 21 base-bandwidth and 1 E-Line Cable Internet 25MB/1.5Mb Backup Total 21

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630.00 9,190.44

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Task 3
Investigate the methods the National Coastguard could implement for two-way voice communications:

Assumptions
Location and size of OceanLand In this report I am assuming that OceanLand has the same attributes as the Maltese islands therefore: 1. Same geographical location i.e. In the centre of the Mediterranean sea 2. Same size 3. Same threats 4. Same requirements

Background Information
Considering the critical location of the Maltese islands, one immediately realizes that Malta is vulnerable and prone to various kinds of coastal threats and hazards. Thus, Malta needs to have an efficient means to protect and safeguard its coast. One of the colossal factors that determines the efficiency and effectiveness of a coastguard service is communication. Requirements Analysis Prior to planning a two-way voice communication setup, one has made requirements analysis and thus the below questions need to be tackled: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is the area of the Maltese territorial waters? What is the size of Maltas Search and Rescue region? What communication range is needed? In practise, in what events will the system be used? Who do we want to communicate with? How resilient must the system be?

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NCC Education 2011 Waters and Regulations Overview

Johann Farrugia

To plan a project of this scale, one has to understand the Maltese waters regulations and guidelines so as to determine the: 1. operability range 2. usability necessities

The seas around the Maltese Islands are divided into five (5) Maritime Areas. 1. Baseline (Internal Waters) - The baseline which marks the internal waters, are an imaginary line joining the outermost points of the Maltese islands including Filfla. Zone Shown in Figure 20

Figure 20

2. Territorial Sea - The Territorial Sea of Malta extends to 12 nautical miles from the baseline. Within this zone, all the laws of Malta apply. in Figure 20 3. Contiguous Zone- This zone extends beyond the 12 nautical mile territorial sea (i.e. 24NM from the Baseline). Within this zone the Maltese authorities may apply those laws related to the areas of Finance, Immigration, Health and Customs. Zone Shown in Figure 20 Zone Shown

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4. Fisheries Conservation Zone - Within this zone, which extends to 25NM from the Baseline, Maltese authorities have the right to regulate both the amount as well as type of fishing that may take place. EU Regulations are also in place for this zone. Zone Shown in Figure 20 5. Maltese Search and Rescue Region (SSR) the SSR covers 250, 000sq km.

Figure 21

Within this SSR region, Malta is responsible for all Search and Rescue (SAR) operations. Zone Shown in Figure 21.

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a) How each method works (frequencies, full/half duplex, etc.). [6 marks]

Operation Modes - Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex

There are three operational two-way communication modes: 1. Simplex 2. Half-Duplex 3. Full-Duplex Simplex Simplex is the simplest form of transmission. Transmission only occurs in one direction only. An example of simplex operational mode is the conventional

broadcast radio in which a host is only a transmitter (radio station) and the other host is only a receiver (home/car radio). Simplex uses only one channel to transmit and receive.

Figure 22

Simplex is the most simple and reliable but obviously it lacks in usability since it is just a broadcast and not a communication. Half-Duplex Half Duplex communication allows two (2) connected parties to communicate with one another, but only one direction at a time.

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Figure 23

Half duplex transmissions are used in walkie-talkies; one must say over to signal the end of his speech for the other party to start talking.

Full-Duplex Full-Duplex communication sometimes called double-duplex allows two connected parties to communicate with one another in both directions simultaneously.

Figure 24

Full duplex two-way equipment transmits on one frequency and receives on a different frequency. This is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). FDD can be extended to improve coverage ranges using simple repeater stations.

Two-Way Voice Communications

A two-way radio communication such as VHF and PTMR operate on radio waves. Unlike conventional broadcasting radios, two-way radios are transceivers and not only receivers. Radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum shown in

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Figure 25. Other two-way voice communication such as GSM and Satellite operate on microwaves.

Figure 25

What are Wavelength, Frequency and Amplitude? As you can see in Figure 25 there are various types of waves and these differ because they have different properties. One property to compare different kinds of waves is called the wavelength or the length of the wave.

Figure 26

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Wavelength, which is measured in meters (m), is the distance measured in the direction of broadcast, between two points of the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave. This is shown in red in Figure 26 above. The radio waves wavelength ranges between few millimetres up to few hundred meters Frequency, which is measured in Hertz (Hz), is the number of oscillations (vibrations) in one second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), which is the same as oscillations per second or cycles per second. This is shown in blue in Figure 26 above. Amplitude is the power intensity of a signal. In a graphical representation as in Figure 26 above, amplitude is the maximum displacement between two waves. Its unit of measurement depends on what is being measured. E.g. Amps, Ohms, dB, Meters etc.

