8.

8 Problems

8.7 SUMMARY In this chapter, boundary-layer and surface processes were discussed. Expressions for kinematic turbulent uxes of momentum, energy, and moisture were derived. For the surface layer, such uxes were described in terms of bulk aerodynamic formulae and MoninObukhov similarity theory. Some similarity-theory parameters are friction wind speed, the potential temperature scale, and the MoninObukhov length. Fluxes of momentum, energy, and moisture above the surface layer were parameterized with a hybrid model and with a high-order turbulence closure technique. Equations describing soil temperature and moisture content were then discussed. Ground temperatures depend on the specic heat, thermal conductivity, and moisture content of soil and on uxes of radiative, sensible, and latent heat between the soil and air. Prognostic equations for temperature and moisture over soil, vegetation-covered soil, rooftops, road surfaces, water, sea ice, and snow over all surfaces were described.

8.8 PROBLEMS
8.1 Calculate the surface roughness length for momentum over a rough ocean assuming u = 0.3 m s1 and over vegetated land assuming a forest canopy with top hc = 20 m and LT = 7 m2 m2 . Calculate the wind speed 100 m above the ocean surface and above hc assuming a displacement height of dc = 15 m for the canopy. Assume a neutral boundary layer and logarithmic wind prole in both cases. In which case is the wind speed higher. Why? If conditions at the surface are z r = 10 m, z0,m = 0.05 m, z0,h = 0.0005 m, u (z r ) = 8 m s1 , v (z r ) = 2 m s1 , T (z r ) = 285 K, T(z0,h) = 286 K, pa (zr ) = 1004 hPa, and pa (z0,h) = 1005 hPa, calculate u , , L, Rib , and K m,zx at the reference height. Assume dry air. Assume z0,m = 0.01 m, u = 1 m s1 , u (z r ) = 10 m s1 , and v (z r ) = 5 m s1 at zr = 10 m. Calculate the eddy diffusion coefcient for momentum, K m,zx . Assuming u = 0.1 m s1 , pa = 998 hPa, and the air is dry, calculate the surface roughness lengths for energy and water vapor when T = 288 K. Compare vertical turbulent sensible-heat uxes over the ocean from bulk aerodynamic formulae and MoninObukhov similarity theory. Assume the same conditions as in Problem 8.2, except assume z0,m = 0.000 01 m. Assume v at the roughness length for energy equals that at the roughness length for momentum. Discuss differences in results. Using conditions from Problems 8.2 and 8.5, calculate the eddy diffusion coefcient for energy with bulk aerodynamic formulae and similarity theory. Discuss differences in results. Assume all conditions are the same as in Problem 8.2, except that the relative humidity at the reference height is now 85 percent, and the specic humidity at the roughness length for moisture equals the saturation specic humidity at the roughness length for energy. Estimate the vertical turbulent ux of moisture from similarity theory.

8.2

8.3

8.4 8.5

8.6

8.7

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Boundary-layer and surface processes

8.8 Calculate the thermal conductivity of a soilwaterair mixture for a sandyloam soil when the volumetric water content is 0.2 and 0.05 m3 m3 . In which case is the mixture more conductive? Why? Simplify (8.130) to calculate the temperature of the mixed layer of the ocean in the absence of sensible and latent heat uxes and assuming the only source or sink of thermal-infrared radiation is the sink due to upward emission 4 (B w Tg,th). Calculate the temperature after two hours if the initial temperature is 290 K, the downward solar irradiance is 800 W m2 , and the thickness of the mixed layer is 70 m. Should the temperature change increase or decrease if the mixing depth increases?

8.9

8.9 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PRACTICE

8.10 If zr = 10 m, u(zr ) = 3 m s1 , v(zr ) = 16 m s1 , T(zr ) = 293 K, T(z0,h) = 292.5 K, pa (zr ) = 1002 hPa, and pa (z0,h) = 1003 hPa, write a script to calculate u , , L, Rib , and K m,zz as a function of z0,m when the air is dry. Calculate values for 0.000 01 m < z0,m < 5 m. Assume z0,h z0,m/100. Plot the results for each variable. Write a computer script to calculate the change of wind speed and potential virtual temperature with height in the surface layer from similarity theory. Assume the same conditions as in Problem 8.2. Plot the results from the ground surface up to 10 m altitude. Change T(zr ) to 286 K, and replot the results. Discuss the differences between the two cases. Write a computer program to calculate the temperature over a single asphalt layer 6 cm thick from (8.128) assuming air temperature at the reference height (10 m) is a constant 295 K, the initial ground temperature is 285 K, the constant soil temperature below the ground is 290 K, the surface air pressure is 1013 hPa, the pressure at the reference height is 1012 hPa, the incident solar radiation varies with a sine function between 06:00 and 18:00, with a peak value of 1000 W m2 at 12:00 and zero values before 06:00 and after 18:00, and the downward thermal-IR irradiance is zero. In addition, assume Ra = 0.74 ln(zr /z0,h)/ku , where z0,h = 0.000 135 m and u = 0.4 m s1 . Finally, assume qv (zr ) = 0. Use the program to calculate the ground tem perature from 03:00 to 21:00 on a single day. Plot and discuss the result. (Hint: take a time step of 1 s. Iterate the equation four times for each time step. At the end of each time step, update temperatures and solar radiation on the right side of the equation).

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