CS2361 COMPUTER NETWORKS PART A UNIT I 1. Define Link.

. List the types of link A network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium, such as a coaxial cable or an optical fiber. We call such a physical medium a link point point link multiple access link 2. Differentiate packet switched and circuited networks Packet-switched networks typically use a strategy called store-and-forward. As the name suggests, each node in a store-and-forward network first receives a complete packet over some link. Circuit-switched network first establishes a dedicated circuit across a sequence of links and then allows the source node to send a stream of bits across this circuit to a destination node. 3. What do you mean by multiplexing? A system resource is shared among multiple users. A timesharing computer system, where a single physical CPU is shared (multiplexed) among multiple jobs, each of which believes it has its own private processor 4. Why network to be layered? We were providing an abstraction for applications that hides the complexity of the network from application writers. Abstractions naturally lead to layering, especially in network systems. The general idea is that you start with the services offered by the underlying hardware, and then add a sequence of layers, each providing a higher (more abstract) level of service 5. Differentiate service interface and peer interface service interface: the other objects on the same computer that want to use its communication services. Peer interface: the form and meaning of messages exchanged between protocol peers to implement the communication service 6. Which layer in OSI reference model is responsible for process-to-process communication? The transport layer then implements what we have up to this point been calling a process-to process channel. Here, the unit of data exchanged is commonly called a message rather than a packet or a frame 1

7. What is internet protocol graph ?

8. What do you meant by RTT ? How long sender takes to send a message from one end of a network to the other and back, rather than the one-way latency. We call this the round-trip time (RTT) of the network. 9. Define Latency Latency = Propagation + Transmit + Queue Propagation = Distance/SpeedOfLight Transmit = Size/Bandwidth 10. What is use of delay x bandwidth ? delay bandwidth product gives the volume of the pipethe maximum number of bits that could be in transit through the pipe at any given instant. A transcontinental channel with a one-way latency of 50 ms and a bandwidth of 45 Mbps is able to hold 50103 sec45106 bits/sec = 2.25 106 bits 11. Define throughput of a network. Throughput = TransferSize/TransferTime TransferTime = RTT + 1/Bandwidth x TransferSize 12. List the types of Physical links

Cable link Fibre link Leased Line Last Mile Link

13. What is Encoding ? List the types. 2

The process of converting Binary data into binary signal. NRZ NRZI Manchester 4B/5B

14. Define bitstuffing. On the sending side, any time five consecutive 1s have been transmitted from the body of the message (i.e., excluding when the sender is trying to transmit the distinguished 01111110 sequence), the sender inserts a 0 before transmitting the next bit. 15. What is SONET ? Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standard for framing ,it is clock-based framing 16. What are all the error detection methods ? two-dimensional parity checksums cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

17. How will you achieve reliable transmission ? acknowledgments and timeouts stop-and-wait sliding window concurrent logicalchannels

18.What is meant by exponential backoff ? The strategy of doubling the delay interval between each retransmission attempt is a general technique known as exponential backoff 19. What is the use of claim token frame ? When a station decides that a new monitor is needed, it transmits a claim token frame, announcing its intent to become the new monitor. 3

20. What do you meant by resilency ? Resiliencythe ability to recover quickly from a link or node failurewas a key design goal, to make the technology suitable for service provider networks 21. Define piconet. A piconet, consists of a master device and up to seven slave devices.Any communication is between the master and a slave 22. Explain hidden node problem in wi-fi

23. Define Access point Instead of all nodes being created equal, some nodes are allowed to roam (e.g., your laptop) and some are connected to a wired network infrastructure. 802.11 calls these base stations access points (AP). 24. Define Handoff. The current base station senses the weakening signal from the phone, and gives control of the phone to whichever base station is receiving the strongest signal from it. If the phone is involved in a call at the time, the call must be transferred to the new base station in what is called a handoff. 25. What is virtual circuit switching? Virtual circuit switching called a connection-oriented model, requires that a virtual connection from the source host to the destination host is set up before any data is sent. 26. What is learning bridges? A bridge forward the frames that it receives over the period of time as the traffic increases from those traffic history it learns which frame forwarded to which port.