Radio Waves
Amongst all the waves in the spectrum, radio waves have the lowest frequency and the longest wavelength. Radio Waves have a wavelengths ranging from 1 millimetre up to a 100, 000km. The radio waves frequency ranges between 3 kHz up to 300GHz

Two Way Voice Communication

In the voice communication industry there are two (2) main frequency ranges used for voice communication: Radio Frequency Microwave Frequency

The Technologies The boats and Central Data Centre will be equipped with equipment to communicate using the below listed technologies: 1. Medium Frequency (MF) 2. High Frequency (HF)

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NCC Education 2011 3. Very High Frequency (VHF) 4. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 5. Public Trunked Mobile Radio (PTMR) 6. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Johann Farrugia

Further detail on each of the above mention below.

Radio Frequencies There are various technologies using radio frequencies for telecommunication (i.e. all communication means and not just voice) such as TV, Radio, VHF, UHF, MF, UHF, Paging, PTMR and GPS etc. The radio frequencies related to the marine industry are highlighted in yellow below:
Frequency Wavelength Designation Abbreviation

3 - 30 Hz

10^5km-10^4km Extremely low frequency ELF

30 - 300 Hz

10^4km-10^3km Super low frequency

SLF

300 - 3000 Hz

10^3km-100km Ultra low frequency

ULF

3 - 30 kHz

100km-10km

Very low frequency

VLF

30 - 300 kHz

10km-1km

Low frequency

LF

300 kHz - 3 MHz 1km-100m

Medium frequency

MF

3 - 30 MHz

100m-10m

High frequency

HF

30 - 300 MHz

10m-1m

Very high frequency

VHF

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300 MHz - 3 GHz 1m-10cm

Ultra high frequency

UHF

3 - 30 GHz

10cm-1cm

Super high frequency

SHF

30 - 300 GHz

1cm-1mm

Extremely high frequency EHF

Figure 27 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

This Scenario Technologies to be implemented Very High Frequency (VHF) VHF radios send and receive signals in a line of sight. Mounting the antenna as high as (e.g. On a mast) possible will increase coverage.

Figure 28

VHF radios generally have a range of up to 30 50 nautical miles (nm). The range is very dependent of the signal amplitude which depends on the power source of the equipment e.g. Battery, generator, power station.

Medium Frequency (MF) Medium Frequency travels longer than VHF as it is a ground wave and keeps going round the curvature of the world. MF is used for both local and continent wide services. Similar to HF, MF also refracts off the ionosphere at night (see Figure 29)

High Frequency (HF) HF radios are used for very long range communication such as thousands of kilometres. The ionosphere refracts radio waves (this fact is called sky wave propagations).

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Figure 29 - Ionosphere Refraction

However this very long kind of communication facility is complex and dependent on the combinations of factors: Darkness at site of transmission and reception Season Sunspot cycle Solar activity Polar aurora

Ultra High Frequency (UHF) UHF UHF is mostly used by the aircrafts. UHF provides the best coverage indoors and out, especially in steel and concrete structures and large industrial or multi-story buildings. A 2 watt UHF will provide better coverage inside industrial buildings than a 5 watt VHF. Unlike VHF, UHF waves do not refract with the ionosphere.

Public Trunked Mobile Radio (PTMR) PTMR is a trunked version of the Private Mobile Radio (PMR). PMR are radio communications systems which use portable, mobile, base station, and dispatch console radios. Typical examples are the radio systems used by police forces and fire brigades.

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In view of the very high cost of setting up trunked networks for PMR; these are normally run by large leasing companies that provide a service to a large number of users. Then PMR/PTMR is rent. Facts and features of professional mobile radio systems include: PMR/PTMR operate on VHF and UHF Point to multi-point communications (as opposed to cell phones which are point to point communications) Push-to-talk, release to listen a single button press opens communication on a radio frequency channel Large coverage areas Use of VHF or UHF frequency bands The prime application suited to PTMR is vehicle fleet communications. Half duplex voice communication is provided, using over and out etc. to control conversation flow. Some PTMR radio sets have a data port, usually RS-232. Data is transmitted at 1.2 Kbit/s. All communications on PTMR are subject to a time limit of one minute's duration. Once a session has been running for one minute it is dropped by the network.

Figure 30 - PTMR http://www.althosbooks.com/intoprlamora.html

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The main advantage of PMR/PTMR is that the subscriber does not need to apply for licenses and setup his own equipment to operate the system.

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (Operates on Micro Waves) GSM is a 'cellular' technology, that is, the entire coverage area is divided into various hexagonal shaped cells as seen in Figure 31 (hence the popular name 'cell phones'). Every cell has a corresponding network tower, which serves the mobile phones in that cellular area. GSM offers a Short Message Service (SMS) which has pushed the Paging to extinction.

Figure 31 - GSM Transmission http://rfplanning.wordpress.com/2007/05/23/transmission-principles/

GSM operates in the 900 MHz band (890 MHz - 960 MHz) in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz (sometimes referred to as 1.9 GHz) band in the United States Data services run over GSM. Details on the data speed rates on next page.

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Data Comm. GSM

Description GSM can support Voice telephony and Data however the Data rate is only 9.6Kb/s that is very low bit rate for date communication. GPRS, stands for General Packet Radio Service, is used to give

Speed

9.6Kb/s

GPRS

higher data speed over GSM. It is not the replacement of GSM. It is 171Kb/s just an extension to the older GSM technology to gain faster speed. EDGE stands for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. This technology, also termed as Enhanced GPRS. This is a technology

EDGE

that uses the same equipment as GSM with only a few minor 236.8Kb/s modifications to provide faster data speeds and is often regarded as a stepping stone towards 3G thus it is called 2.5G. The introduction of 3G changed a lot of the accepted standards in Up 3.6Mbit/s to

3G

the mobile phone industry. It allows the use of a greater bandwidth that allows more features to be implemented on it. 3G Networks are based on WCDMA i.e. Wideband Code Division

WCDMA

Multiple Access, a mobile technology that improves upon the capabilities of current GSM networks. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is what is also

HSDPA

known as 3.5G, as it offers no substantial upgrade to the feature Up set of WCDMA, but improves the speed of data transmission to 7.2Mbit/s enhance those services. 4G is the new faster wireless network used by smartphones like

to

4G

Android, Iphone and Blackberry. The main focus of many phone Up

to

companies was to increase network speed which means faster 100Mbits/s video and browsing.
Figure 32 - Data Comm. Protocol and Speeds

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b) Details of the legal requirements for operating the system in your country (e.g. allocation of frequencies, licensing requirements, etc.). [6 marks]

Legal Requirements
The Malta communications Authority (MCA) is responsible for the regulations which control the radio frequency technology.

Allocation of Frequencies The MCA assigns radio frequencies as per the National Frequency Plan (NFP). The NFP is a document containing a number of tables, which list the allocations made for radio frequency spectrum for Malta. These tables are based on the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The frequency range covered in the document is from 9 kilohertz (kHz) to 1000 gigahertz (GHz). NFP lists each frequency range and the types of radio communications services that are permitted and which applications are currently in use in Malta. Information is also given on possible future uses or change in use of particular frequency bands. The NFP is put together by the Minister responsible for Communications in accordance with the Electronic Communications Act. Electronic Communications Act is the section in the Maltese laws of book concerning Electronic communications.

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NCC Education 2011 A sample table found in the NFP document is found below:

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Figure 33 -National Frequency Plan (NFP) -http://www.mca.org.mt/national-frequency-plan

Equipment Regulations This Electronic Communications Act also requires that the radio communications equipment is licensed with the MCA authority. The radio equipment for sale on the local market should comply with the EU standards and regulations, which are set up by the Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (R&TTE

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/rtte/index_en.htm). Military equipment is not subject to the EU standards and regulations as regards the equipment.

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c) Costs of setting up and operating the system, including licensing costs, equipment costs, etc. [6 marks]

Costs
Licensing Costs Public security and civil protection teams such as the AFM and the Military are exempt from licence fees. The licence fees are as follows:

Figure 34

Equipment Costs To determine the equipment costs on firsts needs to determine the range of each frequency in order to know how many repeaters are needed.

Calculating the amount of repeaters needed on land Very High Frequency (VHF) VHF has approximately a range of 30-50nm therefore, for the Central Data Centre to communicate with the boats at least 2 repeaters are needed. If 4 repeaters are installed instead of 2 it would only increase the range by a few kilometres so it is not worth it. NB: 50nm = 92 km

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Figure 35 - VHF Repeaters and Range

Medium Frequency (MF) MF has an approximate range of 150nm i.e. 280km. Therefor one device with

antenna at the Central Data Centre is enough to cover the Maltese islands area, since installing repeaters would not make any much difference.

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Figure 36 - MF Repeater and Range

High Frequency (HF) HF has a very long range of thousands of nautical miles. Therefore 1 High Frequency device is enough to cover the needed area. To give you an idea of its coverage, a High Frequency radio could be used to communicate with a boat in South Africa. Coverage is subject to very variables which have been mentioned prior in the document. HF will be used for communication outside of the MF range. One (1) HF device antenna will be installed at the Central Data Centre.

Ultra High Frequency (UHF) UHF is a must on these boats. UHF will be used to communicate with aircraft. These will come in very handy during rescues in which helicopters are involved. Coverage

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is subject to very variables which have been mentioned prior in the document. One (1) UHF device antenna will be installed at the Central Data Centre

Equipment
Central Data Centre Equipment

Equipment IC-M710

Location

Description Marine

Frequency MF

Cost 1,500

Central Data MF/HF Centre Transceiver

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Equipment Icom IC-718

Location Central Centre

Description Data HF All Band Transceiver

Frequency HF

Cost 700

Equipment

Location

Description AND UHF

Frequency

Cost 400

Icom IC-F2821D Central Data VHF IC-F2821 Centre

TRANSCEIVERS with 10-keypad

VHF / UHF

Equipment

Location

Description

Frequency

Cost 600

Icom IC-F5061 / Central Data IDAS Trunking PTMR

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Equipment Portech 370

Location MV- Central Data Centre

Description 1 Port VoIP GSM Gateway (There is the same model for conventional PABXs too i.e. not IP PABXs)

Frequency Cost 280 GSM

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Equipment Location IC-M710 Boat

Description MF/HF Transceiver Marine

Frequency MF / HF

Cost 1,500

Equipment Location Icon 9100 IC- Boat

Description HF/VHF/UHF frequency Transceiver

Frequency Multi HF /VHF / UHF

Cost

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Equipment

Location

Description VHF and UHF Repeater

Frequency VHF

Cost 1,800

2 x Icom IC- Land FR3000

Equipment Location Drum 100R Land

Description MF repeater

Frequency MF

Cost 1,800

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d) Limitations of each method (interference, range, etc.). [6 marks]

VHF Marine Communication Limitations Coverage Depending on the altitude of the receiver on the ship, the coverage range is approximately 30 50 nm. Reliability During catastrophic disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis repeaters are vulnerable. Severe weather can make VHF ineffective. Interference VHF transmission is easily affected by intentional and unintentional interference. In WW1 the German forces jammed VHF signals of Allied communication. Line of Sight Transmitter (or repeater) and receiver must be in line of sight or just beyond the horizon. Data DSC Distress button is available and it initializes a

communication with all boats sends position and reason of distress. (e.g. Button 1 Fire, Button 2 Man overboard, Button 3 Sick crew). Usability Cost Most common and easy Average

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MF Marine Communication Limitation Coverage MF communications can typically be heard over several hundred miles Reliability Interference Line of Sight Data Usability MF following the curvature of the earth No Data Easy. Only the upper and lower ends of the mf band have naval use because of the commercial broadcast band (AM) extending from 535 to 1,605 kilohertz Cost Average

HF Marine Communication Limitations Coverage HF has a very long range of thousands of nautical miles.

Reliability Interference

Very resilient as no infrastructure is required Coverage and interference are subject to the

Darkness at site of transmission and reception Season Sunspot cycle Solar activity & Polar aurora

Line of Sight Data

No In addition to voice, HF radio will accommodate fax, computer data and files, email, text messages and telephone calls.

Usability

Not as simple as VHF since there are many variables affecting. It is the most reliable

Cost

Average

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UHF Marine Communication Limitations Coverage Less than VHF

Reliability Interference

Less subject to frequency than VHF Subject to interference where multiple UHF devices are

connected such as cordless phones or wireless routers Line of Sight Data Repeaters must be built since it is a line of sight signal UHF radios do not transfer any data. UHF waves are used for Bluetooth, GPS and Wi-Fi Usability Cost Easy. Expensive

Public Trunked Mobile Radio (PTMR) Limitations Coverage PTMR works on VHF and UHF and therefor is has a range of approx. 30-50nm on the sea. This distance would be much less on land since Reliability Subject to congestion if provider loads the system by many users Interference Line of Sight Data Usability Cost Same as VHF. Repeaters must be built since it is a line of sight signal N/A Easy. Average/Cheap

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Limitations Coverage It is difficult to give a figure for coverage as this depends on the atmospheric conditions, especially electric charges in the air. Coverage can be limited from 5 miles up to even 40 miles. Reliability Interference Line of Sight Usability Cost If within range it is very reliable None Not line of site as signal penetrated buildings. Very easy Cheap

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e) Provide a recommendation for how voice communications should be set up and run including reasons for this recommendation. [6 marks]

The voice communication will be divided into these kinds: Central Data Centre to Station From the Central Data Centre the communication to the Stations will be effected using VOIP, fixed lines or GSM. In case that the national disaster PTMR/VHF/MF can be used to communicate to the stations.

Central Data Centre to Boat The Central Data Centre will communicate to the boats via PTMR (PTMR works through trunked VHF) or VHF. If the boat is out of range an MF radio will be used. HF may be used to communicate with boats/stations which are very distant counties such as ports in Africa/China.

Station to Boat The stations will communicate to the boats via PTMR (PTMR works through trunked VHF) or VHF. If the boat is out of range an MF radio will be used. HF may be used to communicate with boats/stations which are very distant counties such as ports in Africa/China.

Boat to Boat The boats will communicate via PTMR or VHF. MF will be used for further distances where VHF does not reach. HF may be used to communicate with boats/stations which are very distant counties such as ports in Africa/China.

Boat to Aircraft UHF will be used to communicate to the aircraft in case of helicopter rescue.

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NCC Education 2011 Bibliography

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http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OUOQs1yVuH0/TSdYrqylO2I/AAAAAAAAAF8/3dZ4qphujz I/s1600/electromagnetic-spectrum.jpg 26/11/2011 http://radiojove.gsfc.nasa.gov/class/lesson_plans/lesson4.pdf 26/11/2011 http://delloyd.50megs.com/moreinfo/spectrum.html 26/11/2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing 28/11/2011 Radio Tech http://www.dpmr-mou.org/dpmr-faq.htm http://www.darvill.clara.net/emag/emagradio.htm PTMR http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr01/trunking.htm GSM http://www.buzzle.com/articles/gsm-vs-cdma.html GSM Data Compared http://javaj2eedevelopment.blogspot.com/2011/01/difference-between-gsm-andgprs.html http://www.whatis4gservice.com/ http://www.astahost.com/info/tsmm-frequency-types-types-frequency.html http://www.ehow.com/info_8738823_disadvantages-uhf.html

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Task 4 30 Marks
Investigate telephone systems available in your country for organisations like the National Coastguard.

Overview
a) The main equipment that would be installed. [5 marks] Equipment The equipment that should be purchased as part of the telephony package is: 1. ISDN PRI over Fibre equipment (in more detail below) 2. PABX (in more detail below) 3. UPS & Surge protector (will be discussed in TASK 5) 4. 40 x Telephone Sets for Central Data Centre 5. 40 x IP Phones for Stations (2 for each station)

Integrated Services Digital network (ISDN) Overview The ISDN is a communication standard for concurrent transmission of voice, video, data and other services such as DDI, MSN, Line Hunting, Call Waiting and Conference calling. These services all run over conventional PSTN. ISDN is a circuit switched telephone system which also provides access to packet switched networks. There are 2 different kind of equipment for ISDN, these are: Basic Rate Interface (BRI) provides 2 communication channels per BRI Primary Rate Interface (PRI) provides 31 communication channels per PRI

ISDN Installation In the central data centre a number of operations will be running in the building. Assuming that there will be around 20 - 40 employees within the building at one time, the system must cater for a telephone system of this size with no hiccups. Considering that a fibre optic cable will already be installed in the building it is very much convenient to pass the telephony ISDN system through the fibre channel.

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Station 1 Fiber Internet and P2P

ISDN PRI over Fiber

ISDN and PSTN Provider

Fiber Internet and P2P

Station 2

Fiber Internet and P2P Fiber Internet and P2P

Central Data Cente

PSTN Station 3

House Station 4

Figure 37 - OceanLand ISDN & PSTN

Therefore one ISDN with PRI through fibre will be sufficient for the total incoming and outgoing calls for the whole building.

PABX PABX, (PBX), is short for Private Automatic Branch Exchange which is a telephone switch. This device functions in the same manner as a traditional telephone

switchboard but is compressed into a small chassis to accommodate businesses. A PABX allows a company to create its in-house phone network. This simplifies dialling and calling within the organization and enables many other features such as re-routing of calls to different extensions.

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Figure 38 - Alcatel Lucent

When considering a telephone system for a network of this magnitude one must make some research on PABX solutions. There are 3 main kinds of PABX solutions on the market: VOIP - Such as Avaya and Asterisk Conventional Hybrid - Such as Alcatel Lucent or Siemens. See Fig. 38 above

Choosing a PABX To choose a PABX solution that adapts the business there are many considerations one should weigh. Some of these are: Features Expandability License Costs Initial Costs Reliability Interoperability (e.g. Integration to Skype?, make any mobile phone an extension?) Resilience

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The 2 Options which are going to be considered are the below models: 1) Alcatel-Lucent OmniPCX Office RCE 2) Avaya IP Office Preferred Edition

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NCC Education 2011 b) The features available with each system. [5 marks] Below find a comparison of the features offered by each device: Feature Alcatel Available Alternate Number Ring Attendant Automatic Attendant Automated Directory Call Back Call Forwarding Call Monitoring Rating 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Avaya Available Rating 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Johann Farrugia

Comment N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(someone can listen to your conv.) Call Recording 7 10 Alcatels is not

included. You need to purchase separately Call parking ( Place a call on hold and allow anyone to dial an 10 10 N/A

extension and take the call) Call Pickup Call Waiting Calling ID Conference Call Hunt group IP Telephony 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Alcatel are less

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Forwarding Music on Hold

10 5

10 10 Alcatel Music only

supports 30 seconds wav file Predictive Dialling Softphone Skype Integration Mobile Extension Teleworker (work from home phone) On Screen Call N/A 10 N/A N/A 10 N/A Phone N/A N/A N/A 10 10 10 10 10 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Handling Failover System Video Chat N/A N/A 10 10 N/A N/A

List of PABX features from http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/PBX+features

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c) Integration with other emergency services so that a caller could choose Coastguard instead of Police or Fire Service. [5 marks]

112
In the recent years Europe has standardised the emergency dialling number to 112 all throughout the continent. All calls to this number are free. When calling 112 from a mobile phone, not even a SIM card is required. When a call is received on 112 the Interactive Voice Response (IVR), also known as automated attendant, reads the options available and waits for user input. The Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) enables user input to the IVR. E112 has been launched in some countries in Europe. It is an enhanced version of 112, were the caller automatically transmits his location information to the emergency centre. eCall is a project which is presently under development. The European Union is working to have this device installed in each and every vehicle. This device will automatically dial 112 when a vehicle is involved in grievous accident..

Figure 39 - 112, E112, eCall Operation

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The National Coast Guard will be included in the 112 main PABX IVR menu. The calls will route in via one of the 30 channels the PRI ISDN is providing.

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Selecting the Best PABX

The PABX with the best features as per the table shown in 4(d) is the Avaya IP Office. It has a failover automated system whereas the Alcatel does not have one. But Alcatel can offer a dual CPU card module which means that is the main card fails another can automatically replace it. Avaya has more features than Alcatel Lucent. Both are very good PABXs. The Alcatel Lucent is the most popular in Malta. It is extremely reliable too. Although Avaya has better features I will base my assignment on the Alcatel Lucent since resilience and reliability are the key factor for the Coast Guard. Therefore the Alcatel-Lucent OmniPCX Office RCE has been selected.

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Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)

PABX and Phones Product Description Alcatel Lucent OmniPCX Quantity 1 ItemExVat 456.28 486.42 Total ExVat 456.28 486.42

Digital Public Access Board 1 Primary Rate E1 T2 1 Access (Interface to PRA) Digital Interface board SLI 8-4 Digital Interface board SLI 8-4 10 additional IP users software license (total of 20 licenses for 20 sites) 1 additional IP channel software license for PowerCPU 20 and VoIP32 Alcatel-Lucent Integration Service for OmniPCX Office 1 RCE Small Release 8 Installation and Commissioning Alcatel Lucent 4039 (main PABX phone) Alcatel Lucent 4038 (main site digital phones) Alcatel Analogue Phones (main site analogue phones) Alcatel IP Phone 4008 2KvA UPS Installation and Commissioning Total 1 1 20 19 40 1 1 2 2 4

426.22 200.00 376.74

852.44 400.00 1506.96

35.00

700

49.10

49.10

466.00 250.00 182.50 30.00 100.00 400.00 466.00

466.00 250.00 3560.00 570.00 4000.00 400.00 466.00 13,697.20

NB: Prices are not exactly as from supplier, as I had to amend some products and approximate costs.

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Both ISDN and VOIP will go through the fibre. But since the fibre will already be installed for the internet and network it will not be added to the telephony costs. ISDN Installation Product Description Direct DDI (6+2)* Multi Stream Installation Total Quantity 1 1 Total ExVat 151.41 1,863.50 2,014.91

* 6+2 means that the only the last 2 digits will be routed by the PABX. Another option is to route it 5+3. But since the number of users does not exceed 99 it is within the limit.

GSM Mobile Gateway Product Description GSM Mobile Gateway Total Quantity 1 Total ExVat 100.00 100.00

GSM Mobile Phones Product Description Nokia Mobile Phones for boats Total Quantity 20 Total ExVat 1000.00 1000.00

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Total One Time Telephony Costs

Product Description PABX and Phones ISDN Installation GSM Mobile Gateway GSM Mobile Phones Total Quantity 1 1 1 1 Total ExVat 13,697.20 2,014.91 100.00 1000.00 16,812.11

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Operational Costs (OPEX)

Product Description ISDN 30 Channel Multi Stream DDI (6+2) GSM Mobile Gateway SLA Total cost Monthly Quantity 1 1 1 1 Total ExVat 300.00 11.64 100.00 100.00 510.79

Maintenance agreement An SLA with the supplier will be signed. A 100 fee will cover be charged monthly in order to ensure that all parts are in stock and available within 24 hours. Also, the SLA states that a technician will be on site within 2 hours.

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f) Provide a recommendation for which system to purchase including reasons for this recommendation. [5 marks]

Recommended PABX
As per the qualities mentioned in section 4(a) named Choosing a PABX the below rating system will pick the best suited PABX: Quality Alcatel-Lucent RCE Features OmniPCX Office Avaya IP Office Preferred Edition

Expandability

Reliability

Interoperability

Resilience

Usability

Technical Support

Popularity (popularity provides availability

and knowledge) Total Points 34 34

The PABXs have been rated with the equal amount of points.

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Since the Coast Guard main goal is to be available for its callers the decision will be judged as per the Technical Support and Popularity factors. These factors contribute to its uptime.

Therefore the Alcatel-Lucent OmniPCX Office RCE is recommended.

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Task 5 10 Marks
The coastguard stations need to operate in the event of power failure and also communicate with lifeboat stations and naval bases in such a way that they can confirm that communications genuinely come from the coastguard. Explain how your systems would deal with power failure [5 marks] and positively identify communications from the coastguard. [5 marks]

Backup Power Solution Structure

The OceanLand Coastguard communication system must be resilient and reliable, therefore the electricity supply must be guaranteed regardless of the countrys power station. Both the Central Data Centre and the Station will have the same electrical structure as depicted in Figure 40 on the next page.

Figure 40 shows that the socket outlets will be connected to 2 separate distribution boards which will be identified as: 1. Essential Distribution Board 2. Non-Essential Distribution Board The Essential Distribution Board will be connected to an Auto Change Over Generator which switches on after 5 minutes of power failure. The generator is setup to turn on after 5 minutes in order that it does not switch on unnecessarily. During the 5 minutes (until the generator is switches on) the users can still work normally as they have UPS power.

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AC

AC

Auto Change Over Generator

Oceanland Essentials Distribution

Oceanland Non-Essentials Distribution

UPS

Electric Heater

Shredder

Printer

Computers Network Equipment Radio Equipment Telephony Equipment

Figure 40 - Electrical Layout

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Central Data Centre Essentials Power Consumption

Device Alcatel-Lucent OmniPCX Office RCE PRI Fibre CPE GSM Mobile Gateway Network Switch Computers + LCD Server Printers VHF Radio MF Radio HF Radio UHF Radio Router Total Essential Power (WATTS) Wattage 500 80 100 70 100 700 800 300 300 300 300 300 100 Quantity 1 1 1 1 2 40 4 15 1 1 1 1 1 Total Watts 500 80 100 70 200 28000 3200 4500 300 300 300 300 100 37,950W

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NCC Education 2011 As per the online conversion illustrated below:

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Figure 41 - http://dieselserviceandsupply.com/power_calculator.aspx

37,950Watts is equal to 47.5KVa (calculated with power factor at 0.83) Therefor a 50KVa UPS and generator would be enough to run the essential hardware. I Minimum Required KVa: 50KVa Recommended KVa: >= 60KVa

Station Essentials Power Consumption

Device Alcatel 4008 IP phone Fibre CPE Network Switch Computers + LCD Printers VHF Radio Wattage 100 100 100 700 300 300 Quantity 2 1 1 2 1 1 Total Watts 200 100 100 1400 300 300

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MF Radio HF Radio UHF Radio Router Total Essential Power (WATTS)

300 300 300 100

1 1 1 1

300 300 300 100 3400

As per the online conversion illustrated below:

Figure 42 - http://dieselserviceandsupply.com/power_calculator.aspx

3,400 Watts is equal to 4.25KVa (calculated with power factor at 0.83) Therefor a 5KVa UPS and generator would be enough to run the essential hardware. I Minimum Required KVa: 5KVa Recommended KVa: >= 8KVa

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NCC Education 2011 UPS use In the designed system the UPS is installed for the below reasons: Stabilize the electricity flow Supress surges.

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Provide power until generator timeout runs out. This generator timeout is setup in order not to switch on the generator uselessly. Provide power until the generator reaches the operating revs per minute (rpm)

TETRA TETRA Overview TETRA is an abbreviation of TErrestrial Trunked RAdio. It is the only official European Standard for digital Professional Mobile Radio (PMR). TETRA is a global standard for radio communication in the same way that GSM is the mobile telephony standard. TETRA was developed to meet the needs of the most demanding professional radio users who need fast one to-one and one-tomany radio communication using voice and data in their daily work. Users are typically public safety and security organisations like police, fire and rescue forces, ambulance services, frontier guards and other professional cellular users like transportation companies, courier services, energy utilities and airports.

TETRA Security & Authentication TETRA is considered as a very technically secure standard, making use of authentication keys and air interface encryption amongst other techniques. There are two kind of TETRA Authentication: Explicit Authentication: Authentication proves the user is who he claims to be Terminals can also authenticate the network Explicit proof for modifying groups, Stun/Kill etc.

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Based on a secret key K stored in the terminal and in the Authentication Centre (AuC) One of the outputs is the Derived Cipher Key used for Air Interface Encryption

Implicit Authentication: Implicit authentication also possible by shared knowledge of a secret encryption key.

Figure 43 - www.arireggioemilia.org

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As illustrate in Figure 44, Relay mode gives the possibility that one mobile device can use another mobile device to link to the central radio.

Figure 44 - http://www.ascom.com/en/tetra-article.pdf

TETRA Usability during crisis Coast guard and safety organisations require the highest levels of reliability and availability in their communications. PMR networks provide communications in extreme situations that may cause other communications networks to fail. For example, thunderstorms or earthquakes often cause wide area or even nationwide blackouts in electricity production and distribution and restoring power may take days or even weeks. In such conditions, public services are typically blocked by heavy traffic or are totally out of operation. TETRA systems are designed to ensure operations in these situations. All critical network elements are duplicated to ensure continuous operation.

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NCC Education 2011 Bibliography

Johann Farrugia

http://www.nokia.com/NOKIA_COM_1/About_Nokia/Press/White_Papers/pdf_files/te traquickguide.pdf http://www.ascom.com/en/tetra-article.pdf http://www.tetra-radios.com/item.html&objID=17227 http://www.tetramou.com/Library/Documents/About_TETRA/TETRA%20Security%2 0pdf.pdf

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Appendix (6marks)
Radio Assumptions All of the equipment and technologies recommended in this project were selected as if OceanLand has the exact same attributes as the Maltese islands, namely same geographical location, size, threats and requirements. It is assumed that the National Coastguard Central Data Centre (HQ) would be located in somewhere central.

Network Assumptions Also, it is being assumed that the Central Data Centre would have its own servers such as active directory (AD) and file servers (FS) and any other servers which might be needed to operate the network. All of the equipment purchased will be purchased with an SLA agreement in order to ensure the best operating uptimes.

Electrical Assumptions It is being assumed that either the electrical structure in the premises is still nonexistent or else it will be revamped to match the recommendations in task 5.

Mathematical Conversions The conversion of W to KVA is governed by the equation below KVA = W / (1000 * PF)

E.G. 1500W/(1000*0.83) = 1.8 kVA (assuming a power factor of 0.83)

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